brain

fear response

amygdala is involved in

inability to vocalize words instead of noises (non-fluent aphasia)

broca's aphasia

median/lateral (x2) apertures

csf gets from the ventricles to the subarachnoid space via the

plasma

csf is derived from

where csf gets reabsorbed into venous blood

function of arachnoid villus

between cerebellar hemispheres

location of falx cerebelli

superior colliculi

nuclei that generate reflexive responses to visual stimuli

association area

receive/analyze signals from multiple regions both the sensory and motor cortices/subcortical areas (memory connection)

98%

the brain contains _______ of the body's neural tissue

septum pellucidum

what connects the lateral ventricles

pontine and pneumotaxic respiratory centers, nuclei for trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear nerves

what gray matter is in the pons

thalamus (x2), hypothalamus, epithalamus

what is in the diencephalon

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

3 basal nuclei

superior, middle, inferior

3 cerebellar peduncles

hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland

3 circumventricular organs examples

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

3 parts of the brainstem

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

4 lobes of cerebrum

cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

4 major parts of the brain

venous sinuses

all veins of the brain open into

arachnoid granulation

another name for arachnoid villus

cerebellar cortex with peduncles

arbor vitae connects

circumventricular organs

areas of the brain outside of the blood-brain barrier which monitor chemical changes in the blood

decussation

axons cross over to the opposite side

channels lined by pia mater

blood vessels penetrate the brain via

purkinje cells

cells in cerebellar cortex that have a lot of dendrites for subconscious skeletal muscle movements (refine equilibrium/balance)

pons

contains respiratory centers, relays impulses between medulla/midbrain and cerebellar hemispheres

parkinson's disease

degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra

primary area

destination for sensory info, provides perception of a stimulus

pineal gland, roof

epithalamus contains the _____ and acts as the _____ of the diencephalon

arcuate, longitudinal fibers

example of association fibers

basal nuclei

example of cerebral gray matter

corpus callosum, anterior commissure

example of commissural fibers

internal capsule

example of projection fibers

cardiovascular, respiratory (VRG and DRG)

examples of reflex centers (medulla)

arachnoid villus

extension of arachnoid mater (passes through dura mater)

premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, brocas area

features of the frontal lobe

primary visual cortex

features of the occipital lobe

primary sensory cortex, primary gustatory cortex

features of the parietal lobe

primary auditory cortex, primary olfactory cortex

features of the temporal lobe

sensory/motor areas, integrative function, emotional function (limbic system), basal nuclei (autonomic muscle movement)

features/functions of the cerebrum

lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, aqueduct of the midbrain, fourth ventricle, median/lateral apertures, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villus, venous sinus

flow of csf (starting at lateral ventricles)

ventricle

fluid filled cavity inside the brain

gyri

folds of the cortical region

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, diaphragm sellae

four areas of the meningeal layer of dura mater that extend into the cranial cavity (provides stability)

subconscious control and integration of muscle tone, coordination of learned movement patterns, relay information to thalamus (from cortex)

function of basal nuclei

relay sensation of touch, proprioception, vibration, and pressure to the thalamus (on opposite side of brain)

function of nuclei gracilis and cuneatus

relay information from proprioceptors to cerebellum

function of olivary nuclei

reduces friction, nutrient circulation, shock absorption

functions of csf

reticular formation

goes all the way through the brainstem, involved in maintaining alertness, motor control, keeps you awake

sulci, fissures

grooves between the folds of the cortical region, deeper grooves are called

red nucleus

has a rich blood supply, integrates information from cerebrum/cerebellum and issues involuntary motor commands for muscle tone/posture

7

how many groups of nuclei are in the thalamus

2 (upper, lower)

how many neurons are involved with a motor response

3

how many neurons are involved with a sensory response

2 lateral, 1 third, 1 fourth (4)

how many ventricles are there

0.5 liters

how much csf is produced per day

maintains awake state, controls autonomic functions, regulates temperature, eating/drinking, emotional patterns

hypothalamus functions

eyes, skin, ears

incoming impulses from what areas stimulate the reticular activating system (RAS)?

