bones
How does spongy bone differ structurally from compact bone
Spongy bone differs from compact bone in that it has a different lamellar arrangement and does not contain osteons. Instead, the lamellae form rods or plates (called trabeculae), whose frequent branchings create an open network. Canaliculi radiating from the lacunae of spongy bone end at the exposed surfaces of the trabeculae, where nutrients and wastes diffuse between the marrow and osteocytes.
Which of the following is essential for normal bone growth?
Vitamin D3, Calcium, Sex hormones
ends of long bones are covered with....
articular cartilage
plantar flexion
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
The hormone calcitonin functions to
depress calcium levels in body fluids
The shaft of a long bone is called the
diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone is called what
diaphysis
Dislocation
displacement of a bone from its joint
the two aspects of skeletal muscle force that bones change when they function as levers are __________.
magnitude and direction
the distinctive structure of bone results from the deposition of calcium salts within the __________
matrix
Bone cells capable of dissolving the bony matrix are termed
osteoclasts
The most abundant cells in bone are __________, but other cell types, called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, are associated with the endosteum that lines the inner cavities of both bone types.
osteocytes
examples of condlloid/ ellipsoid joints
radiocarpal, between phalanges and matacarples
What substance accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone?
calcuim phosphate
The __________ salts of bone represent a mineral reserve that maintains normal ionic concentration in body fluids.
calcum
The smooth, rounded, or oval articular process of a bone is termed a
condyle
diathosis joints are __ movable
freely
sadle joint
have 2 bones that each have a concave face or one axis and convex on the other allows circumdution but no rotation
kyphosis
hunchback
fibours and cartilge are what kind of joints?
immovable/ synarthoroses
extension
increases the angle of a joint
example of ball and socket joint
shoulder and hip
elevation
shurg sholders close mouth
amphiarhrosis joints are __ movable
slightly
Which bone acts like a bridge that unites the cranial and facial bones?
sphenoid bone
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and other blood elements are produced within which bony structure?
Red blood cells
The head of the humerus articulates with what on the scapula?
glenoid cavity
Bursitis/ tendonitis
inflammation of bursa & tendon sheaths
Most bones of the skeleton are formed through ________
intramembranous calcification
what is synovial fluids purpose?
it reduces friction between joints
the fibers of tendons and ligaments intermingle with those of the ___________
periosteum
pivot joints
permit rotation only like turning the head or supinatino and pronation palm
hinge joint
permits angular movment in on plane like opening or closing a door
types of synovial joints
plane/gliding , hinge, pivot, condyloid/ellipsoid, saddle, ball and socket
As you stand on the tip of your toes to reach the top shelf of the cabinet, which joint movement are you performing?
plantar flexion
What is the lateral bone of the forearm?
radius
retraction
moving a part backward
The connective tissue covering the outer surface of a bone is (the
periosteum
protraction
jutting out of jaw
The following events are part of endochondral ossification. In which order do they occur? 1. Formation of the primary ossification center 2. Osteoclasts break down the spongy bone to create marrow cavity. 3. Cells from the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts. 4. Formation of the secondary ossification centers 5. Calcification of matrix surrounding chondrocytes
5,3,1,2,4
sprain
An injury in which the ligaments holding bones together are stretched too far and tear.
While observing bone tissue, you notice that osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity. Which of the following events are you observing?
Bone growth
The process of removing and replacing the mineral components of bone is called ________
Bone remodling
What is the main difference between spongy bone and compact bone?
Compact bones contain osteons; spongy bones contain trabeculae.
Flexion
Decreases the angle of a joint
Intramembranous ossification results in the formation of which of the following bones?
Mandible
abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body ex: separating fingers
Describe the structural components of compact bone
The basic functional unit of compact bone is the osteon (or Haversian system), which has a central canal and concentric layers of osteocytes in lacunae known as lamellae. Perforating canals link the blood vessels of central canals with those of the periosteum and marrow cavity.
Gomphosis
a ligament binding each tooth in the socket
lordosis
abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)
Gout
accumulation of uric acid cryatals in joints usually in feet
examples of pivot joints
atlas and axis, radius and ulna
Depression
droping jaw,
examples of hinge joints
elbow, knee,interphalangeal
The skeletal system is largely under the physiological control of the ________
endocrine system
diarthsoses joints are usually found @
ends of long bones
hyperextension
extension beyond anatomical position (tilting head backwards
The unfused sutures of a newborn skull are called __________.
fontanelles
A round opening through the bone that acts as a passageway for blood vessels or nerves is anatomically referred to as a ________.
foramen
dorsiflexion
movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
Pronation
movement that turns the palm down
Supination
movement that turns the palm up
circumduction
moves limb in a loop
Adduction
moves toward midline ex: bringing fingers together, moving arm towardmidline
oppostion
moving thumb toward palm to grasp
condlloid/ ellisoid joints
occur where an oval surfface nests with a depression on other bone, allows for angular motion in 2 planes along or accross length of an oval
The point of the elbow is called the __
olecranon
Which of the following is responsible for the production of new bone?
osteoblasts
Reposition
returns thumb from opposition
bursae
sacs containing synovial fluid
immovable joints / Synarthosis include...
sutures of skull, between first pair of ribs and sternum
Amphiarthrotic joints that are connected by a fibrocartilaginous pad are called ________
symphyses
examples of gliding joints
tarsals, vertebrae, ends of clavicle
lateral flexion
the act of bending to one side
example of saddle joint
thumb
amphiarthroses joints include
tibia and fibula, pubis symphysis, between adjacent vertabrae , intervertabral disks
rotation
turning of a bone around it longitudal axsis Ex: turning head
Eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward
Inversion
twists sole of foot medially
plane / gliding joints
two opposing surfaces slide past eachother
arthritis
wearing down of cartlige between joint
ball and socket
wide range of motion in all planes