BSC 1005 Ch. 5

38. An inherited disease results from abnormal mitochondria passed from mother to child. Using your knowledge of mitochondria's function within human cells, which statement is the most likely description of the symptoms of this disease? A) extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet light, resulting in skin cancer at a very young age B) inability to absorb iron, resulting in extreme anemia C) extreme muscle weakness D) fragile bones and arthritis E) color-blindness

A) extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet light, resulting in skin cancer at a very young age

41. What would happen if NAD+ was not generated for the citric acid cycle? A) The pyruvate would be recycled back to glycolysis to form glucose again. B) Oxygen would accept the high-energy electrons and form water. C) The cycle would continue until NAD+ was available again. D) The further breakdown of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle would halt. E) Oxaloacetate and water would combine to create acetyl-CoA

D) The further breakdown of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle would halt.

34. The inputs of cellular respiration are oxygen and sugar; the outputs of cellular respiration are: A) carbon dioxide, glucose, and fructose. B) water and energy in the form of ADP. C) water, glucose, and sucrose. D) carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. E) ATP and methane.

D) carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

3. Life gains most of its energy from: A) carbon dioxide. B) sugar molecules. C) oxygen. D) sunlight. E) carbohydrates

D) sunlight.

20. When a chlorophyll molecule absorbs light, which excites an electron, the chlorophyll molecule: A) releases kinetic energy. B) gains potential energy. C) releases a photon. D) returns to its resting state. E) reflects the photon.

B) gains potential energy.

6. A cyclist rides her bike up a very steep hill. Which statement properly describes this example in energetic terms? A) Potential energy is highest when the cyclist just begins to ascend the hill. B) The cyclist produces the most potential energy as she cruises down the hill's steep slope. C) Gravity provides a source of kinetic energy. D) Potential energy in food is converted to kinetic energy as the cyclist's muscles push her up the hill. E) Kinetic energy is highest when the cyclist is at the crest of the hill.

D) Potential energy in food is converted to kinetic energy as the cyclist's muscles push her up the hill.

4. Which of these is not a form of kinetic energy? A) a cyclist pushing the pedals of a bike B) a condor flapping its wings C) a ball rolling down a hill D) a covalent bond linking phosphate molecules E) a runner, sprinting toward the finish line

D) a covalent bond linking phosphate molecules

31. In chronological order, the three steps of the Calvin cycle are: A) ATP production, the electron transport chain, and fixation of NADPH. B) sugar creation, regeneration, and ATP production. C) the splitting of water, the electron transport chain, and the passing of electrons to NADP+. D) fixation of CO2, sugar creation, and regeneration. E) regeneration, fixation of NADP+, and sugar creation

D) fixation of CO2, sugar creation, and regeneration.

26. The electrons at the very end of both photosystems are eventually picked up by an electron carrier to become: A) H2O. B) ATP. C) O2. D) sugar. E) NADPH

E) NADPH

8. Energy is released as ATP becomes ADP when ATP: A) ejects adenine. B) ejects ribose. C) accepts a phosphate group. D) accepts two phosphate groups. E) ejects one of its phosphate groups

E) ejects one of its phosphate groups

47. What is the first step in CAM photosynthesis? A) Plants open their stomata at night to take in carbon dioxide. B) Plants open their stomata at any time to take in carbon dioxide. C) Plants close their stomata to raise internal temperatures. D) Plants open their stomata to raise internal temperatures. E) Plants temporarily bind carbon dioxide to a holding molecule.

A) Plants open their stomata at night to take in carbon dioxide.

