Botney 2
In what location within a cell are the most ATP molecules generated?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
________ bonds are formed when there is an attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Ionic
Molecules that lose or gain electrons are called ________. Ionic bonds form when one or more electrons are donated to another atom.
Ions
Which of these statements hold true for glycolysis? Multiple select question. There is a net loss of ATP during this process. It can only happen in the presence of light. It happens in the cytoplasm of the cell. Oxygen is not required. It is the first major step in respiration.
It happens in the cytoplasm of the cell. Oxygen is not required. It is the first major step in respiration.
________consist of two or more atoms. The atoms can belong to the same or different elements and are bound together, making up the smallest existing particle of a compound or an element.
Molecules
During the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis, water molecules are split, oxygen gas is released, and ATP is created. One other product is made that is used in the light-independent reactions. What is it?
NADPH
Electrons are essentially
Negative electric charges
what are the major components of protoplasm?
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen
What are products of photosynthesis?
Oxygen and glucose
What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to a molecule of phosphoenolpyruvate? Multiple choice question. Rubisco PEP carboxylase CAM
PEP carboxylase
On the pH scale, the lower a number is below 7, the higher the degree of ________.
acidity
Some glucose molecules synthesized in plants are not immediately needed for generating energy. These can go through the process of__________ to become cellulose, starch, other sugars, and the building blocks of cells.
assimilation
chlorophyll a chlorophyll b
blue-green yellow-green
When organic compounds are ______, their energy is released very rapidly. Living organisms, however, can perform several small steps that "burn" organic compounds, capturing small amounts of energy at each step.
burned or metabolized
The phase in cellular respiration in which glucose is converted into pyruvate molecules to yield two ATP molecules is called_________
glycolysis
The biological process by which plants increase in size due to the division and enlargement of cells is called
growth
In C4 plants,________ cells perform C4 photosynthesis whereas bundle-sheath cells perform C3 photosynthesis.
mesophyll
Photosynthesis and respiration include many ______ reactions, in which one compound loses one or more electrons and another gains it/them.
oxidation-reduction
Even though both photosystems produce ATP, only photosystem II produce ________ gas that all aerobic organisms on earth depend on.
oxygen
When chlorophyll absorbs photons of light, the pigment's electrons can enter an excited energy state. The absorbed energy may be emitted as light after a delay, a phenomenon called _________
phosphorescence
What do you call the process of water being split in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
photolysis
During the __________________ step of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, water molecules are split and oxygen is produced.
photolysis or water splitting
A particle of light that acts as a discrete bundle of energy is called a(n) ______.
photon
When simple individual molecular units, or monomers, bond together they form a macromolecule known as a ________.
polymer
Starches, the main carbohydrate reserve of plants, are ________ that may consist of several hundred to several thousand coiled glucose units. Multiple choice question. disaccharides
polysaccharides
With very few exceptions, all energy that enters biological systems ultimately comes from the
sunlight
About 96% of cytoplasm and its structures are composed of which elements?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Plastoquinone molecules shuttle electrons through the thylakoid membrane, setting up a proton gradient. What process is working as the protons move back through the membrane, generating ATP? Multiple choice question. Photolysis Chemiosmosis Electron transport
Chemiosmosis
Put in order the steps of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, starting with the first step at the top.
1.H20 split 2.some hydrogen from split water reduces NADP to NADPH 3.ATP Molecules are made 4. SOme hydyogen from split water reduces NADP to NADPH
A carbon atom has six electrons. How many of these electrons are found in the innermost shell?
2
A solution that is slightly alkaline would have a pH in the range of
7.5
Which of the following is the best description of the process of cellular respiration? Multiple choice question. A means to extract energy from organic molecules A means to utilize ATP in cells A means to extract energy from inorganic molecules A means to extract energy from oxygen
A means to extract energy from organic molecules
When an acid and a base are mixed together, which of the following is produced?
A salt
Chemicals that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water are called ________
Acids
What energy-storing molecule supplies energy for most cellular processes?
ATP
What energy-storing molecules are formed during photophosphorylation?
ATP
Photophosphorylation produces_________, which stores chemical energy that can be used for the Calvin cycle. Carbon fixation also requires reducing power, which is provided by _______produced by photosystem I.
ATP NADPH
Each protein molecule can contain polypeptides which are chains of ________.
Amino acids
What do we call the process by which glucose generated during photosynthesis is converted into starch, cellulose, and other compounds that make it possible for a plant to grow and live?
Assimilation
________ release negatively charged hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water. They can also be defined as compounds that accept hydrogen ions.
