Botney 2
In what location within a cell are the most ATP molecules generated?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
________ bonds are formed when there is an attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Ionic
________consist of two or more atoms. The atoms can belong to the same or different elements and are bound together, making up the smallest existing particle of a compound or an element.
Molecules
During the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis, water molecules are split, oxygen gas is released, and ATP is created. One other product is made that is used in the light-independent reactions. What is it?
NADPH
Electrons are essentially
Negative electric charges
what are the major components of protoplasm?
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen
What are products of photosynthesis?
Oxygen and glucose
What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to a molecule of phosphoenolpyruvate? Multiple choice question. Rubisco PEP carboxylase CAM
PEP carboxylase
On the pH scale, the lower a number is below 7, the higher the degree of ________.
acidity
chlorophyll a chlorophyll b
blue-green yellow-green
In C4 plants,________ cells perform C4 photosynthesis whereas bundle-sheath cells perform C3 photosynthesis.
mesophyll
Photosynthesis and respiration include many ______ reactions, in which one compound loses one or more electrons and another gains it/them.
oxidation-reduction
Even though both photosystems produce ATP, only photosystem II produce ________ gas that all aerobic organisms on earth depend on.
oxygen
When chlorophyll absorbs photons of light, the pigment's electrons can enter an excited energy state. The absorbed energy may be emitted as light after a delay, a phenomenon called _________
phosphorescence
About 96% of cytoplasm and its structures are composed of which elements?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Plastoquinone molecules shuttle electrons through the thylakoid membrane, setting up a proton gradient. What process is working as the protons move back through the membrane, generating ATP? Multiple choice question. Photolysis Chemiosmosis Electron transport
Chemiosmosis
Put in order the steps of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, starting with the first step at the top.
1.H20 split 2.some hydrogen from split water reduces NADP to NADPH 3.ATP Molecules are made 4. SOme hydyogen from split water reduces NADP to NADPH
A solution that is slightly alkaline would have a pH in the range of
7.5
Which of the following is the best description of the process of cellular respiration? Multiple choice question. A means to extract energy from organic molecules A means to utilize ATP in cells A means to extract energy from inorganic molecules A means to extract energy from oxygen
A means to extract energy from organic molecules
What energy-storing molecule supplies energy for most cellular processes?
ATP
What energy-storing molecules are formed during photophosphorylation?
ATP
Photophosphorylation produces_________, which stores chemical energy that can be used for the Calvin cycle. Carbon fixation also requires reducing power, which is provided by _______produced by photosystem I.
ATP NADPH
Each protein molecule can contain polypeptides which are chains of ________.
Amino acids
What do we call the process by which glucose generated during photosynthesis is converted into starch, cellulose, and other compounds that make it possible for a plant to grow and live?
Assimilation
________ release negatively charged hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water. They can also be defined as compounds that accept hydrogen ions.
Bases
What is the more efficient way to extract energy from organic compounds?
Breakdown in several enzyme-controlled steps
What molecule is released during photorespiration? Multiple choice question. Water Oxygen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
The Calvin cycle, or ______ photosynthesis, involves the formation of a 3-carbon compound, 3PGA, as the first isolated product of the light-independent reactions. C5 C4 C3
C3
According to the generalized equation for photosynthesis, 6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy and chlorophyll yields which of the following?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
According to the generalized equation for photosynthesis, 6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy and chlorophyll yields which of the following? Multiple choice question. C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O CH2O + O2 +H2O 2 CH2O + O2 2CH2O + ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
__________ plants avoid water loss by closing their stomata during the day and opening them at night.
CAM
A covalent bond forms when two atoms complete their outermost energy level by sharing a pair of ________ in the outermost orbital.
Electrons
An ion is neither positively nor negatively charged.
False
If a lipid has its fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule, it is called a wax.
False
Where do plants typically obtain their nutrients?
From the air and soil
Which of these are necessary ingredients for photosynthesis?
H2O light energy CO2
Though very important in nature, ________ bonds are weaker than covalent bonds having only 7-10% of their strength.
Hydrogen Bonds
Bases, or alkaline compounds, release negatively charged ________ ions when dissolved in water.
Hydroxyl
Where does glycolysis occur? Multiple choice question. In the cytoplasm On the mitochondrial membrane On the plasma membrane In the mitochondrion
In the cytoplasm
Which step in respiration yields the most ATP? Multiple choice question. Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA/electron transport Glycolysis Krebs cycle/electron transport
Krebs cycle/electron transport
What are fatty or oily substances that are mostly insoluble in water and typically store twice as much energy as similar amounts of carbohydrates?
Lipids
What type of chemical bond joins amino acids together?
Peptide
What process generates ATP from ADP as protons move across a thylakoid membrane by chemiosmosis?
Photophosphorylation
In the first reaction of the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide combines with what 5-carbon sugar? Ribose RuBP Pyruvic acid Fructose
RuBP
What enzyme catalyzes the combination of CO2 from the air with a 5-carbon sugar during the first reaction of the Calvin cycle? Acetyl CoA PEP carboxylase Amylase RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase
RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase
After rubisco catalyzes the combination of CO2 and __________during the first reaction of the Calvin cycle, the resulting 6-carbon compounds quickly split into two molecules of 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3PGA).
RuBP or ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate
Green leaves absorb about 80% of the visible light that they intercept. The light in the violet to blue and orange to red ranges are especially useful for photosynthesis. Which wavelengths are reflected?
The green range
Callose is produced on the bark of a plant that has been damaged.
True
The combining capacity of an atom or ion based on electron number is called ________.
Valence
Which of the following wavelengths of light are preferentially absorbed by chlorophyll molecules?
Violet-blue Red
Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum provides the right kind of energy for photosynthesis to occur?
Visible light
1. Oligosaccharins 2. Brassinosteroids
1. Released from the cell wall, these compounds influence cell differentiation, reproduction, and growth. 2.Binding to receptors on cell surfaces, these compounds affect apical dominance, gravitropism, and germination.
1.Chemotropism 2.Skototropism 3.Thermotropism 4.Aerotropism
1.Growth to chemicals 2.Growth to darkness 3.Growth to temperature 4.Growth to oxygen
How many RNA nucleotides are found in a codon?
3
How many codons make up the genetic code table? 64 3 4 16 20
64
Choose all the statements below that are true for Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Multiple select question. A plant responds to A. tumefaciens by growing a crown gall. It is a bacterium that inserts T-DNA into a plant's chromosomes. It can infect plants as well as any other bacterial vector. It is a plant that inserts T-DNA into a bacteria's chromosomes. It preferentially infects plant cells. A plant responds to A. tumefaciens by growing extra leaves.
A plant responds to A. tumefaciens by growing a crown gall. It is a bacterium that inserts T-DNA into a plant's chromosomes. It preferentially infects plant cells.
Which one of the following characteristics pertain to an allopolyploid? Multiple choice question. A polyploid generated from an interspecific cross A polyploid generated from a single species Has four copies of every chromosome
A polyploid generated from an interspecific cross
What do the brackets labeled "A" represent in the image shown here? Multiple choice question. A sticky end where DNA fragments can reattach A recognition site where a restriction enzyme will cut the DNA A zone critical for protoplast fusion
A recognition site where a restriction enzyme will cut the DNA
When an acid and a base are mixed together, which of the following is produced?
A salt
How do scientists think plants detect gravity?
Amyloplasts in cells fall to the bottom in response to gravity.
What condition is often broken in plants when the apical bud is removed?
