PrepU Chapter 46
Which client's nicotinic receptors are likely being stimulated the most?
A client who is in anxious while waiting in the pre-operative area
The client is undergoing chronic stress and is experiencing negative health effects. What type of drug could this client receive to reduce the autonomic nervous response?
A drug that reduces sympathetic response A drug that increases parasympathetic response A drug that reduces central nervous system (CNS) response
A client's nerve has been stimulated by pain and the resulting electrical action potential has reached the end of the axon. What will happen next?
A neurotransmitter will be released into the synaptic cleft
What is the resulting physiologic effect when the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated?
Increased GI motility
The nurse administers a drug that stimulates beta2 receptors. What type of health condition would this drug treat?
Respiratory disease
Where are alpha-receptors found?
Smooth muscles
What statement best explains the central and peripheral nervous system?
The two main divisions that control the nervous system are the central and peripheral nervous system.
The body makes norepinephrine using what from the diet?
Tyrosine
The physiology instructor explains to the nursing students that beta-2 stimulation leads to:
Vasodilation of vessels
The anatomy and physiology instructor is discussing the role of neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system. Which would the instructor identify as the main adrenergic neurotransmitter?
Norepinephrine
The body uses tyrosine in the diet to make what substance?
Norepinephrine
A client has a neurologic disorder characterized by a deficiency of acetylcholine. In what location is acetylcholine normally synthesized?
Within cholinergic nerves themselves
Nicotinic receptors would be found in which location?
Adrenal medulla
Nerve fibers secreting norepinephrine are called:
Adrenergic fibers
The anatomy and physiology instructor is discussing adrenergic receptors with the nursing class. What adrenergic receptor would the instructor tell the students is found in the blood vessels, iris, and urinary bladder?
Alpha 1
The nurse administers a drug that causes vasoconstriction, contracted piloerection muscles, pupil dilation and urinary retention. What receptor is this drug most likely stimulating?
Alpha 1 receptors
The nurse is describing the differing functions of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system to a client. The nurse has explained how the SNS is associated with a "fight-or-flight" reaction. How should the nurse describe the characteristics of the parasympathetic nervous system?
"Rest and digest"
A client with neurologic symptoms has presented for diagnostic testing that will evaluate nerve impulse transmission. The nurse assisting with the procedure should be aware of what expected process of nerve impulse transmission?
"The impulse travels from the central nervous system (CNS) to the preganglionic neuron to the ganglia to the postganglionic neuron to the neuroeffector cells."
Which client is most directly exhibiting the function of afferent nerves?
A client who has winced with pain during an intramuscular injection
Several substances act as neurotransmitters in the human body. Which is a neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter communicates between nerves and muscles?
Acetylcholine
After the effector cell has been stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh), what enzyme stops this stimulation and allows the effector membrane to repolarize?
Acetylcholinesterase
A client in distress has been given dobutamine, a medication intended to increase myocardial activity and heart rate. This medication likely stimulates what adrenergic receptor?
Beta 1
The physiology instructor explains to the nursing students that stimulation of what leads to vasodilation of blood vessels?
Beta 2 stimulation
Which effect results from activation of beta2 receptors?
Bronchodilation
A client's nerves have been stimulated and the signal has reached the axon. How will communication continue?
By the release of a neurotransmitter
Neurotransmission is important in the function of the CNS. For neurotransmission to occur, how do neurons communicate with other cells?
Chemically
Parkinson's disease is associated with a decrease in which of the following neurotransmitters?
Dopamine
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system results in all of the following EXCEPT:
Decreased rate of cellular metabolism.
A client's left adrenal medulla has been injured in a motor vehicle accident. What is a possible implication of this injury?
Disruptions in the levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine
A client has a diagnosis of Parkinson disease, a health problem that has effects on motor function and cognition. What neurotransmitter is most likely deficient in this client's CNS?
Dopamine
The nurse administers a medication that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). What manifestations would indicate the medication is having the desired effect?
Hyperactive bowel sounds Increased saliva production Constricted pupils
After teaching a group of students about major divisions of the brain, the instructor determines that additional teaching is needed when the students identify what as part of the hindbrain?
Hypothalamus
Cholinergic receptors are classified as nicotinic or muscarinic. What is a result of the stimulation of the nicotinic receptors?
Muscle contraction
A nurse is reviewing the structure and function of the nervous system in preparation for working on a neurological floor. What characteristic of neurons should the nurse identify?
Neurons convey action potentials to other neurons without being in physical contact.
The anatomy and physiology instructor is discussing neurotransmitters with the pre-nursing A&P class. What would the instructor tell the students is a catecholamine that is classed as a hormone when it is released from the adrenal medulla?