Bases
Why is the Calvin cycle also known as C3 photosynthesis? Multiple choice question. Because the net products of the Calvin cycle are three molecules of glucose Because three molecules of 3GP are made in one run of the cycle Because the first molecule into which the inorganic CO2 is fixed has three carbon atoms Because three CO2 molecules are needed to run the cycle once
Because the first molecule into which the inorganic CO2 is fixed has three carbon atoms
Why does CO2 enter CAM plants at nighttime? Multiple choice question. Because the stomata of CAM plants are only open at night Because CAM plants photosynthesize at night Because CAM plants contain only mesophyll cells Because CAM plants fix carbon dioxide before it enters the leaf during the day
Because the stomata of CAM plants are only open at night
What is the more efficient way to extract energy from organic compounds?
Breakdown in several enzyme-controlled steps
What molecule is released during photorespiration? Multiple choice question. Water Oxygen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
The Calvin cycle, or ______ photosynthesis, involves the formation of a 3-carbon compound, 3PGA, as the first isolated product of the light-independent reactions. C5 C4 C3
C3
According to the generalized equation for photosynthesis, 6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy and chlorophyll yields which of the following?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
According to the generalized equation for photosynthesis, 6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy and chlorophyll yields which of the following? Multiple choice question. C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O CH2O + O2 +H2O 2 CH2O + O2 2CH2O + ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
__________ plants avoid water loss by closing their stomata during the day and opening them at night.
CAM
How do CAM plants avoid water loss?
CAM plants close their stomata during the day and open them at night.
______ plants only uptake CO2 at night because they close their ______ during the day
CAM; stomata
Which of the following are used to synthesize carbohydrates in photosynthesis? Multiple select question. CO2 ATP NADPH NADH
CO2 ATP NADPH
Which of these steps occur during the Calvin cycle? Multiple select question. CO2 from the air and RuBP are combined. The first stable substance produced is a 3-carbon compound. NADPH and ATP, produced during the light-dependent reactions, supply electrons and energy. Chemical bonds in sugars are broken, and energy stored in those bonds is harvested for use in cellular processes. Through several steps, glucose is synthesized. The first stable substance produced is the 6-carbon sugar, glucose. Oxygen is produced from splitting water.
CO2 from the air and RuBP are combined. The first stable substance produced is a 3-carbon compound. NADPH and ATP, produced during the light-dependent reactions, supply electrons and energy. Through several steps, glucose is synthesized.
The polarity of water is partly responsible for the movement of water molecules through fine tubes such as those in wood and other plant parts. This is called ______.
Cohesion
A ________ bond forms when pairs of electrons are shared between two or more atomic nuclei, holding the atoms together and keeping them at a stable distance from each other.
Covalent
Select all of the following that are part of the electron transport chain that accepts electrons from photosystem II during photosynthesis. Multiple select question. Cytochrome Plastocyanin Ferredoxin Flavoprotein
Cytochrome Plastocyanin
When a molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose bond by dehydration synthesis, a ________, known as sucrose, is formed.
Disaccharide
A covalent bond forms when two atoms complete their outermost energy level by sharing a pair of ________ in the outermost orbital.
Electrons
An ion is neither positively nor negatively charged.
False
If a lipid has its fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule, it is called a wax.
False
Where do plants typically obtain their nutrients?
From the air and soil
Which of these are necessary ingredients for photosynthesis?
H2O light energy CO2
Though very important in nature, ________ bonds are weaker than covalent bonds having only 7-10% of their strength.
Hydrogen Bonds
Bases, or alkaline compounds, release negatively charged ________ ions when dissolved in water.
Hydroxyl
Where does glycolysis occur? Multiple choice question. In the cytoplasm On the mitochondrial membrane On the plasma membrane In the mitochondrion
In the cytoplasm
Which step in respiration yields the most ATP? Multiple choice question. Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA/electron transport Glycolysis Krebs cycle/electron transport
Krebs cycle/electron transport
What are fatty or oily substances that are mostly insoluble in water and typically store twice as much energy as similar amounts of carbohydrates?
Lipids
Which of these are characteristics of C4 photosynthesis? Multiple select question. By using C4 photosynthesis, plants completely circumvent the Calvin cycle. PEP carboxylase is the first carbon fixing enzyme in the process. Rates of photorespiration are very high in C4 plants at high temperature. A 4-carbon compound is the first stable product. It happens in plants with Kranz anatomy.
PEP carboxylase is the first carbon fixing enzyme in the process. A 4-carbon compound is the first stable product. It happens in plants with Kranz anatomy.
What type of chemical bond joins amino acids together?