Apical dominance
Which of these steps occur during the Calvin cycle? Multiple select question. CO2 from the air and RuBP are combined. The first stable substance produced is a 3-carbon compound. NADPH and ATP, produced during the light-dependent reactions, supply electrons and energy. Chemical bonds in sugars are broken, and energy stored in those bonds is harvested for use in cellular processes. Through several steps, glucose is synthesized. The first stable substance produced is the 6-carbon sugar, glucose. Oxygen is produced from splitting water.
CO2 from the air and RuBP are combined. The first stable substance produced is a 3-carbon compound. NADPH and ATP, produced during the light-dependent reactions, supply electrons and energy. Through several steps, glucose is synthesized.
Select all of the following that are ways to investigate a population. Multiple select question. Calculate the biomass of the population Count the number of individuals in the population Estimate population density Collect samples of all species interacting with the population
Calculate the biomass of the population Count the number of individuals in the population Estimate population density
True or false: Mutations occur during any of the following processes: DNA replication, DNA transcription, or translation. True false question. True False
False
What findings have prompted scientists to propose that there is a geomagnetotropism in plants?
Greater concentrations of roots tend to occur on the north and south sides of wheat seedlings.
What do we call a plant's ability to detect daylength and use it as a cue for growth and development?
Photoperiodism
The enzyme rubisco has more than one activity. Because of this, most plants also perform _______ , which consumes oxygen and liberates carbon dioxide. This process can lower the net benefit from photosynthesis.
Photorespiration
Each photosynthetic unit of photosystem I and photosystem II has antenna pigments and a reaction center. What is the main difference in the reaction centers in photosystem I compared to photosystem II?
Photosystem I has a reaction center molecule of chlorophyll called P700, and photosystem II has a P680 reaction center.
In both photosystem I and photosystem II, light is absorbed by a chlorophyll reaction center. In which photosystem is water split to create oxygen gas?
Photosystem II
What pigment(s) in plants controls photoperiodism?
Phytochrome
A plant whose entire set of chromosomes is duplicated is said to be ____________
Polyploid
The enzyme responsible for assembling an mRNA strand during transcription is ____________________________
RNA Polymerase
Choose any answer below that describes epigenetic changes. Multiple select question. Removal of methyl groups restores gene expression. Changes in gene expression due to mutation. Removal of methyl groups blocks gene expression. Changes in gene expression not due to mutation. DNA and mRNA can be subjected to epigenetic control. Addition of methyl groups blocks gene expression.
Removal of methyl groups restores gene expression. Changes in gene expression not due to mutation. DNA and mRNA can be subjected to epigenetic control. Addition of methyl groups blocks gene expression.
Select all that apply Which are examples of nonliving or abiotic factors in an environment? Multiple select question. Sunlight and soil Wind and rain Lichens and fungi Plants and animals
Sunlight and soil Wind and rain
Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects plant cells by inserting _________ Dna
T or transfer
You have a tall pea plant, and you decide to conduct a testcross in order to figure out the genotype of this tall plant. You do the following cross: T? x tt, and the result is all the offspring are tall. What is the genotype of the original tall parent?
TT
Of all the answers below, choose the statements that best describe a gene bank. Multiple select question. Gene banks are maintained solely in the United States. The goal of a gene bank is to propagate individual seeds for commercial use. The only plant material stored in gene banks are seeds. The goal of a gene bank is to preserve a plant's germplasm. Gene banks are an international effort. Propagules are plant parts that are stored in gene banks.
The goal of a gene bank is to preserve a plant's germplasm. Gene banks are an international effort. Propagules are plant parts that are stored in gene banks.
When discussing natural selection, what does it mean to be "fit"? Multiple choice question. The fastest in the group The showiest (colorful) in the population The organism with the most mutations The largest in size The greater ability to reproduce
The greater ability to reproduce
Choose all the reasons below why invasive plant species are successful in new locations. Multiple select question. There are no natural herbivores. More energy can be spent on defensive mechanisms. There is very little sunlight. There is very little water. More energy can be spent on reproduction.
There are no natural herbivores. More energy can be spent on reproduction.
As air temperature rises, what typically happens to respiration rates in plants?
They increase
What effect do cytokinins have on cell division?
They stimulate it.
The ________ content of a photon is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the light.
energy
Different species of sympatric orchids have pollinia (pollen sacs) that only fit the stigma of their own species. This "lock and key" mechanism keeps different orchid species from interbreeding and describes a form of ______. Multiple choice question. clonal isolation geographical isolation mechanical isolation ecological isolation artificially selected isolation
mechanical isolation
The region in a plant that is analogous to animal stem cells, and can develop into various types of tissues and organs, is the ______. Multiple choice question. root seed stem embryo meristem
meristem
A cutting from a plant begins to develop roots. The cells near the cut site dedifferentiated (became less specialized) and became a ________ tissue
meristematic or meristem
Growing many plants in a small area and in sterile conditions is called ____________
micropropagation
Particle guns were developed because it was discovered that Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA transformation was not effective in ______. Multiple choice question. non-vascular plants all flowering plants monocots conifers eudicots
monocots
During DNA replication, __________ are added to the growing strand of DNA by the enzyme DNA polymerase.
nucleotides or nucleotide
In order to perform a verification backcross, you should cross an F1 hybrid with ______. Multiple choice question. a plant from the F2 generation other F1 hybrids one of its parents
one of its parents
Scientists can induce______and organ development, creating an entire new plant, by controlling cytokinin and auxin concentrations in a growth medium.
tissue
The process of copying a sequence of DNA nucleotides into an RNA sequence is called ______.
transcription
The process of copying a sequence of DNA nucleotides into an RNA sequence is called ______. Multiple choice question. replication expression translation transcription
transcription
When a gene is copied to make an mRNA molecule, then __________ has occurred.
transcription
The movement of DNA from one organism, usually via a plasmid, into another organism is called Multiple choice question. transformation translation fusion transcription somatic formation
transformation
When genes from other organisms, like bacteria, are inserted into a plant, then that plant is now called a _________ plant
transgenic or genetically modified
The reading or interpretation of a sequence of RNA nucleotides, so that a protein can be made, is called ______. Multiple choice question. expression replication transcription translation
translation
When an RNA molecule is read to make a protein, then __________ has occurred.
translation
Quantitative traits result in phenotypes that are determined by both phenotype and environment. True or false
true
True or false: Epigenetics is believed to allow a short-term adaptation to a changing environment without changing the DNA. True false question. True False
true
Put the steps of a plant development signal transduction pathway in order, starting at the top with the first step. Position 1 of 4 An enzyme is produced or activated. incorrect toggle button unavailable An enzyme is produced or activated.
1. A change in the environment prompts the release of a signaling molecule in the plant. 2. A signaling molecule binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane of a plant cell. 3. The interaction of the signal and the receptor causes a messenger molecule to be released into the cell cytoplasm. 4.An Enzyme is produced or activated.
Most plants grow toward a light source, exhibiting________phototropism. A plant that grows away from a light source would exhibit________Phototropism
1.Positive 2.Negitive
Some plants can fling, squirt, or otherwise hurl their own seeds for some distance upon maturity. What is the maximum distance a seed is likely to travel using this mechanism?
12 meters
Consider a monohybrid cross for a gene denoted with the letter T. The parents have the genotypes TT and tt, respectively. What would the genotypic ratio be in the F2 generation? Multiple choice question. 3TT:1tt 1TT:2Tt:1tt 1Tt:2TT:1tt 3Tt:1tt
1TT:2Tt:1tt
A carbon atom has six electrons. How many of these electrons are found in the innermost shell?
