Botany Exam 2

The sporangia of the black bread mold Rhizopus are A. asexual structures that produce haploid spores. B. asexual structures that produce diploid spores. C. asexual structures that produce dikaryotic spores. D. sexual structures that produce haploid spores. E. sexual structures that produce diploid spore.

A

The names of fungal phyla are based on important and characteristic structures associated with: A. reproduction B. nutrition C. ecology D. vegetative growth E. cell division/cytokinesis

A

The protist kingdom is: A. polyphyletic B. monophyletic C. composed only of unicells D. entirely microscopic E. composed of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

The most ancient phylum of fungi, which is characterized by a single posteriorly-directed whiplash flagellum, is the ___________________________.

Chytridiomycota

A ____ is the term referring to a tangled mat of hyphae. A. sorocarp B. sporangium C. zygospore D. mycelium E. coenocyte

D

True/False: In most basidiomycetes, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell.

False (results in dikaryotic cells)

True/False: The female gametangia and gametes of Allomyces produce a pheromone called trisporic acid in order to attract the male gametes for syngamy.

False (the female produce the pheromone sirenin)

True/False: All fungal sexual spores are diploid [i.e., zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores].

False (the zygospore is diploid before germination; ascospores and basidiospores are haploid)

Gastromycetes

Produce spores inside their basidiocarps rather than on an outer surface

Dikaryotic

Referring to a fungal mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent.

Ascomycete septum

Regularly septate; septum perforated

True/False: Although most fungi are saprobes, some species are important plant pathogens or animal pathogens.

True

True/False: Ascospores have undergone genetic recombination during their production, whereas conidia have not.

True

True/False: Both algae and protozoa are classified in Kingdom Protista, but differ in their modes of obtaining energy (nutrition).

True

True/False: Fungi are osmiotrophs since the exhibit extra-organismic digestion of nutrient materials.

True

True/False: In septate fungi, pores in septa allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae.

True

True/False: Most chytrids exhibit a haploid life cycle. When their sexual reproduction involves the fusion of flagellated gametes of different sizes, it is known as anisogamy.

True

True/False: Parasitic fungi produce specialized hyphae, called haustoria, which penetrate the host cell.

True

True/False: The heterokont fungi are not true fungi because they have cellulose in their cell walls and synthesize lysine by the DAP pathway.

True

True/False: Water molds reproduce asexually by forming zoospores, and sexually by forming oospores.

True

True/False: Some fungi can exist either as unicellular yeasts or as filamentous hyphae. In an environment where nutrients are limited, the filamentous hyphal form would be more favorable over the yeast form.

True (greater surface area to absorb nutrients)

Root hairs

Tubular outgrowths of epidermal cells of the root; greatly increase the absorbing surface of the root.

Aggregation in cellular slime mold occurs when a starving myxamoeba start secreting ___________________.

acrasin or cAMP

Pileus

cap of mushroom

Heterokont

cell bearing both kinds of flagella (whiplash and tinsel)

Basidiomycota

club fungi

Volva

cuplike structure around the base of the stalk of certain fungi

In the myxomycetes, a plasmodiocarp from by _____________________________________________.

direct conversion of the plasmodium into a fruiting body

Apothecium

disk or cup shaped ascoma

Monokaryotic

fungi with only one nucleus in each cell

The cells of a body of a multicellular fungus are organized into rapidly growing individual filaments called ________________________.

hyphae or mycelium

In the process of oogamy, the female gametangium is called the ____________________ and the male gametangium is called the ______________________.

oogonium; antheridium

trisporic acid

pheromone compound responsible for sexual differentiation

The algal component of a lichen is designated the ____________________.

photobiont [also phycobiont]

Ascomycota

sac fungi

The form taken by true slime molds (myxomycetes) under adverse environmental conditions is called a ________________________. This structure rapidly becomes a _________________ again upon restoration of favorable conditions.

sclerotium; plasmodium

Hymenomycetes

spores exposed prior to maturation of the fruiting body

Ascogonium

the female sexual organ or cell in ascomycetes

photobiont

the photosynthetic component of a lichen

Ascus

the reproductive structure where spores develop on sac fungi

Stipe

the stalk of a mushroom

True/False: The individual filaments that anchor saprobic fungi to their substrate are called rhizomes.

