BOP midterm 1
Respiratory Rate characteristics
Rate: number of respirations per minute Rhythm: breathing pattern Depth: amount of air being inhaled and exhaled
Bradypnea
Respiration that are regular in rhythm, but slower than normal in rate
cataracts
eye disease in which the lens becomes covered in an opaque film that affects sight, eventually causing total blindness.
treatments of eye disorders
eyeglasses, contact lenses and corrective surgery.
hyperopia
far-sighted. TX- convex corrective lens, refractive surgery
remodeling phase
final phase of wound healing, extends from 21 days onward, cells produce a fibrous protein substance called collagen that gives the wounded tissue strangth and forms scar tissue
lag phase
first phase when the blood vessels contract to control hemorrhage, and blood platelets form a network in the wound that acts like glue to plug the wound.
transfer forceps
forceps used to transfer sponge or sterile object in a sterile environment
serration
groove, either straight or criss-cross, etched or cut into the blade or tip of an instrument to improve is bite or grasp.
presbyopia
impairment of vision as a result of old age. TX- conductive keratoplasty
glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision, usually occurs in people ages 40-60.
retina
innermost layer that perceives and transmits light to the optic nerve
otitis externa
is caused by dermatologic conditions, such as seborrhea or psoriasis, trauma to the canal, or continuous use of ear plugs or ear phones.
otitis media
is often caused by an upper respiratory tract infection caused by a virus or an allergic reation that results in swelling and inflamation.
abscesses
localized collections of pus that may be under the skin or deep within the body and that cause tissue destruction
carotid artery
located between the larynx and the stercoleidomastoid muscle in front and the side of the neck
ratchets
locking mechanisms on the handles of many sergical instruments
Anthropometric measurements
measurements include height, weight,body mass index (BMI) and other body measurements, such as fat composition and head and chest circumference.
obturator
metal rod with a smooth, rounded tip that is placed into hollow instruments to decrease injury to body tissue during insertion
types of local anesthetics
most frequantly used lidocane (xylocaine), chloroprocaine (nesacaine), and bupivacaine (sensorcaine) They begin acting quickly 5 to 15 min and last 1-3 hours depending on the anesthetic
radial
most frequently used for counting the pulse site
manipulation
movement or exercising of a body part by means of an externally applied force
myopia
near-sighted. TX- concave corrective lens, or surgery on adults who have had a stable eye prescription over a year
patency
open condition of a body cavity or canal
dilation
opening or widening the circumference of a body orifice with a dilating instrument
supine
patient Lays flat on the back, used to examine the chest, abdominal area, heart and extremities
Semi Fowlers
patient Sitting on tablewith back at a 45 degrees angle, used for postsurgical examinations and for patients with head trauma or head pain
Knee-Chest
patient assumes a kneeling position with the buttocks elevated, with head and chest on the table. used for proctologic examinations
Dorsal Recumbent
patient is in supine position with legs bent at the knees and feet flat on the table, used to examine the genital and rectal area
Trendelenburgs
patient is in supine position with the feet elevated at a 45 degree angle (head lower than feet)
Lithotomy
patient is laying on back, w/ knees bent, thighs apart, and feet resting in stirrups. The position is used for pelvic exams in females,rectal exams& some operations.
Prone
patient lays flat on stomach with head turned to the right like a P. used to examine back, spine, and lower extremities
sims
patient lies on the left side with the left arm behind the body and the right arm forward, both legs are flexed at the knees but the right leg is sharply bent and psotioned next to the left leg. used to examine rectal area, perform enemas and douches, and insert suppositories
Fowlers position
patient sitting on table with back at a 90 degree angle, used for examination and treatment of the head, neck, and chest helpfull for patients with breathing problems
Diurnal rhythm
patterns of activity or behavior that follow day-night cycles
MA role Assisting the Physician during Surgery
Skin preparation Positioning the patient Passing instruments Specimen collection Completing the surgical procedure Postoperative responsibilities
curettage
The act of scraping a body cavity with a surgical instrument, such as a curette.
Hypernea
an increase in the depth of breathing
corneal abrasion
an injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea
Pulse Sites
arteries: temporal, carotid, apical, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, and dorsalis pedis.
cyanosis
bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
mosquito forceps
small surgical forceps with delicate tips for clamping small vessels and tissues
types of visual acuity charts
snellenchart, E chart, shapes chart
vitreous humor
soft, jelly-like material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball
signs and symptoms of eye disorders
squinting, frequent rubbing of the eyes, headaches, blurred vision or fading of words at reading level.
middle ear (tampanic cavity) consists of
starts with the tympanic membrane then ossicles:malleus,incus,stapes. then ends at the oval window.
polypropylene bags
sterilization pouches with sterilization indicators on the outside used to autoclave surgical instruments. good for up to 6 months
swaged
surgical needle that comes packaged with suture material attached to it
ishihara test
test for color blindness
external ear consists of
the auricle or pinna and the external auditory canal, which transmits sound waves to the tympanic membrane.