2
f the parent plants have the genotypes TT (purple flowers) and tt (yellow flowers), then what is the predicted genotypic ratio for the F2 generation? Multiple choice question. 3 purple flower:1 white flower 1 purple flower:1white flower 1 purple flower:3 purple flower
3 purple flower:1 white flower
What is needed to break dormancy in a seed that requires stratification? A period of several weeks in warm temperatures Soaking in water overnight Exposure to light for more than 12 hours each day Weakening of the seed coat, either by freezing and thawing, or tumbling around with rocks and dirt A period of several weeks in cold temperatures
A period of several weeks in cold temperatures
Select one of the following statements that accurately defines biological evolution. Multiple choice question. Any change seen in a population of living things over many generations Any change in a living organism or a population of living organisms Any heritable change in a biological system (from cells to ecosystems) Accumulation of genetic changes in a population over many generations
Accumulation of genetic changes in a population over many generations
Chemicals that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water are called ________
Acids
Consider a gene that encodes a protein that catalyzes a reaction which produces a red pigment in the flower. This gene has two alleles. Allele 1 encodes a functional protein, whereas allele 2 contains a mutation and encodes a non-functional protein. Which allele will likely be dominant? Multiple choice question. Allele 2 Allele 1 It is impossible to know from this information, it could be either allele.
Allele 1
A pigment gene has one version that codes for purple color. Another version of that gene codes for white color. What are the versions of this gene called? Multiple choice question. Alleles Locus Homologs Diploid Haploid
Alleles
Which of the following is the first step in micropropagation? The plants are inserted into a growth medium in test tubes under sterile conditions. An excised piece of leaf or stem tissue is established in a tissue culture. The plant parts are disinfested.
An excised piece of leaf or stem tissue is established in a tissue culture.
Where are auxins primarily produced?
Apical meristems
Select all of the following sites in plants where auxin is produced?
Apical meristems Young leaves
An application of GA will stimulate growth in many types of plants. What else needs to be present to maximize the results?
Auxin
What was the first plant hormone to be discovered?
Auxin
Why is the Calvin cycle also known as C3 photosynthesis? Multiple choice question. Because the net products of the Calvin cycle are three molecules of glucose Because three molecules of 3GP are made in one run of the cycle Because the first molecule into which the inorganic CO2 is fixed has three carbon atoms Because three CO2 molecules are needed to run the cycle once
Because the first molecule into which the inorganic CO2 is fixed has three carbon atoms
Why does CO2 enter CAM plants at nighttime? Multiple choice question. Because the stomata of CAM plants are only open at night Because CAM plants photosynthesize at night Because CAM plants contain only mesophyll cells Because CAM plants fix carbon dioxide before it enters the leaf during the day
Because the stomata of CAM plants are only open at night
Which lesser-known hormone (not one of the Classic Five) is known to affect apical dominance?
Brassinosteroids
By varying the amount of cytokinin in cell culture of tobacco pith cells, what two kinds of plant tissues can be produced? Multiple select question. Leaves Buds (that become stems) Flowers (that become fruits) Roots
Buds (that become stems) Roots
In the structure of nucleic acids, how are nucleotides joined? Multiple choice question. By a deoxyribose bond By a phosphodiester bond By a dinucleotide bond By a pyrimidine bond
By a phosphodiester bond
How do CAM plants avoid water loss?
CAM plants close their stomata during the day and open them at night.
______ plants only uptake CO2 at night because they close their ______ during the day
CAM; stomata
Which of the following are used to synthesize carbohydrates in photosynthesis? Multiple select question. CO2 ATP NADPH NADH
CO2 ATP NADPH
What causes turgor movements?
Changes in internal water pressure
Choose all the statements below that describe the endosymbiotic theory. Multiple select question. Chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from the protist ancestor to all plants. Chloroplasts and mitochondria have DNA similar to bacterial DNA. Chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free-living bacteria. Chloroplasts and mitochondria have lost their own DNA.
Chloroplasts and mitochondria have DNA similar to bacterial DNA. Chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free-living bacteria.
Choose all the answers below that are specifically associated with the field of cytogenetics. Multiple select question. Gene expression Chromosome movement during cell division Formation of paired chromosomes during meiosis Structural changes in a chromosome Abnormal chromosome numbers The transcription of RNA from a gene found on a chromosome
Chromosome movement during cell division Formation of paired chromosomes during meiosis Structural changes in a chromosome Abnormal chromosome numbers
What do we call cycles in plant metabolism, growth, and movements that seem to follow a 24-hour biological clock?
Circadian rhythms
The polarity of water is partly responsible for the movement of water molecules through fine tubes such as those in wood and other plant parts. This is called ______.
Cohesion
Choose from the answers below, all the major tasks performed by DNA in a cell. Multiple select question. Copy genetic information Interact with the ribosomes Express genetic information Store genetic information Mutate, or change its message Create proteins directly from DNA
Copy genetic information Express genetic information Store genetic information Mutate, or change its message
A ________ bond forms when pairs of electrons are shared between two or more atomic nuclei, holding the atoms together and keeping them at a stable distance from each other.
Covalent
Someone gave you a tall pea plant. You know that tall is dominant to dwarf. How will you figure out the genotype of your tall plant? Multiple choice question. Cross it with another unknown plant. Cross it with a plant that is homozygous dominant for tall. Cross it with a dwarf plant. Cross it with itself.
Cross it with a dwarf plant.
Select all of the following that are part of the electron transport chain that accepts electrons from photosystem II during photosynthesis. Multiple select question. Cytochrome Plastocyanin Ferredoxin Flavoprotein
Cytochrome Plastocyanin
In cell culture, auxins cause cells to enlarge, but what hormone must be applied to get cells to divide? Multiple choice question. Abscissic acid Gibberellin Cytokinin
Cytokinin
DNA polymerases have proofreading capacity. What does that mean DNA polymerases can detect and fix mismatched base pairs. DNA polymerase can scan a DNA chromosome and fix any mutations it might find. DNA polymerase can read a template and correctly produce a complementary strand.
DNA polymerases can detect and fix mismatched base pairs.
DNA polymerases have proofreading capacity. What does that mean? Multiple choice question. DNA polymerase can scan a DNA chromosome and fix any mutations it might find. DNA polymerase can read a template and correctly produce a complementary strand. DNA polymerases can detect and fix mismatched base pairs.
DNA polymerases can detect and fix mismatched base pairs.
What type of external stimulus can be altered in commercial greenhouses to allow poinsettias to be available at Christmas and lilies to be available at Easter, when demand is the highest? Multiple choice question. Soil nitrogen Day length Light intensity Temperature
Day length
If you go to a farmer's market in the summer, you will often find tomatoes called "heirloom." What does the word "heirloom" mean? Multiple choice question. The tomato seeds were secretly passed down from an ancestor. Heirloom tomatoes are clones of each other, so the farmer knows exactly what will grow each year. The tomato seeds produce a color that is always unusual. Depending on the environmental conditions, the tomatoes may be different from year to year
Depending on the environmental conditions, the tomatoes may be different from year to year.
When a molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose bond by dehydration synthesis, a ________, known as sucrose, is formed.
Disaccharide
_______ is a period of growth inactivity in seeds, buds, bulbs, or other plant organs, even when external factors such as day length, temperature, and water availability would support growth
Dormancy
If a normal chromosome has the sections EFGHIJK, then which of the answers below represents an inversion? Multiple choice question. EFGHIJJJJJJK EGFHIJK FGHIJK EEFGHIJK
EGFHIJK
Ernst Haeckel first coined the term for this biological discipline, which has origins in early civilizations when humans first learned to modify their surroundings through the use of tools and fire. Multiple choice question. Ecology Plant taxonomy Systematics Botany Correct Answer Ecology
Ecology
Which plant hormone is produced in larger and larger amounts as fruits ripen?
