Chapter 6 Earth Science
How hot are hot springs?
6-9 degrees warmer then the average air temperature outside
What can the pumping of a well form?
Cone os depression
How does groundwater move?
Groundwater moves by twisting and turning through interconnected small openings
What/ Where do most caverns form.
Most caverns are created by erosion at or below the water table in the zone of saturation
What threatens groundwater supplies in some areas?
Overuse and contamination
Erosion
Streams generally erode their channels, lifting loose particles by abrasion, grinding and dissolving soluble material
Deltas
an accumulation of sediments formed where a stream enters a lake or ocean
Artesian Well
any formation in which groundwater rises under pressure
well
any hole bored into the zone or saturation
Where do sinkholes form
areas that lack good surface drainage
What are measure to control flooding?
artificial levee's, flood control dams, placing limits on floodplain development, cuts down side to side
How is water heated in a hot spring?
cooling of igneous rock/magma
When does deposition occur?
deposition occurs as stream flow drops below the critical velocity of a certain size particle.
Alluvium
deposits from when stream flow drop below critical velocity
How is Karst Topography formed?
dissolving rock at or near Earth's surface
What direction does water in soil reach
downward
what can pumping of a well cause?
drawdown (lowering) of a water table
travertine
form of limestone that is deposited by hot springs or as a cave deposit
Features found in caverns:
formed in the zone of saturation, composed of dripstones, formed from calcite deposited as dripping water evaporates, stalactites (ceiling), stalagmites (floor)
spring
forms whenever the water table intersects the ground surface
What does porosity determine?
how much ground water can be stored
Porosity
how much water sediment can hold, percentage of pore spaces
Permeability
how quickly water passes through
Geysers
intermittent hot streams
drainage basin
land area that contributes water to a stream
capacity
maximum load a stream can carry
cavern
naturally formed underground chamber
natural levee
parallels a stream and helps it to contain its waters, except during flood stage
Aquifers
permeable rock layers or sediments that transmit groundwater easily
Bedload
stream's solid material too large to carry in suspension
sinkholes
surface depressions
Zone of Saturation
the area where water fills all of the open spaces in sediment and rock
What does a narrow v-shaped valley show?
the stream's primary work had been downcutting toward base level
Water table
the upper level of the saturation zone of groundwater
Groundwater
the water within the zone of saturation
How can you help protect the water?
treating it as a nonrenewable resource, land subsidence by its withdrawal, decontamination
When do sinkholes formed?
when bedrock dissolves and caverns collapse
When does water stop seeping downward?
when it reaches the zone of saturation
When does groundwater move more slowly?
when the pore spaces are smaller