11. ______________ is a thick fluid inside the chloroplast membrane. Suspended within it are disk-like membranous sacs known as _______________. A) The stroma; thylakoids B) The stroma; grana C) Cytoplasm; mitochondria D) Cytoplasm; organelles E) Cytoplasm; stroma

A) The stroma; thylakoids

12. Photosynthesis is the process by which __________________ use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar. A) chloroplasts B) nitrogen-fixing bacteria C) denitrifying bacteria D) mitochondria E) all living creatures

A) chloroplasts

5. Chemical energy: A) is a form of potential energy stored in bonds between molecules. B) contains less energy than kinetic energy. C) is kinetic energy that has not been converted to heat. D) is best described as "the energy of motion." E) is stored energy that is unavailable to do work.

A) is a form of potential energy stored in bonds between molecules.

15. Biologically speaking, a pigment is a: A) molecule that absorbs a photon. B) molecule that releases oxygen. C) molecule that absorbs carbon dioxide. D) cell that absorbs a photon. E) cell that fixes carbon

A) molecule that absorbs a photon.

32. All of the following statements regarding C4 plants are true except: A) rubisco is no longer necessary to make glucose. B) they resemble CAM plants in that they keep their stomata closed during the day. C) they require more ATP to produce glucose than C3 plants. D) C4 plants grow better than C3 plants under low CO2 conditions. E) C4 plants may expand their ranges with global warming.

A) rubisco is no longer necessary to make glucose.

10. What are the outputs of the process of photosynthesis? A) oxygen, water, and ATP B) carbon dioxide, sugar, and water C) oxygen and sugar D) ATP and sugar E) ATP and water

B) carbon dioxide, sugar, and water

25. During electron transport in photosynthesis, the inner compartment of the thylakoid membrane becomes: A) filled with ATP. B) more acidic than the stroma. C) a storage site for electrons. D) a site for the synthesis of galactose molecules. E) a site for the synthesis of NADPH+.

B) more acidic than the stroma.

22. Photosystems are: A) arrangements of chloroplasts within the cells lining the surface of leaves. B) the wavelengths of light that reach the earth from the sun. C) arrangements of light-catching pigments within chloroplasts. D) arrangements of thylakoid membranes within the plant cell wall. E) arrangements of ATP-synthase molecules within chloroplasts.

C) arrangements of light-catching pigments within chloroplasts.

30. The Calvin cycle produces G3P, with the formula C3H7O6P. This is combined inside the chloroplast to make the six-carbon glucose sugar, C6H12O6. How many turns of the Calvin cycle would be required to build and produce a completed glucose molecule? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 6 E) 12

D) 6

23. What are the resulting products of the splitting of water in photosynthesis? A) electrons, oxygen, and hydrogen ions B) oxygen only C) electrons only D) electrons, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions E) electrons and oxygen onl

A) electrons, oxygen, and hydrogen ions

36. Which statement about glycolysis is false? A) It results in the oxidation of glucose. B) It requires oxygen. C) It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. D) It generates ATP. E) It leads to the formation of pyruvate.

B) It requires oxygen.

37. Energy used in cellular respiration can originate from: A) carbohydrates only. B) proteins only. C) carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. D) carbohydrates and fats only. E) proteins and carbohydrates only

C) carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

45. During fermentation, yeast cells convert pyruvate to ethanol and CO2. Fermentation also occurs in human muscle cells when oxygen is depleted. In the case of muscle cells, what are the by-product(s) of the fermentation of pyruvate? A) oxygen and ATP B) ethanol and CO2 C) lactic acid D) ATP and NADH E) sugars and protein

C) lactic acid

39. After the citric acid cycle, all of the carbon atoms from the original glucose molecule are: A) taken into NADH. B) taken into ATP. C) released as carbon dioxide. D) recycled back to glycolysis. E) donated to NAD+

C) released as carbon dioxide.

24. The electron-transport chains of chloroplasts convey electrons to the ___________-producing photosystem, while at the same time providing energy for the synthesis of _________. A) ATP; NADPH B) water; NADPH C) NADPH; glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate D) NADPH; ATP E) NADPH; oxygen

D) NADPH; ATP

1. Which gas is used by plants to produce molecules that make up plant structures? A) oxygen B) methane C) chlorophyll D) carbon dioxide E) NADPH

D) carbon dioxide

17. Which statement is true about the type of light used by plants to make sugar during photosynthesis? A) Its wavelength is similar to X rays. B) Its wavelength is similar to radio waves. C) It comes from within the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. D) It is infrared. E) It is very high energy with long wavelengths.