Ethylene
Which two hormones have been shown to be especially effective at breaking dormancy?
Ethylene and gibberellin
Which of these can weaken a tough seed coat so that it will ultimately imbibe water and germinate?
Exposure to fire Microbes that cause breakdown of organic material Scarification (manually scratching a hole in the seed coat)
If haploid gametes are produced via meiosis, then what type of gametes can a plant that is homozygous dominant (GG) produce? Multiple choice question. g
G
After meiosis, haploid gametes are produced. What type of gametes can be produced by a plant with a heterozygous genotype represented by "Gg"? Multiple choice question. g only G and g gg only G only Gg only
G and g
A segment of DNA that directs the synthesis of a protein is a .
Gene
In corn, a specific stretch of DNA codes for a purple pigment protein. This stretch of DNA is more commonly called a ______. Multiple choice question. protein deoxyribose nucelotide gene
Gene
Choose all the statements below that describe the role of RNA polymerase. Multiple select question. Generates an mRNA strand Is involved in transcription Is involved in DNA replication Is involved in translation Adds DNA nucleotides to an RNA molecule Adds RNA nucleotides to a single stranded DNA molecule
Generates an mRNA strand Is involved in transcription Adds RNA nucleotides to a single stranded DNA molecule
What term is used to describe an event when, by chance, only certain members of a population reproduce and pass their alleles to the next generation? Multiple choice question. Ecological isolation Migration Gene flow Mutation Genetic drift
Genetic drift
If a pea plant's seed color (green or yellow) is determined by a gene that has two alleles, G and g. Choose the answer below that unequivocally denotes an individual heterozygous for this gene. Multiple choice question. green seeds Gg GG gg
Gg
If one parent plant is homozygous dominant for two linked traits "GGTT" and crossed with another parent plant that is homozygous recessive for two linked traits "ggtt", then what types of gametes can occur after meiosis? Multiple choice question. GgTt only GT, Gt, gT and gt gt only GG, TT, gg, tt GT only
GgTt only
In seeds, abscisic acid functions to suppress metabolic processes that lead to growth and germination. What hormone is responsible for breaking seed dormancy and promoting cell elongation as seedlings grow?
Gibberellin
Which plant hormone can increase seed production in conifers, delay the aging of skin in citrus fruits, and increase the rate of malting in breweries?
Gibberellin
Which two hormones interact to regulate whether a seed germinates or remains dormant?
Gibberellin Abscisic acid
Inheritance theories reinforced Darwin's explanation of natural selection. The naturalist whose work on inheritance in the 1850's helped back-up Darwin's work was ______. Multiple choice question. Georges Cuvier Gregor Mendel Francis Crick Jean Baptist de Lamarck
Gregor Mendel
What process causes an irreversible change in plant size as a result of cell division and expansion? Multiple choice question. Flowering Respiration Growth Aging
Growth
In order to study the genetics of pea plants, Mendel had to perform crosses between different plants. Choose all of the following that were part of this process. Multiple select question. He covered plants with small bags to prevent insect pollination. He deposited the pollen of one plant on the stigma of another plant. He removed all the flowers from some plants to avoid self-pollination. He removed the stamens of some flowers before the pollen in them had matured.
He covered plants with small bags to prevent insect pollination. He deposited the pollen of one plant on the stigma of another plant. He removed the stamens of some flowers before the pollen in them had matured.
Choose all the answers below that describe the structure of DNA. Multiple select question. Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases. Nitrogenous bases make up the "rungs" of the ladder. Adenine across from guanine A double helix Sugar and phosphate groups make up the "rungs" of the ladder. Adenine across from thymine A single strand of nucleic acid
Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases. Nitrogenous bases make up the "rungs" of the ladder. A double helix Adenine across from thymine
Which of these qualify as plant movements that cause seed dispersal? In the squirting cucumber, pressure builds up inside the fruit, until seeds are expelled out of one end, up to 10 meters. Burr clovers produce burrs on their seed coats, which adhere to furry animals (and hiker's socks) that brush up against them. Seed pods split with explosive force, flinging seeds. Coconuts have hollow centers that may allow them to float short distances on water. In this way, the seed can be moved several meters.
In the squirting cucumber, pressure builds up inside the fruit, until seeds are expelled out of one end, up to 10 meters. Seed pods split with explosive force, flinging seeds.
Which of these are typical responses of plants to GA?
Increased plant growth in dicots. Increased shoot growth (but not root growth).
Which of these are industrial uses for synthesized GA?
Increasing the length of celery petioles Increasing yield of sugarcane Increasing the size of seedless grapes
Choose all the methods below that will generate roots in older microshoots. Multiple select question. Induction in vitro Disinfestation with ethanol Sterilization with an autoclave Spontaneous root formation, such as in African violets Induction ex vitro
Induction in vitro Spontaneous root formation, such as in African violets Induction ex vitro
What type of chromosomal structural change has occurred when a piece of chromosome is broken and reinserted up-side-down? Multiple choice question. Translocation Duplication Deletion Inversion
Inversion
Molecules that lose or gain electrons are called ________. Ionic bonds form when one or more electrons are donated to another atom.
Ions
How can growth inhibitors, such as ABA in the seed coat, be neutralized so that a dormant seed can germinate?
It can be leached out by rain. It can be canceled out by the signaling of other hormones. It can be broken down by enzymes.
Which of these statements hold true for glycolysis? Multiple select question. There is a net loss of ATP during this process. It can only happen in the presence of light. It happens in the cytoplasm of the cell. Oxygen is not required. It is the first major step in respiration.
It happens in the cytoplasm of the cell. Oxygen is not required. It is the first major step in respiration.
Which of these are true of phytochrome? Multiple select question. It occurs in two stable forms that are readily converted to each other. Each molecule absorbs one of two shades of blue light. Large amounts of phytochrome are present in leaf tissue. It is responsible for controlling photoperiodism.
It occurs in two stable forms that are readily converted to each other. It is responsible for controlling photoperiodism.
What effect does ABA have on seeds in a ripening fruit? It stimulates storage of extra resources as the seed is formed. It prevents germination. It promotes cell division. It promotes germination.
It prevents germination.
What is the main effect of auxin on plant growth?
It promotes growth.
Select all of the following that were traits that were likely selected for during early plant domestication. Multiple select question. Long seed dormancy Flavor Large seeds Seed retention Quick germination
Large seeds Seed retention Quick germination
Which law states that genes controlling two or more traits will segregate independently of each other? Multiple choice question. Law of thermodynamics Law of dominance Law of unit characters Law of independent assortment The Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics
Law of independent assortment
What type of asexual propagation is taking place when adventitious roots of a propagated plant are developed before the new plant is severed from the parent plant? Multiple choice question. Crown division Layering Grafting Cutting
Layering
Choose the answers below that are related to the genetic code table. Multiple select question. There is one codon for each of the 20 amino acids. Many amino acids have more than one codon. There are 64 different codons. The codons on the table are three DNA nucleotides. Some codons are start and stop signals.
Many amino acids have more than one codon. There are 64 different codons. Some codons are start and stop signals.
In general, as temperature increases, so does growth rate of field crops. Which two factors are used to calculate approximate harvest dates for crops such as pineapple grown in Hawaii? Multiple select question. Mean daily temperature Hours of daylight Daily high temperature Intensity of sunlight Average rainfall
Mean daily temperature Hours of daylight
What is taxic movement?