False (not rhizomes, but rhizoids)

True/False: Chytrids are characterized by have one anteriorly directed tinsel flagellum.

False (one posteriorly directed whiplash flagellum)

Algae

Plantlike protists

Dikaryotic cells are denoted as: A. n + n B. n - n C. n D. 2n E. 2n + 2n

A

Among the organisms listed below, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? A. Animals B. vascular plants C. mosses D. brown algae E. Red algae F. slime molds

A

An unknown fungus was examined microscopically and found to lack cross-walls in its hyphae. It most likely belongs to the: A. zygomycetes B. ascomycetes C. basidiomycetes D. deuteromycetes E. chytridiomycetes

A

Cleistothecium

A completely closed ascocarp.

Plasmodiocarp

A fructification in various slime molds that consists of an elongated sometimes branched reticulate body within which spores develop and is a modification of the plasmodium

Sporangium

A hollow unicellular or multicellular structure in which spores are produced.

Lamellae

A layer of cellular membranes, particularly photosynthetic, chlorophyll-containing membranes.

Haustoria

A projection of a fungal hypha that functions as a penetrating and absorbing organ

Basidia (basidium)

A reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms. The fungal division Basidiomycota is named for this structure.

Hypha (hyphae)

A single tubular filament of a fungus, oomycete, or chytrid; the hyphae together comprise the mycelium.

Sorocarp

A sorocarp is the fruiting body characteristic of certain cellular slime moulds. Each sorocarp consists of both a sorophore and a sorus. Sorocarps release spores

Ectomycorrhizae

A type of mycorrhizae in which the mycelium forms a dense sheath, or mantle, over the surface of the root. Hyphae extend from the mantle into the soil, greatly increasing the surface area for water and mineral absorption.

A major role of saprobic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems is to: A. trap atmospheric carbon dioxide. B. return carbon and other elements to the environment for further cycling. C. parasitize plants and animals. D. reduce atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium for cycling in the environment. E. all of the above.

B

All fungi share which of the following characteristics? A. symbiotic B. heterotrophic C. flagellated D. pathogenic E. act as decomposers

B

All protists are A. unicellular B. eukaryotic C. symbionts D. monophyletic E. mixotrophic

B

Cellular slime molds. An amoeboid cell is the vegetative unit. Myxamoebae, which have a single haploid nucleus, engulf food particles. Use cAMP as an aggregation signal. A. Ascomycota B. Dictyosteliomycota C. Oomycota D. Myxomycota E. Basidiomycota

B

Mycorrhizae are ________ associations of a fungus with _________. A. mutualistic; an alga or bacterium B. mutualistic; plant roots C. parasitic; and alga or bacterium D. parasitic; plant roots E. saprobic; an algae or bacterium

B

The black bread mold (Rhizopus) is _______, which means that it is self-sterile. A. heterozygous B. heterothallic C. heteroecious D. heterogeneous E. heterokaryotic

B

You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many elongated structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of fungus is this? A. zygomycete B. ascomycete C. deuteromycete D. chytrid E. basidiomycete

B

True/False: Yeast are classified in Kingdom Protista as they are eukaryotic unicells.

False (most yeast are in the Phylum Ascomycota)

Rhizoids

Branched rootlike extensions of fungi and algae that absorb water, food, and nutrients

Includes water molds and their fungus-like terrestrial relatives, such as the potato blight. Hyphae are coenocytic; reproduce asexually by zoospores and sexually by modified oogamy. A. Ascomycota B. Dictyosteliomycota C. Oomycota D. Myxomycota E. Basidiomycota

C

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the A. fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes. B. lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed. C. fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae. D. sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue.

C

Surface area represents the area available for exchange with the environment, whereas volume represents the cytoplasm which requires nutrients and from which waste products (usually toxic) must be removed. Which of the following should provide the most favorable conditions for effective exchange? A. a smaller unicellular yeast. B. a larger unicellular yeast. C. a shorter filamentous hypha D. a longer filamentous hypha

D

The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are A. composed of hyphae. B. referred to as a mycelium. C. usually underground or within the substrate. D. All of the above. E. Only 2 or A to C or correct.

D

Which of the following is a characteristic of fungi with hyphae? A. They acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis. B. Their thallus is a unicellular sphere. C. Their cell walls consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils. D. They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources. E. They reproduce asexually by a process known as budding.

