bones

How does spongy bone differ structurally from compact bone

Spongy bone differs from compact bone in that it has a different lamellar arrangement and does not contain osteons. Instead, the lamellae form rods or plates (called trabeculae), whose frequent branchings create an open network. Canaliculi radiating from the lacunae of spongy bone end at the exposed surfaces of the trabeculae, where nutrients and wastes diffuse between the marrow and osteocytes.

Which of the following is essential for normal bone growth?

Vitamin D3, Calcium, Sex hormones

ends of long bones are covered with....

articular cartilage

plantar flexion

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

The hormone calcitonin functions to

depress calcium levels in body fluids

The shaft of a long bone is called the

diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone is called what

diaphysis

Dislocation

displacement of a bone from its joint

the two aspects of skeletal muscle force that bones change when they function as levers are __________.

magnitude and direction

the distinctive structure of bone results from the deposition of calcium salts within the __________

matrix

Bone cells capable of dissolving the bony matrix are termed

osteoclasts

The most abundant cells in bone are __________, but other cell types, called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, are associated with the endosteum that lines the inner cavities of both bone types.

osteocytes

examples of condlloid/ ellipsoid joints

radiocarpal, between phalanges and matacarples

What substance accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone?

calcuim phosphate

The __________ salts of bone represent a mineral reserve that maintains normal ionic concentration in body fluids.

calcum

The smooth, rounded, or oval articular process of a bone is termed a

condyle

diathosis joints are __ movable

freely

sadle joint

have 2 bones that each have a concave face or one axis and convex on the other allows circumdution but no rotation

kyphosis

hunchback

fibours and cartilge are what kind of joints?

immovable/ synarthoroses

extension

increases the angle of a joint

example of ball and socket joint

shoulder and hip

elevation

shurg sholders close mouth

amphiarhrosis joints are __ movable

slightly

Which bone acts like a bridge that unites the cranial and facial bones?

sphenoid bone

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and other blood elements are produced within which bony structure?

Red blood cells

The head of the humerus articulates with what on the scapula?

glenoid cavity

Bursitis/ tendonitis

inflammation of bursa & tendon sheaths

Most bones of the skeleton are formed through ________

intramembranous calcification

what is synovial fluids purpose?

it reduces friction between joints

the fibers of tendons and ligaments intermingle with those of the ___________

periosteum

pivot joints

permit rotation only like turning the head or supinatino and pronation palm

hinge joint

permits angular movment in on plane like opening or closing a door

types of synovial joints

plane/gliding , hinge, pivot, condyloid/ellipsoid, saddle, ball and socket

As you stand on the tip of your toes to reach the top shelf of the cabinet, which joint movement are you performing?

plantar flexion

What is the lateral bone of the forearm?

radius

retraction

moving a part backward

The connective tissue covering the outer surface of a bone is (the

periosteum

protraction

jutting out of jaw

The following events are part of endochondral ossification. In which order do they occur? 1. Formation of the primary ossification center 2. Osteoclasts break down the spongy bone to create marrow cavity. 3. Cells from the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts. 4. Formation of the secondary ossification centers 5. Calcification of matrix surrounding chondrocytes

5,3,1,2,4

sprain

An injury in which the ligaments holding bones together are stretched too far and tear.

While observing bone tissue, you notice that osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity. Which of the following events are you observing?

Bone growth

The process of removing and replacing the mineral components of bone is called ________

Bone remodling

What is the main difference between spongy bone and compact bone?

Compact bones contain osteons; spongy bones contain trabeculae.

Flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint

Intramembranous ossification results in the formation of which of the following bones?

Mandible

abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body ex: separating fingers

Describe the structural components of compact bone

The basic functional unit of compact bone is the osteon (or Haversian system), which has a central canal and concentric layers of osteocytes in lacunae known as lamellae. Perforating canals link the blood vessels of central canals with those of the periosteum and marrow cavity.

Gomphosis

a ligament binding each tooth in the socket

lordosis

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)

Gout

accumulation of uric acid cryatals in joints usually in feet

examples of pivot joints

atlas and axis, radius and ulna

Depression

droping jaw,

examples of hinge joints

elbow, knee,interphalangeal

The skeletal system is largely under the physiological control of the ________

endocrine system

diarthsoses joints are usually found @

ends of long bones

hyperextension

extension beyond anatomical position (tilting head backwards

The unfused sutures of a newborn skull are called __________.

fontanelles

A round opening through the bone that acts as a passageway for blood vessels or nerves is anatomically referred to as a ________.

foramen

dorsiflexion

movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle

Pronation

movement that turns the palm down

Supination

movement that turns the palm up

circumduction

moves limb in a loop

Adduction

moves toward midline ex: bringing fingers together, moving arm towardmidline

oppostion

moving thumb toward palm to grasp

condlloid/ ellisoid joints

occur where an oval surfface nests with a depression on other bone, allows for angular motion in 2 planes along or accross length of an oval

The point of the elbow is called the __

olecranon

Which of the following is responsible for the production of new bone?

osteoblasts

Reposition

returns thumb from opposition

bursae

sacs containing synovial fluid

immovable joints / Synarthosis include...

sutures of skull, between first pair of ribs and sternum

Amphiarthrotic joints that are connected by a fibrocartilaginous pad are called ________

symphyses

examples of gliding joints

tarsals, vertebrae, ends of clavicle

lateral flexion

the act of bending to one side

example of saddle joint

thumb

amphiarthroses joints include

tibia and fibula, pubis symphysis, between adjacent vertabrae , intervertabral disks

rotation

turning of a bone around it longitudal axsis Ex: turning head

Eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

Inversion

twists sole of foot medially

plane / gliding joints

two opposing surfaces slide past eachother

arthritis

wearing down of cartlige between joint

ball and socket

wide range of motion in all planes