Movement of whole organisms or reproductive cells that are propelled by cilia or flagella
What type of molecule is the monomer (building block) that makes up DNA? Multiple choice question. Protein Carbohydrate Nucleotide Lipid Amino acid
Nucleotide
Which of the following furnishes both the elements and energy for plant growth?
Nutrients
Where does translation take place? Multiple choice question. Outside of the cell On the ribosome In the nucleus Within the golgi apparatus
On the ribosome
Which of these are characteristics of C4 photosynthesis? Multiple select question. By using C4 photosynthesis, plants completely circumvent the Calvin cycle. PEP carboxylase is the first carbon fixing enzyme in the process. Rates of photorespiration are very high in C4 plants at high temperature. A 4-carbon compound is the first stable product. It happens in plants with Kranz anatomy.
PEP carboxylase is the first carbon fixing enzyme in the process. A 4-carbon compound is the first stable product. It happens in plants with Kranz anatomy.
Choose all the statements below that are correct for micropropagation. Multiple select question. Plants can carry diseases. Plants are propagated in the field. Small numbers of plants are grown in a large area. Plants are propagated in the lab. Large numbers of plants are grown in a small area. Plants are disease-free.
Plants are propagated in the lab. Large numbers of plants are grown in a small area. Plants are disease-free.
Choose the answers below that explain why plants tolerate polyploidy better than animals. Multiple select question. Plants' gene expression is not dosage dependent, and they can tolerate multiple copies of a gene. Plants can still reproduce if they are polyploid. Plants can undergo interspecific hybridization. Plants can tolerate polyploidy because they have cellulose and are non-motile. Being able to undergo photosynthesis contributes to the tolerance of polyploidy.
Plants' gene expression is not dosage dependent, and they can tolerate multiple copies of a gene. Plants can still reproduce if they are polyploid. Plants can undergo interspecific hybridization.
Which copper-containing protein is part of the electron transport chain and accepts electrons from photosystem II during photosynthesis?
Plastocyanin
What flower, that is commonly available at Christmas time, is manipulated into flowering by altering the day length in a greenhouse?
Poinsettia
Choose the three answers that correctly support the statement: During the Second Revolution, these three concepts intersected and provided a more comprehensive understanding of mechanisms of evolution. Population genetics Mendelian genetics Lamarck's acquired characteristics Darwinian natural selection Cuvier's catastrophism Genetic engineering
Population genetics Mendelian genetics Darwinian natural selection
Barriers that isolate two different populations before fertilization occurs are called _______ barriers
Prezygotic
A wild relative to the potato is drought and insect resistant but does not produce large tubers like the crop-cultivated potato. A scientist would like to introduce the drought and insect resistance genes into the cultivated potato. He/she begins by growing the two different plants in liquid media and then stripping the plant's cell walls. What procedure is the scientist doing? Multiple choice question. Cross-pollination T-DNA insertion Gene cloning Particle gun introduction Protoplast fusion Mass selection
Protoplast fusion
Choose all the fields below that were affected by Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Multiple select question. Cartography Psychology Numismatics Biology Anthropology
Psychology Biology Anthropology
What is the name of the evolutionary model where major changes in organisms can occur in spurts of 100,000 years or less, followed by minor changes over millions of years? Multiple choice question. Migration Punctuated equilibrium Artificial selection Genetic drift Cloning
Punctuated equilibrium
A structure composed of two protein subunits and rRNA is the
Ribosome
What is the breakdown of cell components that leads to cell death called?
Senescence
Choose the factors below that contribute to an orchid's mechanical isolation. Multiple select question. Specific pollinators insert pollinia in the right spot. Specific pollinia fit specific stigmas. Wind pollination randomly stick pollinia to any stigma. Pollinia from any orchid can easily reach the egg of any other orchid.
Specific pollinators insert pollinia in the right spot. Specific pollinia fit specific stigmas.
What do cytokinins do in the presence of auxin?
Speed up the progression from the G2 phase to the mitosis phase
Some bulbs or seeds will only commence growth after a period of several weeks at low temperatures. Indicate the two different names for this process. Multiple select question. Stratification Coldification After-ripening Scarification
Stratification After-ripening
Which of these involve changes in water pressure inside cells and are therefore considered turgor movements in plants? Multiple select question. Sudden movements of bladderworts to capture insects Closing of leaflets of a sensitive plant after being touched Twining of tendrils around a fence post that they encounter Bending of Coleus stems upwards within 24 hours of being turned on its side
Sudden movements of bladderworts to capture insects Closing of leaflets of a sensitive plant after being touched
What kind of movement involves either an entire plant or its reproductive cells being propelled by a cilia or flagella? This only occurs in fungi and non-flowering plants.
Taxis
When water is in short supply, what happens to ABA in a plant? The ABA causes stomata to close. As leaves wilt, ABA is produced in the leaves in larger amounts. ABA causes leaves to drop off a wilted plant quickly, therefore reducing total transpiration for the plant. ABA ceases production in a wilted plant. Once water is more abundant, more will be produced.
The ABA causes stomata to close. As leaves wilt, ABA is produced in the leaves in larger amounts.
In what part of photosynthesis does RuBP combine with CO2 to make 3-phosphoglyceric acid?
The Calvin cycle
Why is recombinant DNA technology possible? Multiple choice question. The amino acid sequences of proteins are similar across species. Bacterial DNA sequences are the same as plant DNA sequences and thus are compatible. The DNA code and how it's read is universal in all organisms. All organisms have similar DNA sequences.
The DNA code and how it's read is universal in all organisms.
Which of these are different in photosystem I and photosystem II? Multiple select question. The electron acceptors that receive electrons from the reaction center molecule in their excited state. The location of the reaction centers within a leaf cell. The makeup of the antenna pigments surrounding the reaction center. The wavelengths of light absorbed by the reaction center molecule.
The electron acceptors that receive electrons from the reaction center molecule in their excited state. The makeup of the antenna pigments surrounding the reaction center. The wavelengths of light absorbed by the reaction center molecule.
When a photon is absorbed by chlorophyll, the energy level of some of the electrons in the pigment is raised. Which of these are possible after that? Multiple select question. The energy can be released as heat. The absorbed photon energy directly drives the synthesis of ATP. The pigment can fluoresce or phosphoresce. The absorbed energy can eventually be stored in chemical bonds. The pigment gets used up by the extra energy of the electrons and must be synthesized anew.
The energy can be released as heat. The pigment can fluoresce or phosphoresce. The absorbed energy can eventually be stored in chemical bonds.
Which phase of photosynthesis is initiated when light energy strikes chlorophyll?
The light-dependent reactions
What determines the number of bonds that an atom can form?
The number of electrons in its outermost energy level
Choose all the answers below that describe a domesticated plant. Multiple select question. The plant's reproductive success requires human intervention. Domesticated plants have evolved through breeding efforts. Domesticated plants are clones of their wild counterparts. Domesticated plants have evolved purely by natural selection. The plant's reproductive success can be left to nature. Domesticated plants have been genetically altered.
The plant's reproductive success requires human intervention. Domesticated plants have evolved through breeding efforts. Domesticated plants have been genetically altered.
The plasmid found in the Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria is called a ______ plasmid. Ti Tk Ta
Ti
What is it called when a few cells are combined in a growth medium with the correct concentrations of auxin and cytokinin to create an entire new plant? Multiple choice question. Tissue culture Gas chromatography A bioassay
Tissue culture
Choose the answers below that are positives of transgenic plants. Multiple select question. Transgenic plants can be pest resistant. Transgene product may cause allergies. A transgenic product may have a higher vitamin content. Transgenic plants may hybridize with weedy relatives.