projection fibers

interconnect cerebrum to other brain regions

commissural fibers

interconnect corresponding lobes of different cerebral hemispheres

association fibers

interconnect portions of the cerebral cortex in the same hemisphere

cerebrum

largest portion of the brain

scalp, epicranial aponeurosis, periosteum, cranium, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater, cerebrum

layers from scalp to brain

anterior, posterior, flocculonodular

lobes of the cerebellum

lines sella turcica, encloses pituitary gland

location of diaphragm sellae

between cerebral hemispheres

location of falx cerebri

between cerebrum and cerebellum

location of tentorium cerebelli

gracilis, cuneatus, olivary, reflex centers, cranial nerve nuclei (8-12)

main medullary nuclei

motor homunculus (precentral gyrus)

map of brain areas responsible for motor info in each part of the body

sensory homunculus (postcentral gyrus)

map of brain areas responsible for sensory info in each part of the body

muscles of the hand, muscles of speech

more than 1/2 of the primary motor cortex is devoted to controlling

cerebral white matter

myelinated nerve fibers that form nerve bundles

limbic system

neural circuits involved in emotion/memory

inferior colliculi

nuclei that generate reflexive responses to auditory stimuli

spinal cord

pain/temperature reception crosses over in the

olive

part of medulla that contains nuclei that relay information from proprioceptors to the cerebellum (anterior and posterior lobes)

primary motor cortex (frontal lobe), cross over in medulla, synapse with neuron to move skeletal muscle

pathway of a motor response to the hand

nociceptor, cross over in spinal cord, lateral spinothalamic tract, somatosensory area of cerebrum (parietal lobe)

pathway of a pain receptor in the skin

precentral gyrus

primary motor area

postcentral gyrus

primary somatosensory area

motor, cerebrum, spinal cord

pyramids contain ______ tracts passing from the ______ to the ________

substantia nigra

regulates motor output of the cerebral nuclei, makes dopamine which inhibits excitatory neurons in the basal nuclei (from being active to rest)

prefrontal association area

responsible for decreasing aggression and inappropriate social responses, provides the ability to progress towards goals and sequential thought

left hemisphere

responsible for math/science skills, logic, spoken/written language

right hemisphere

responsible for musical/artistic awareness, space/pattern perception, ability to exhibit emotion through words

spinal cord, medulla oblongata

sensory pathways cross over in the ______ or the ________

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

midbrain

superior to the pons, overlapped by cerebral hemispheres

relays sensory input to cerebral cortex, filters information, involved in movement planning/control

thalamus functions

hemispheres, longitudinal fissure

the cerebrum consists of two _______ separated by a ______

pons, cerebellum, central canal

the fourth ventricle is between the _______ and ______, and is continuous with the ________

horns (anterior, posterior, inferior)

the lateral ventricles each have three ______

swallowing, heart rate, breathing, blood vessel diameter, hiccuping

the medulla has centers for

vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

the medulla oblongata contains nuclei for which cranial nerves

oculomotor, trochlear

the midbrain controls nuclei for which cranial nerves

floor

the pia mater is a ____ for blood vessels

astrocytes

the pia mater is anchored to the cerebrum by

diencephalon, spinal cord, sensory, motor

the reticular formation extends from the _______ to the _______ and has _______ and _______ functions

dorsal column, spinothalamic tracts (ascending)

the somatosensory cortex gets information from

interthalamic adhesion

the two thalami are connected by the

blood-brain barrier

tight junctions between endothelial cells of the brain

80-150 ml

total volume of csf in the body

association, commissural, projection fibers

types of cerebral white matter

inability to interpret thought being expressed (fluent aphasia)

wernicke's aphasia

gnostic, interpretive area

wernicke's area is also called

interventricular foramen

what connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

aqueduct of the midbrain

what connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle

amygdala, hypothalamus, olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, mammillary bodies

what is included in the limbic system

astrocytes

what maintains the low permeability of tight junctions in the blood brain barrier

vermis

what separates the two cerebellar hemispheres

two thalami, diencephalon

what two structure is the third ventricle between

capillary network, ependymal cells

what two things make up the choroid plexus

ascending/descending tracts that interconnect the CNS, transverse fibers between cerebellar hemispheres

what white matter is in the pons

left cerebral hemisphere

where are broca's and wernicke's area usually found

spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater

where are venous sinuses found

pyramids

where does decussation occur 90% of the time

subarachnoid space

where is csf found

ventricles

where is csf made

each ventricle

where is the choroid plexus found

cerebral peduncles

white matter axons that interconnect parts of the brain (highway for communication)