Stroke volume
the heart pumps an amount of blood into the aorta.
Aqueous humor
the limpid fluid within the eyeball between the cornea and the lens
metabolism
the process of chemical and physical change in the body that produces heat
palpation
the use of touch during the physical examination to assess the size, consistency and location of certain body parts
second intention, aka granulation
tissues that are severely damaged or purposely kept open or that fail to close. healing from the bottom to top.
dissect
to cut or seperate tissue with a cutting instrument or scissors
sclera
tough, fibrous, white outer coat extending from the cornea to the optic nerve
test used for hearing
tuning fork, machine audiometer
astignatism
uneven curvature of cornea. TX- glasses, contacts, surgery
Autoclave
used for sterilization by steam pressure, usually at 250 F / 121 C for a specific time. unwrapped items 20min, small wrapped items 30 min and large or tightly wrapped items for 40 min.
Three-Point Scale for Measuring Pulse Volume
3+, full, bounding 2+, normal pulse 1+, weak, thready
apnea
Absence or cessation of breathing
Unloading the Autoclave
Allow the load to dry for at least 15 minutes. Dry, wrapped packs may be removed with clean, dry hands, but it is safer to wear heat-resistant gloves. Place the packs on a dry, dust-free surface.
How to open the autoclave
At the end of the cycle open the door ¼ inch; allow pack to cool before removing from autoclave.
inner ear (labyrinth) consists of
Cochlea,semicircular canals,vestibule chamber
tinitis
Constant ringing in ears
irrigation for the ear
Ear irrigation—to remove excess cerumen Direct solution toward roof of canal Abbreviations—AU (both), AD (right), AS (left) Straightening ear canal Adult—pull pinna up and back Child under 3—pull ear lobe down and back
Febrile
Elevated body temperature (High fever)
Sterile technique
Everything that is sterile is white, and everything that is not sterile is black. There is no gray! Sterile surfaces must never come into contact with nonsterile surfaces.
examination of the throat begins with
Examination of the nose and throat begins with the nasal cavity, then the throat and the nasopharynx. Throat cultures may be done to determine the presence of a streptococcal infection.
Irrigation of eye treatment
Eye irrigations relieve inflammation, remove drainage, dilute chemicals, or wash away foreign bodies. Sterile technique and equipment must be used to avoid contamination. Pour solution from inner canthus out, with head tilted toward affected eye.
wrapping instrument packs
Inspect muslin wrappers before each use. Discard any wrappers with holes. Wrap all hinged instruments in the open position to allow full steam penetration of the joint. Place a gauze sponge around the tips of sharp instruments to prevent them from piercing the wrapping material.
hemostat forceps
Jaws may be fully or partially serrated, without teeth May be curved or straight Used to clamp small vessels or hold tissue Mosquito forceps (4 inches) are smaller and used for very small vessels Crile forceps (5 inches) are medium sized Kelly forceps (6 to 7 inches) are larger
pupils, equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation
PERRLA
Loading the Autoclave
Packs should be rested on their edges.
Cardinal Signs
The vital signs are the patient's temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. These four signs are abbreviated TPR and BP, referred to as cardinal signs.
sutures
Threads or metal used to sew body tissues together
First intention
a clean,sugical wound that has been sutured closed and heals quickly without much scarring.
orthopnea
a condition in which an individual must sit or stand to breathe comfortably.
Pyrexia
a febrile condition or fever
choroid
a highly vascular membrane in the eye between the retina and the sclera
macular degeneration
a progressive deterioration of the portion of the retina called the macula lutea, resulting in loss of central vision
sigmoidscope
a rigid or flexible endoscope used for examining the sigmoid colon.
otorhinolaryngologist
a specialist in the disorders of the ear or nose or throat
Stertorous
a term that describes a strenuous respiratory effort marked by a snoring sound
lens
a transparent optical device used to converge or diverge transmitted light and to form images
Rales
abnormal or crackling breath sounds during inspiration
Rhonchi
abnormal rumbling sounds expiration which indicates airway obstruction by thick secretions or spasm
Hyperventilation
abnormally prolonged and deep breathing, usually associated with acute anxiety or emotional tension
menieres disease
chronic inner ear disorder, characterized by tinnitus, nerve deafness, vertigo
ciliary muscle
circular smooth muscle that contracts to control the shape of the lens
muslin wrap
cloth wrap available in several sizes colors used to autoclave surgical instruments. good for 28 days
allis tissue
come in different lengths; used to grasp tissue, muscles or skin surrounding a wound
reasons for hearing loss
conduction problem or sensorineural impairment
Dyspnea
difficult or painful breathing
temporal
pulse located in the temple area of the skull
Pulse
rate, rhythm, volume, condition of artery wall
penrose drain
rubber drains placed in a wound at the end of a surgical procedure to drain excess fluid
proliferation phase
second phase of wound. wound healing and new growth period, which last 5 to 20 days. tissues repair themselves, new cells form, and wound continues to contract and seal.