Transgenic plants can be pest resistant. A transgenic product may have a higher vitamin content.
Which of the following are negatives aspects of transgenic plants. Multiple select question. Transgenic plants may hybridize with weedy relatives. Transgenic products may have a higher vitamin content. Transgenic products may cause allergies. Transgenic plants can be pest resistant.
Transgenic plants may hybridize with weedy relatives. Transgenic products may cause allergies.
Which of these are effects that auxin generally has on plants? Multiple select question. Inhibits the initiation of roots. Triggering the production of ethylene. Stimulates fruit ripening. Stimulating the enlargement of cells.
Triggering the production of ethylene. Stimulating the enlargement of cells.
Question Mode True or False Question True or false: Crossing over is more likely to happen between two genes whose loci are far apart on a chromosome, than between two genes whose loci are close together.
True
True or false: A self-pollinated plant has undergone significant inbreeding because the male and female genetic material come from the same parent plant. True false question.TrueFalse
True
True or false: Epigenetics is believed to allow a short-term adaptation to a changing environment without changing the DNA. True false question. True False
True
True or false: Hunter-gatherer societies were present before the development of cities, civilizations, and agricultural societies. True false question.TrueFalse
True
True or false: When the pollen from a flower can fertilize the egg of that same flower, then the plant is called "self-fertile." True false question. True False
True
Covalent bonds between molecules inside living cells are often formed or broken through the addition or loss of ___________.
Water
Which of these are effects that increased temperature can have on harvested fruits and vegetables? Multiple select question. Water loss increases. Starch and sugar are converted into ATP and heat. Respiration rates increase. They stay fresh longer.
Water loss increases. Starch and sugar are converted into ATP and heat. Respiration rates increase.
What occurs during an oxidation-reduction reaction?
When an atom or molecule is oxidized, the electron that is removed is transferred to another atom or molecule, which is thereby reduced.
Which of these can cause in increase in ethylene production (choose all that apply)? Multiple select question. When seedlings have trouble pushing through the soil When leaves experience excessive water loss When tissues are bruised or cut When a neighboring fruit ripens When auxin is applied When leaves are exposed to bright sunlight
When seedlings have trouble pushing through the soil When tissues are bruised or cut When a neighboring fruit ripens When auxin is applied
Consider a pea plant in which the color of the seeds (green or yellow) is determined by a gene with two alleles: G and g. Of the answers below, choose all that could describe this plant's phenotype. Multiple select question. GG gg Gg Yellow seeds Green seeds
Yellow seeds Green seeds
Both strands of a DNA molecule are held together by hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bonds are always formed between ______. Multiple choice question. two pyrimidines a purine and pyrimidine phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars two purines
a purine and pyrimidine
A characteristic that makes an organism better suited to its environment is a ___________________
adaptation
A polyploid that results from an interspecific cross is called a(n) .
allopolyploid or allopolyploidy
Codons are three mRNA nucleotides that (in most cases) code for a specific ___________________
amino acid
Choose the structures below that are associated with a tRNA molecule. Multiple select question. amino acid nucleus DNA polymerase promoter region anticodon
amino acid anticodon
In many plants, the growth of lateral buds is suppressed by the presence of a branch tip. This is known as _______ dominance
apical
Normally, asexual reproduction does not result in the development of seeds. In some cases however, plants undergo _____________ where an ovule can divide by mitosis and become an embryo.
apomixis
Changing or breeding plants and animals to suit humans' needs is called ________ selection.
artificial
Brassica oleracea is a species of wild mustard. Humans selected traits from this plant to create broccoli, kale, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts, to name a few, through a process called ______. Multiple choice question. cloning propagation natural selection protoplast fusion artificial selection
artificial selection
When plants are divided by crown division, they are being propagated _______. Multiple choice question. asexually sexually
asexually
Some glucose molecules synthesized in plants are not immediately needed for generating energy. These can go through the process of__________ to become cellulose, starch, other sugars, and the building blocks of cells.
assimilation
One species of fireweed has four sets of chromosomes with a total number of 36. A different subspecies has eight sets of chromosomes with a total number of 72. These two fireweed species are the result of a unique type of polyploidy called ______. Multiple choice question. bipolyploidy monopolyploidy autopolyploidy megapolyploidy
autopolyploidy
A genetic cross that is between a hybrid and one of its parents is called a
backcross
When organic compounds are ______, their energy is released very rapidly. Living organisms, however, can perform several small steps that "burn" organic compounds, capturing small amounts of energy at each step.
burned or metabolized
Grafting is successful, if the vascular tissue of the scion joins with the vascular tissue of the rootstock. This cylindrical region of vascular tissue where these two structures are joined is called the vascular ______. Multiple choice question. stem meristem cork root cambium
cambium
The first domesticated crops were ______. Multiple choice question. pomegranate cereal grains sunflowers palm trees olives
cereal grains
Protons are pumped across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the electron transport stage of the light-dependent reactions, setting up a proton gradient. As protons move down the gradient by __________, ATP molecules are formed.
chemiosmosis or diffusion
Green plants utilize ,___________ a and b to absorb light energy in photosynthesis
chlorophyll
In photosynthesis ________ molecules preferentially absorb violet-blue and red wavelengths of light.
chlorophyll
A plasmid can copy itself in a bacterial cell and is a common example of a clonal cell cloning vector recombinant cell somatic cell
cloning vector
Organisms of different ancestry that have adapted in similar ways to similar environments are exhibiting ____________ evolution
convergent
On the left of this photo is a barrel cactus and on the right is a barrel spurge. These plants are not related and are classified into different plant families. The fact that they both have evolved to have a fleshy stem in an arid environment is the result of ______. Multiple choice question. convergent evolution artificial selection protoplast fusion divergent evolution cloning Correct Answer convergent evolution
convergent evolution
A plant where fertilization is the result of sperm from one plant and the egg of a different plant is called a ________ pollinating plant.
cross
The study of chromosome behavior
cytogenetics or cyto-genetics
In 1941, Johannes van Overbeek isolated a substance from coconut milk that promoted cell division. That substance was later shown to be ______.
cytokinin
While plant hormones can have dramatic effects on their own, they can stimulate even more outcomes when acting in combination. For example, _______need to have a small amount of auxin around to speed up the G2 phase of cell division.
cytokinins
A ______ is a type of mutation that is the result of a part of a chromosome breaking off and becoming lost.
deletion
Comparing DNA and RNA: Choose all the answers below that describe only DNA. Multiple select question. can have uracil deoxyribose sugar can have thymine double stranded single stranded ribose sugar
deoxyribose sugar can have thymine double stranded
If the rungs of a DNA ladder are the nitrogenous bases, then the sides or "backbone" of DNA consists of ______. Multiple choice question. deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups phosphate groups only ribose sugar only deoxyribose sugar only ribose sugar and phosphate groups
deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups
The two main stages in photosynthesis include the light__________reactions, followed by the light-independent reactions.
dependent
A genetic cross where a pair of traits are studied is called a________cross
dihybrid
When plants, such as corn and wheat, are altered genetically to meet human needs, the plants are said to be
domesticated
The expressed ______________ allele is the allele, whereas the __________________ allele that is masked is the allele.
dominant , recessive
The expressed allele is the _________ allele, whereas the allele that is masked is the ________ allele
dominant , recessive
Imagine that while reading your text, you see a gene described as "Aa". The capital letter denotes the________ allele, and the lowercase letter denotes the __________ allele.
dominant, recessive
Many wildflowers have seeds that will not germinate in the first year, even if conditions are right. If some of the seeds remain ___________ there will be a supply for years to come, increasing the odds of the plant's survival over the long term.