D

Which of the following paired fungal structures are structurally and functionally most alike? A. conidia and basidiocarps [basidioma] B. sporangia and hyphae C. rhizoids and gills [lamella] D. haustoria and arbuscules E. zoospores and mycelia

D

With the exception of the chytridiomycetes, fungi are generally disseminated by: A. water currents B. fragmentation of hyphae C. underground hyphae D. airborne spores E. flagellated zoospores

D

Homothallic

Describing a species in which the individuals are self-fertile.

Heterothallic

Describing a species with haploid individuals that are self-sterile or self-incompatible; two compatible strains or individuals are required for sexual reproduction.

Basidiomycete septum

Dolipore septum

In/on what structure do both Penicillium and Aspergillus produce asexual spores? A. asci B. zygosporangia C. rhizoids D. gametangia E. conidiophores

E

Lichens are mutualistic associations of fungi and A. mosses B. cyanobacteria C. green algae D. All three responses, A to C, are correct E. Only two of the three responses, A to C, are correct

E

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to: A. the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms. B. avoiding sexual reproduction until the environment changes. C. the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats. D. the increased probability of contact between different mating types. E. an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition.

E

Which of the following modes of nutrition is used by protists to fuel their metabolism? A. autotrophic B. absorptive heterotrophic C. ingestive heterotrophic D. both ingestive and absorptive heterotrophic E. all of the above

E

True/False: The phylum suffix [ending] for the kingdom fungi is -mycota.

False (-mycota is the ending for phyla)

True/False: Ascospores will germinate into haploid hyphae, whereas conidia will germinate into diploid hyphae.

False (ascomycetes have an haploid life cycle; both spore types produce haploid hyphae)

True/False: The carbohydrate food reserve of ascomycetes is laminarin [a β-glycoside starch]

False (glycogen, as is true of all fungi)

True/False: Immediately following karyogamy, the zygote can be termed dikaryotic.

False (karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei, thus it would be diploid)

Isokont

Having flagella of equal length (whiplash)

Sirenin

Hormone produced by female gametes

Pseudoplasmodium

In cellular slime molds, an aggregation of amoeboid cells that forms a spore-producing fruiting body during reproduction.

fungi

Kingdom composed of heterotrophs; many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter

Antheridium

Male reproductive structure in some algae and plants

nucleariids

Member of a group of unicellular, amoeboid protists that are more closely related to fungi than they are to other protists.

Endomycorrhizae

Mycorrhizae that grow inside the root of the plant.

Tertiary Mycelium

Organized, specialized tissues that make up the basidiocarp

tinsel flagellum

Ornamented flagella

Oogonium

Specialized structure formed by hyphae that produces female Nuclei

perithicium

Spherical ascoma

mycobiont

The fungal component of a lichen

Syngamy

The fusion of two gametes in fertilization.

Mycelium

The mass of hyphae forming the body of a fungus, oomycete, or chytrid.

Secondary Mycelium

The structure in a basidiomycete formed from the fusing of monokaryotic hyphae with different mating types, or sexual reproduction.

Primary Mycelium

The structure in a basidiomycete formed from the production of monokaryotic hyphae from spore germination. This is asexual reproduction.

Karyogamy

The union of two nuclei following fertilization, or plasmogamy.

Plasmogamy

Union of the protoplasts of gametes that is not accompanied by union of their nuclei.

Whiplash flagellum

a flagellum with a smooth surface

Aethalium

a spore-bearing structure of plasmoidal slime mold

Molds

a type of fungus that consists of chains of cells and appears as a fuzzy mass of thin filaments in culture

Plasmodium

amoeboid feeding stage in the life cycle of a plasmodial slime mold

Protozoa

animal-like protists

In basidiomycetes, the inner veil gives rise to the _____________________ in the mature mushroom.

annulus or ring

In the mushroom Amanita muscaria, the ring is technically called the ___________________, the cup is technically called the ___________________, the gills are technically called the ________________, the stem is technically called the ________________, and the cap is technically called the ________________.

annulus; volva; lamellae; stipe; pileus

Peziza, an ascomycete, produces a cup-shaped fruiting body called a/an _____________.

apothecium