Peptide
What process generates ATP from ADP as protons move across a thylakoid membrane by chemiosmosis?
Photophosphorylation
The enzyme rubisco has more than one activity. Because of this, most plants also perform _______ , which consumes oxygen and liberates carbon dioxide. This process can lower the net benefit from photosynthesis.
Photorespiration
Each photosynthetic unit of photosystem I and photosystem II has antenna pigments and a reaction center. What is the main difference in the reaction centers in photosystem I compared to photosystem II?
Photosystem I has a reaction center molecule of chlorophyll called P700, and photosystem II has a P680 reaction center.
In both photosystem I and photosystem II, light is absorbed by a chlorophyll reaction center. In which photosystem is water split to create oxygen gas?
Photosystem II
Which copper-containing protein is part of the electron transport chain and accepts electrons from photosystem II during photosynthesis?
Plastocyanin
In the first reaction of the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide combines with what 5-carbon sugar? Ribose RuBP Pyruvic acid Fructose
RuBP
What enzyme catalyzes the combination of CO2 from the air with a 5-carbon sugar during the first reaction of the Calvin cycle? Acetyl CoA PEP carboxylase Amylase RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase
RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase
After rubisco catalyzes the combination of CO2 and __________during the first reaction of the Calvin cycle, the resulting 6-carbon compounds quickly split into two molecules of 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3PGA).
RuBP or ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate
In what part of photosynthesis does RuBP combine with CO2 to make 3-phosphoglyceric acid?
The Calvin cycle
Which of these are different in photosystem I and photosystem II? Multiple select question. The electron acceptors that receive electrons from the reaction center molecule in their excited state. The location of the reaction centers within a leaf cell. The makeup of the antenna pigments surrounding the reaction center. The wavelengths of light absorbed by the reaction center molecule.
The electron acceptors that receive electrons from the reaction center molecule in their excited state. The makeup of the antenna pigments surrounding the reaction center. The wavelengths of light absorbed by the reaction center molecule.
When a photon is absorbed by chlorophyll, the energy level of some of the electrons in the pigment is raised. Which of these are possible after that? Multiple select question. The energy can be released as heat. The absorbed photon energy directly drives the synthesis of ATP. The pigment can fluoresce or phosphoresce. The absorbed energy can eventually be stored in chemical bonds. The pigment gets used up by the extra energy of the electrons and must be synthesized anew.
The energy can be released as heat. The pigment can fluoresce or phosphoresce. The absorbed energy can eventually be stored in chemical bonds.
Green leaves absorb about 80% of the visible light that they intercept. The light in the violet to blue and orange to red ranges are especially useful for photosynthesis. Which wavelengths are reflected?
The green range
Which phase of photosynthesis is initiated when light energy strikes chlorophyll?
The light-dependent reactions
What determines the number of bonds that an atom can form?
The number of electrons in its outermost energy level
As air temperature rises, what typically happens to respiration rates in plants?
They increase
Callose is produced on the bark of a plant that has been damaged.
True
The combining capacity of an atom or ion based on electron number is called ________.
Valence
Which of the following wavelengths of light are preferentially absorbed by chlorophyll molecules?
Violet-blue Red
Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum provides the right kind of energy for photosynthesis to occur?
Visible light
Covalent bonds between molecules inside living cells are often formed or broken through the addition or loss of ___________.
Water
Which of these are effects that increased temperature can have on harvested fruits and vegetables? Multiple select question. Water loss increases. Starch and sugar are converted into ATP and heat. Respiration rates increase. They stay fresh longer.
Water loss increases. Starch and sugar are converted into ATP and heat. Respiration rates increase.
What occurs during an oxidation-reduction reaction?
When an atom or molecule is oxidized, the electron that is removed is transferred to another atom or molecule, which is thereby reduced.
Protons are pumped across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the electron transport stage of the light-dependent reactions, setting up a proton gradient. As protons move down the gradient by __________, ATP molecules are formed.
chemiosmosis or diffusion
Green plants utilize ,___________ a and b to absorb light energy in photosynthesis
chlorophyll
In photosynthesis ________ molecules preferentially absorb violet-blue and red wavelengths of light.
chlorophyll
During glycolysis, one molecule of ____________ is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, driving the synthesis of ATP.
glucose
The two main stages in photosynthesis include the light__________reactions, followed by the light-independent reactions.
dependent
The ________ content of a photon is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the light.
energy
The process of cellular respiration is how living cells obtain _________ from organic molecules.
energy
The ______ that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate is called PEP. Multiple choice question. acid enzyme carbohydrate
enzyme