dormant
What type of isolation is defined by two populations that, although sympatric, are different species that do not interbreed due to reproductive isolation or some other nutritive differences? Multiple choice question. genetic drift artificially selected isolation geographic isolation ecological isolation mechanical isolation
ecological isolation
The process of cellular respiration is how living cells obtain _________ from organic molecules.
energy
The ______ that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate is called PEP. Multiple choice question. acid enzyme carbohydrate
enzyme
The study of heritable changes in gene expression that are NOT due to mutation is
epigenetics
The study of heritable changes in gene expression that are NOT due to mutation is .
epigenetics
The accumulation of genetic changes in a population of living things over many generations is called biological, or organic,
evolution
The accumulation of genetic changes in a population of living things over many generations is called biological, or organic, _________
evolution
One method of inducing root formation is to subculture microshoots directly into potting medium, an ______ method. Multiple choice question. ex vivo in vivo ex vitro in vitro
ex vitro
True or false: A transgenic plant can only be made with genes from other plants.
false
True or false: It is always feasible to count the number of individuals in a population. True false question.TrueReason: The number of individuals may be too numerous to count. False Correct Answer False
false
There is evidence for evolution found in the pattern whereby simple ______ are found in old geological strata and more complex forms are found in younger strata. Multiple choice question. fossils minerals landmasses
fossils
Autopolyploidy often leads to ______. Multiple choice question. regular meiosis translocations regular mitosis gene duplications chromosomal inversions
gene duplications
Unlike plants, animals cannot tolerate polyploidy because animals have a dosage dependent regulation of ______. Multiple choice question. gene expression DNA proofreading asexual reproduction cell repair
gene expression
The movement of alleles, through gametes or individuals, from one population to another population is called ______.
gene flow
Of all the plant propagation techniques listed below, which are examples of sexually incompatible breeding? Multiple select question. gene splicing heterosis protoplast fusion transgenic plants mass selection heirloom varieties
gene splicing protoplast fusion transgenic plants
A collection of plants or seeds maintained for their germplasm is a .
gene, bank
If a small number of seeds make their way to an island where they grow and populate it, then ______ will have occurred because there is a marked change in the frequency of alleles here as compared to the frequency of alleles in the mainland population. Multiple choice question. interbreeding mutation genetic drift
genetic drift
A plant breeder has a stable and desirable plant. The breeder is able to continually propagate the plant by crown division, and thus, is perpetuating the plants' ______. Multiple choice question. indestructibility genotype resistance to all pests variability
genotype
The genes or genetic information of an organism is called its .
genotype or genome
A large piece of land has white daisies throughout. A large interstate highway is built, isolating the daisies on both sides. On one side, the daisies develop and spread a mutation that turns them yellow. On the other side, the daisies develop and spread a mutation that changes their leaf texture. Eventually, these two populations become so different that they cannot interbreed. What type of prezygotic isolation have these daisies been subjected to? Multiple choice question. ecological isolation mechanical isolation artificial selective isolation polyploidy isolation geographic isolation
geographic isolation
When two interbreeding populations are subjected to__________________ isolation, they become physically separated from each other, preventing gene flow between them. Eventually, the populations will become different enough that they cannot interbreed.
geographic or geographical
In an effort to preserve genetic diversity for current or future plant breeding programs, scientists are interested in saving and maintaining a plant's ______. Multiple choice question. germplasm
germplasm
A plant where fertilization is the result of sperm from one plant and the egg of a different plant is called a
germplasm or genom
The sum total of all the genes of a species or group or organisms is called the ___________
germplasm or genome
Select the following answers that correctly show an individual homozygous for the gene for seed color. Multiple select question. Gg gg GG green
gg GG
hoose all the answers that could describe a pea plant's possible genotype for the gene for seed color. Multiple select question. green gg Gg yellow GG
gg Gg GG
During glycolysis, one molecule of ____________ is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, driving the synthesis of ATP.
glucose
The phase in cellular respiration in which glucose is converted into pyruvate molecules to yield two ATP molecules is called_________
glycolysis
The round black bodies shown in tobacco root cap cells help a plant detect_________ which is an important cue for growth.
gravity
The biological process by which plants increase in size due to the division and enlargement of cells is called
growth
The amount of time it takes for a radioactive element to lose half of its radioactivity is referred to as its
half life
A small scale farmer is growing squash as an open-pollinated population that contains a mixture of genotypes. This allows the squash to grow under different environmental conditions. The farmer is growing a(n) variety of squash.
heirloom
Examine the image. The two smaller inbred lines were crossed to produce a hybrid corn that is higher yielding. This high yielding and vigorous hybrid is an example of ______. Multiple choice question. pure-line selection mass selection natural selection inbred lines cloning heterosis
heterosis
A cross-pollinating plant tends to have a genotype that is highly ______. Multiple choice question. heterozygous dominant homozygous incomplete recessive
heterozygous
A cross-pollinating plant tends to have a genotype that is highly ______. Multiple choice question. incomplete heterozygous recessive dominant homozygous
heterozygous
If an organism has two different alleles for a specific gene, then that organism is ____________ for that gene.
heterozygous
Crucial regulatory genes, called _____________ genes were recently discovered to have been passed down, unchanged, for hundreds of millions of years.
homeobox
If an individual has two of the same alleles, then that individual is ________ for that trait.
homozygous
Plant and animal breeding can be thought of as evolution directed by ______. Multiple choice question. species isolation humans mutations genetic drift natural selection
humans
In the corn cob image, examine the result of crossed inbred lines. A higher yielding and larger corn cob exhibits heterosis. The seeds acquired from the large cob are called __________ seeds.
hybrid
A plant is being grown in a test tube or flask on artificial media. This plant is being grown ______. Multiple choice question. ex vivo in vitro ex vitro in vivo
in vitro
To induce root formation one may subculture microshoots to a rooting medium in sterile conditions. This method is an ______ method.
in vitro
In the image, the larger corn cob is a hybrid variety that is fertile and has a higher yield. The two smaller cobs at the top were crossed to make this hybrid. The smaller cobs are the result of _____
inbred lines
If a breeding program uses genetic engineering to create cloned or genetically-altered offspring, it is called a sexually ______ Breeding progam
incompatible
When a heterozygous individual is the intermediate phenotype of the two dominant parents, then that individual is exhibiting ______________
incomplete , dominance
A brown horse is bred with a white horse and the result is a tan-colored offspring. This tan offspring is exhibiting an intermediate phenotype, a phenomenon called ______.
incomplete dominance
The law of states that genes controlling two or more traits segregate separately from each other.
independent assortment
Sympatric species ______. Multiple choice question. inhabit separate areas but can exchange genes through hybridization are isolated by a geographical barrier such as a mountain inhabit the same area but are not exchanging genes
inhabit the same area but are not exchanging genes
The picture seen here is a plant called Kudzu. Kudzu was introduced into the United States from Japan, and as it quickly grows, it chokes out native species. Kudzu is called a(n) _______________ species
invasive
There are two genes located far apart on a chromosome. Because the __________ of these two genes are far apart, crossing-over is more likely to occur.
loci or locus
The position of an allele on a chromosome is called the .
locus or loci
A change in a DNA sequence that occurs during the process of DNA replication is called a ______
mutation
A change in the DNA sequence through artificial or natural causes is called a
mutation
Often times, the dominant-recessive relationship between two alleles is due to the fact that the recessive allele contains a __________ which makes the encoded protein defective.
mutation
The DNA in a cell can occasionally change its message (sequence). This is referred to as a _____________ .