Norephinphrine
The nurse is caring for a client with asthma who has been experiencing shortness of breath and who has been administered a medication to cause bronchodilation. What aspect of autonomic nervous function has the nurse most likely influenced?
Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors
The nurse assessed a client at 0800 and obtained a blood pressure of 111/70 mmHg. Two hours later, the client's blood pressure is 130/81 mmHg. The nurse should attribute this change to what action within the autonomic nervous system?
Stimulation of beta-receptors
The nurse accompanies the health care provider into the client's room and remains after the client is told he has cancer and a poor prognosis. The client's respirations become rapid and deep, his pupils dilate and he appears diaphoretic. What type of response is the nurse witnessing?
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) response
A signal has reached the terminus of a client's nerve and is in the space where the nerve is closest to the effector cell in a muscle. At what location is this signal?
Synapse
When working with a client who is experiencing a stress response, the nurse should anticipate what effects? Select all that apply.
Tachycardia Pupil dilation Diaphoresis
A nurse is reviewing the structure and function of the neurologic system in preparation for a work placement on a neurologic unit? What statement most accurately describes an aspect of the autonomic nervous system?
The autonomic nervous spans the central and peripheral nervous systems
The nurse is conducting an assessment of a newly admitted client. What assessment finding should suggest to the nurse that the client's muscarinic cholinergic receptors are being stimulated?
The client has "pinpoint" pupils.
What assessment finding of a client should the nurse attribute to the stimulation of muscarinic receptors?
The client is drooling
A client has been prescribed a medication that antagonizes the beta receptors of the sympathetic nervous system. What assessment finding should the nurse attribute to the effects of this medication?
The client's blood pressure is decreased
The nurse is assessing a client. What assessment finding is the clearest indicator of autonomic function?
The client's respiratory rate is 22 breaths per minute
What is the defining criterion of an adrenergic nerve?
The nerve can produce epinephrine
Norepinephrine is mainly:
an excitatory neurotransmitter that stimulates the brain to generalized increased activity.
The functions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can be broadly described as:
activities designed to maintain a constant internal environment, to respond to stress or emergencies, and to repair body tissues.
Which receptor is responsible for increasing blood pressure?
alpha1 receptors
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart causes:
an increased rate and force of myocardial contraction.
After teaching a group of students about the functions of the nervous system, the instructor determines that the teaching was effective when the students identify that a function is:
control of body functions
The nurse is caring for a client who is known to have deficient levels of dopamine because of a dietary lack of tyrosine. The nurse should expect to assess for evidence of:
decreased adrenergic response.
The nursing instructor is explaining the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in influencing body functions. Which change in a patient's body functions would be directly related to the stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system?
decreased heart rate
Which of the following effects might occur following the administration of a cholinergic drug?
decreased heart rate
A nurse is caring for client experiencing pain. The client describes the pain as "9" on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being the worst pain. Which are expected SNS responses by the client?
increased blood pressure increased rate of respiration pupillary dilation
The nurse is caring for a client with asthma who has been administered albuterol in order to promote bronchodilation and relieve shortness of breath. When giving this medication, the nurse has affected the client's autonomic nervous system by:
stimulating beta2-receptors.
A client has begun to experience post-operative pain and the client's heart rate has increased from 72 beats per minute to 96 beats per minute. The nurse should attribute this change to the effect of:
stimulation of beta1 receptors in the sympathetic nervous system.
A young woman who lives alone comes home at night to find a man in her apartment. What body responses would be expected for the young woman?
Increased BP, increased heart rate, and pupil dilation
A nurse is reading an article about the fight or flight response that includes a discussion of a neurotransmitter. Which neurotransmitter most likely would be addressed?
Norepinephrine
A nurse is caring for a client who has excessive salivation. Which muscarinic receptor is responsible for activation of the salivary glands?
muscarinic1
Several factors impact synaptic transmission. What would a nurse know increases synaptic transmission?
neurotransmitter
Characteristics that allow neurons to communicate with other body cells include:
the ability to be stimulated and to convey electrical impulses.
A patient with Parkinson's disease is being cared for on your unit. The nurse would be correct in identifying what neurotransmitter as being decreased in this disease?
Dopamine
Parasympathetic stimulation causes the release of nitrous oxide from the endothelium of blood vessels. Which of the following results from this release?
Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle
The anatomy and physiology instructor is discussing adrenergic receptors with the nursing class. What adrenergic receptor would the instructor tell the students is found in the heart and can stimulate increased myocardial activity and increase heart rate?
Beta 1