C) It comes from within the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

21. During photosynthesis, visible light has enough energy to: A) convert ADP into ATP. B) synthesize NADPH. C) split a water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen. D) excite electrons. E) reflect light in the red spectrum

D) excite electrons.

42. The molecules of the mitochondrial electron transport chain are located: A) in the stroma. B) in the mitochondrial matrix. C) in the intermembrane space. D) within in the inner membrane. E) in the cytoplasm

D) within in the inner membrane.

27. The original source of electrons in the photosystems is: A) O2. B) CO2. C) NADPH. D) ATP. E) H2O

E) H2O

16. Why are leaves green? A) Chlorophyll molecules mainly absorb light in the blue-violet and infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Chlorophyll does not absorb much green light, which is reflected to our eyes. B) Chlorophyll molecules mainly absorb light in the blue-violet and red-orange part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Chlorophyll does not absorb much green light, which is reflected to our eyes. C) Chlorophyll molecules mainly absorb light in the ultraviolet and red-orange part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Chlorophyll does not absorb much green light, which is reflected to our eyes. D) Chlorophyll molecules mainly absorb light in the ultraviolet and infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Chlorophyll does not absorb much green light, which is reflected to our eyes. E) Chlorophyll molecules mainly absorb light in the green part of the electromagnetic spectrum

B) Chlorophyll molecules mainly absorb light in the blue-violet and red-orange part of the electromagnetic

40. Why does the citric acid cycle only operate in the presence of oxygen? A) Oxygen must combine with carbon to form carbon dioxide. B) Oxygen allows the electron transport chain to receive electrons from NADH and FADH2, and recycle NAD+ and FAD back to the citric acid cycle. C) Oxygen accepts the ATP from glycolysis so that it can be recycled. D) Oxygen is added in the form of water to the citric acid cycle. E) Oxygen allows the electron transport chain to receive electrons from NAD+ and FAD, and recycle NADH and FADH2 back to the citric acid cycle

B) Oxygen allows the electron transport chain to receive electrons from NADH and FADH2, and recycle NAD+

13. Which by-product of photosynthesis was important in altering the atmosphere of the earth so that aerobic organisms could evolve? A) methane B) oxygen C) carbon dioxide D) nitrogen E) fructose

B) oxygen

28. The "synthesis" part of photosynthesis is the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the: A) thylakoids. B) stroma. C) stomata. D) chlorophyll molecules. E) electron transport chain.

B) stroma.

9. What are the inputs to the process of photosynthesis? A) sunlight, oxygen, and sugar B) sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide C) carbon dioxide and water D) water and carbon dioxide E) water and sugar

B) sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide

46. Beer, wine, and spirits are produced as the result of cellular metabolism by: A) bacteria occurring in the absence of free electrons. B) yeast occurring in the absence of oxygen. C) yeast occurring in the absence of free electrons. D) bacteria occurring in the absence of oxygen. E) pyruvate occurring in the absence of oxygen

B) yeast occurring in the absence of oxygen.

33. C4 plants have better water conservation abilities than many other plants (especially C3). This is because: A) C4 plants have smaller stomata that are protected by hairs and pits. B) C4 plants have the ability to obtain CO2 without opening their stomata. C) C4 plants open their stomata at night. D) C3 plants are able to keep their stomata closed during the day. E) C4 plants have no leaves; they use their stems for photosynthesis.

C) C4 plants open their stomata at night.

