Chapter 6 Earth Science

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How hot are hot springs?

6-9 degrees warmer then the average air temperature outside

What can the pumping of a well form?

Cone os depression

How does groundwater move?

Groundwater moves by twisting and turning through interconnected small openings

What/ Where do most caverns form.

Most caverns are created by erosion at or below the water table in the zone of saturation

What threatens groundwater supplies in some areas?

Overuse and contamination

Erosion

Streams generally erode their channels, lifting loose particles by abrasion, grinding and dissolving soluble material

Deltas

an accumulation of sediments formed where a stream enters a lake or ocean

Artesian Well

any formation in which groundwater rises under pressure

well

any hole bored into the zone or saturation

Where do sinkholes form

areas that lack good surface drainage

What are measure to control flooding?

artificial levee's, flood control dams, placing limits on floodplain development, cuts down side to side

How is water heated in a hot spring?

cooling of igneous rock/magma

When does deposition occur?

deposition occurs as stream flow drops below the critical velocity of a certain size particle.

Alluvium

deposits from when stream flow drop below critical velocity

How is Karst Topography formed?

dissolving rock at or near Earth's surface

What direction does water in soil reach

downward

what can pumping of a well cause?

drawdown (lowering) of a water table

travertine

form of limestone that is deposited by hot springs or as a cave deposit

Features found in caverns:

formed in the zone of saturation, composed of dripstones, formed from calcite deposited as dripping water evaporates, stalactites (ceiling), stalagmites (floor)

spring

forms whenever the water table intersects the ground surface

What does porosity determine?

how much ground water can be stored

Porosity

how much water sediment can hold, percentage of pore spaces

Permeability

how quickly water passes through

Geysers

intermittent hot streams

drainage basin

land area that contributes water to a stream

capacity

maximum load a stream can carry

cavern

naturally formed underground chamber

natural levee

parallels a stream and helps it to contain its waters, except during flood stage

Aquifers

permeable rock layers or sediments that transmit groundwater easily

Bedload

stream's solid material too large to carry in suspension

sinkholes

surface depressions

Zone of Saturation

the area where water fills all of the open spaces in sediment and rock

What does a narrow v-shaped valley show?

the stream's primary work had been downcutting toward base level

Water table

the upper level of the saturation zone of groundwater

Groundwater

the water within the zone of saturation

How can you help protect the water?

treating it as a nonrenewable resource, land subsidence by its withdrawal, decontamination

When do sinkholes formed?

when bedrock dissolves and caverns collapse

When does water stop seeping downward?

when it reaches the zone of saturation

When does groundwater move more slowly?

when the pore spaces are smaller


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