mutation or mutate
Owls are nocturnal and hunt at night. In a varied population of owls, those owls with the biggest eyes catch more mice in the dark. The big-eyed owls are more successful, take advantage of resources, and reproduce more than the smaller-eyed owls. Eventually this population of owls only has big eyes. This adaptation to successful hunting in the dark is an example of ______. Multiple choice question. effects of invasive species artificial selection convergent evolution natural selection
natural selection
The parasitic dodder plant will attach itself to a host plant, puncture the host, and consume the xylem and phloem. In a varied population of dodders, those that choose the eudicot hosts (like a tomato) will receive more nutrition than those who choose monocot hosts (like grasses). The tomato parasites will reproduce more and eventually, over time, all of the dodder plants are tomato parasites. This adaptation to successful host selection is an example of ______. Multiple choice question. effects of invasive species convergent evolution artificial selection natural selection
natural selection
The tendency of populations to adapt to the environment in order to enhance survival is
natural selection
Choose all the conditions that enhance seed viability. Multiple select question. harvested the previous year newly harvested wet storage cool air dry storage warm air
newly harvested cool air dry storage
Not all plants can grow at all temperatures. All plants have maximum and minimum temperatures at which they can grow, as well as an ___________ temperature at which the most possible growth can occur.
optimal or optimum
A mushroom produces millions of spores. Only a small fraction of those spores will germinate. This is an example of the ______ principle describing natural selection. Multiple choice question. survival and reproduction of the fittest struggle for existence inheritance and accumulation of favorable variations overproduction
overproduction
Small pellets coated with a gene of interest are shot into a plant using a tool called a ______. pinpoint arrow particle gun injector needle particle pointer laser gun
particle gun
The physical appearance of an organism is called its .
phenotype
In the structure of nucleic acids, the 5' carbon of one nucleotide is linked to the 3' nucleotide of another nucleotide via a ______ bond.
phosphodiester
What do you call the process of water being split in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
photolysis
During the __________________ step of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, water molecules are split and oxygen is produced.
photolysis or water splitting
A particle of light that acts as a discrete bundle of energy is called a(n) ______.
photon
Plants have the ability to sense the changing seasons by keeping track of the length of light and dark periods in each 14 hour cycle. This ________ allows plants to manifest major developmental changes, such as flowering, at the correct time of year.
photoperiodism
Accelerated evolution of a plant guided by humans is called ______. Multiple choice question. pollination screening natural selection cloning plant breeding
plant breeding
A ____________ is a small circular piece of DNA naturally found in bacteria that can replicate independently in a bacterial cell
plasmid or plasmids
When simple individual molecular units, or monomers, bond together they form a macromolecule known as a ________.
polymer
During DNA replication, the enzyme called DNA adds ________ nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA.
polymerase
A plant has five homologous pairs of chromosomes for a total of 10 chromosomes. This plant would be called ______, if instead of 10, it was found with a total of 20 or 30 chromosomes. haploid inversion aneuploid polyploid chromosomal deletion
polyploid
Starches, the main carbohydrate reserve of plants, are ________ that may consist of several hundred to several thousand coiled glucose units. Multiple choice question. disaccharides
polysaccharides
In the field of Ecology, groups of individuals of the same species living in the same particular area are called ______. Multiple choice question. ecosystems populations communities families
populations
A plant that grows toward a light source is said to be demonstrating_______
positive phototropism
If a barrier isolates two different populations after fertilization occurs, then this is a type of barrier.
postzygotic
n an ecosystem, organisms that can photosynthesize and store energy that may be taken up by other organisms are called ______. Multiple choice question. producers decomposers secondary consumers primary consumers
producers
DNA polymerases in the nucleus can detect if they have accidentally mismatched a base-pair during replication and fix their mistake; therefore these enzymes have ______________capabilities.
proofreading
Competing models of evolution state that natural selection is a slow and gradual process, whereas a type of natural selection called ________occurs at faster rates, in shorter spurts of time.
punctuated, equilibrium
You have two genetically identical marigold plants. One is planted in a pot that gets full sun whereas the other is planted in an identical pot that gets part shade. The marigold in full sun produces more flowers. Flowering must be affected by the environment and thus be a ______. Multiple choice question. dominant trait quantitative trait simple Mendelian trait recessive trait incomplete trait
quantitative trait
A molecule created in a lab that contains DNA from two separate organisms is called
recombinant
The mouse genome and human genome look very similar. The differences are due to developmental switches controlled by ______. Multiple choice question. the environment RNA regulatory genes cloning
regulatory genes
An enzyme that cuts DNA into small sequences is called __________ enzyme
restriction
In the early days of plant domestication, people likely gathered seeds from plants that ______. Multiple choice question. dispersed their seeds using wind retained their seeds instead of dispersing them did not use animals for seed dispersal
retained their seeds instead of dispersing them
In the early days of plant domestication, people likely gathered seeds from plants that ______. Multiple choice question. retained their seeds instead of dispersing them dispersed their seeds using wind did not use animals for seed dispersal
retained their seeds instead of dispersing them
Which of the following characteristics describe RNA but not DNA? Multiple select question. ribose sugar can have thymine single stranded can have uracil deoxyribose sugar double stranded
ribose sugar single stranded can have uracil
I was hoping to grow some lupines this year for my garden, but when I planted seeds nothing happened. It turns out I need to nick the seedcoat to ___________ the seeds, so that they will take up water and germinate
scarify
In some instances, sterile hybrids can reproduce asexually through a process called apomixis. In these cases, no fertilization is required in the production of ______. Multiple choice question. pollen stigmas sepals ovules seeds
seeds
A plant that is capable of fertilizing itself is called a _______________ pollinating plant.
self
The pollen of a pea plant with purple flowers fertilizes the eggs of that same purple flower. A plant that can do this is called ______.
self-fertile
As plant cells age, their membranes and components will eventually break down, leading to ______, or the death of the cell
senescene
In order to perform a cross, Mendel removed the _______ from a flower and then applied _________from a different plant on the stigma of the first flower.
stamens, pollen
The fact that all living organisms use ATP is evidence in support of evolution because it ______. Multiple choice question. suggests that the process of ATP utilization evolved very early on and then has been successively inherited by all species alive today shows that ancient species are just as complex as those alive today demonstrates that land masses were once linked together
suggests that the process of ATP utilization evolved very early on and then has been successively inherited by all species alive today
With very few exceptions, all energy that enters biological systems ultimately comes from the
sunlight
Related species that occupy overlapping ranges of territory without exchanging genes are said to be ______. Multiple choice question. clonal symbiotic commensal sympatric parasitic
sympatric
Two populations which have overlapping ranges, but cannot exchange genes due to being reproductively isolated, are said to be
sympatric
Which type of RNA has an anticodon and carries amino acids? rRNA snRNA mRNA tRNA
tRNA
Question Mode Multiple Choice Question A pea plant has purple flowers. Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers. What type of cross would you have to do to figure out the genotype of this purple-flowered plant? Multiple choice question. monohybrid cross testcross self-cross dihybrid cross backcross
testcross
True or false: The rate of gene flow is faster between populations that are more widely spread apart and slower in populations that are restricted to small, isolated areas. True false question.TrueFalse
true
To maintain the ______ of harvested seeds, they should be maintained in dry, cool storage conditions so that most of the seeds will germinate when needed.
viability
A plant that is grown on sterile media and in a controlled environment is being grown in __________
vitro
The primary goal of plant breeding programs is to improve the plant's ______. Multiple choice question. pest resistance drought resistance variety color yield
yield