14. File this one under "confusing plant terminology": both a plant's stoma and its stroma are important in photosynthesis. What's the difference between stoma and stroma? A) Stoma is the fluid that fills the inner space of a chloroplast, whereas stroma is a stack of disk-like thylakoids. B) Stoma refers to the non-sexual cells of a plant, whereas stroma is the fluid that fills the inner space of a chloroplast. C) Stoma is the singular of stomata, the gas exchange pores in the leaf of the plant, whereas stroma is the fluid that fills the inner space of a chloroplast. D) Stoma is the singular of stomata, the fluid that fills the inner space of a chloroplast, whereas stroma are the gas exchange pores in the leaf of the plant. E) Stoma is the singular of stomata, the gas exchange pores in the leaf of the plant, whereas stroma is the disklike membranous sac in which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place.

C) Stoma is the singular of stomata, the gas exchange pores in the leaf of the plant, whereas stroma is the fluid

7. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is constant; it can ____________________, but not _______________. A) be produced and generated; moved or relocated B) be increased and decreased; eliminated C) be transferred and transformed; created or destroyed D) cycle; flow E) flow; cycle

C) be transferred and transformed; created or destroyed

43. What is the function of the electrons carried to the electron transport chain by NADH and FADH2? A) to capture the energy from protons being pumped across the membrane B) to release the energy stored in ATP molecules from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle C) to provide the energy that pumps protons across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion D) to cycle back to the citric acid cycle to make more NAD+ and FAD E) to cycle back to glycolysis to produce more NADH and ATP molecules

C) to provide the energy that pumps protons across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

2. Which statement best represents the relationship between respiration and photosynthesis? A) Respiration occurs only in animals, and photosynthesis occurs only in plants. B) Photosynthesis reverses the biochemical pathways of respiration. C) Respiration stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas photosynthesis releases it. D) Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas respiration releases it. E) Photosynthesis occurs only in the day, and respiration occurs only at night.

D) Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas respiration releases it.

29. Although the reactions of the Calvin cycle do not depend directly on light, they do not usually occur at night. Why? A) It is usually too cold at night for these reactions to take place. B) Carbon dioxide concentrations decrease at night. C) The Calvin cycle depends on products of the light reactions that cannot occur at night. D) Plants must open their stomata to restore their water balance each night. E) At night, plants have a negative water balance with the soil, due to reduced evaporatio

D) Plants must open their stomata to restore their water balance each night.

19. Chlorophyll's most important role during photosynthesis is: A) keeping the leaves of plants green. B) capturing electrons that can, in turn, be used by carotenoids. C) turning color in the autumn each year. D) converting light energy from the sun into chemical energy. E) turning into a molecule of ATP upon being struck by sunligh

D) converting light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

35. Cellular respiration is the process by which: A) oxygen is produced during metabolic activity. B) ATP molecules are converted into water and sugar. C) oxygen is used to transport chemical energy throughout the body. D) light energy is converted into kinetic energy. E) energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules is captured by an organism.

E) energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules is captured by an organism.

44. ATP is produced in the mitochondria by a series of biochemical reactions. In what order do these reactions occur? A) the electron transport chain; glycolysis; the citric acid cycle B) the citric acid cycle; glycolysis; the electron transport chain C) the citric acid cycle; the electron transport chain; glycolysis D) glycolysis; the electron transport chain; the citric acid cycle E) glycolysis; the citric acid cycle; the electron transport chain

E) glycolysis; the citric acid cycle; the electron transport chain

18. When both light and temperature are increased, the rate of photosynthesis will: A) remain the same because the increase in light will be counteracted by the increase in temperature. B) increase because the activity of the first photosystem will increase, whereas the activity of the second photosystem will remain constant. C) increase because the activity of the Calvin cycle will increase due to the increase in light. D) decrease because the increase in temperature will prevent photophosphorylation. E) increase because the activity of the photosystems will increase due to the increase in light, and the activity of the Calvin cycle will increase due to the increase in temperature.

E) increase because the activity of the photosystems will increase due to the increase in light, and the activity of the Calvin cycle will increase due to the increase in temperature.