BSC 109 Exam 2

Which white blood cells are present in the greatest number in the blood and are the body's first responders to infection?

Neutrophils

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the lymphatic system? - Lymphatic capillaries produce interstitial fluid. - The lymphatic system removes microorganisms from body fluid. - Lymphatic capillaries absorb lipid droplets from plasma. - Lymph flows from lymph capillaries to larger lymphatic vessels to the heart and lungs. - Lymph is excreted from the body.

The lymphatic system removes microorganisms from body fluid.

True or False: The thymus gland, which is responsible for the development of T cells, stops growing during adolescence and shrinks as one grows into adulthood.

True

An individual who has blood type A can receive a transfusion of which of the following blood types?

Type A and O

Specific defense mechanisms differ from nonspecific defense mechanisms in that only specific mechanisms __________.

Utilize B and T cells

When a blood vessel gets damaged, contractions of smooth muscle referred to as ________ help constrict the vessel to reduce blood flow. Occurs first in hemostasis

Vascular spasm

In which one of the following blood vessels is blood under the lowest pressure?

Vein

Skeletal muscle pumps aid blood flow

Vein

This blood vessel transports blood from the capillaries to heart

Vein

When comparing viruses and bacteria, which one of the following statements is CORRECT? - Viruses have membrane-bound organelles; bacteria do not have membrane-bound organelles. - Viruses and bacteria both contain genetic material. - Viruses are pathogens; bacteria are decomposers. - Viruses and bacteria are both able to reproduce on their own. - Viruses are larger than bacteria.

Viruses and bacteria both contain genetic material

Which of the following statements about viruses is true? - Viral infections can generally be controlled with antibiotics. - Viruses are very small bacteria. - Viruses require a host cell in which to reproduce. - Viruses are composed of protein only.

Viruses require a host cell in which to reproduce

Anemia is ____

a decrease in oxygen-carrying ability of the blood

Hemophilia results from __________.

a lack of one or more plasma proteins involved in blood clotting

Nonspecific defense mechanisms

- natural killer cells - inflammation - release of interferons

Specific defense mechanisms

- release of perforin and granzyme by cytotoxic cells - cytotoxic T cells - production of antibodies by plasma cells

A specific antibody will bind to __________.

A specific antigen

Results of an ABO blood typing indicate agglutination reactions when anti-A and anti-B are added to the blood sample. The blood type of the individual would therefore be

AB

Bacterial infections are generally treated with _____

Antibiotics

All of the following represent physical and/or chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens EXCEPT which one? - tears - skin surface - antibodies - resident bacteria - earwax

Antibodies

Foreign cells that enter the human body have unique cell surface proteins, known as ________, which stimulate the body's defense to attack.

Antigens

When blood leaves the heart, it first enters

Arteries

__________ carry blood away from the heart and __________ carry blood toward the heart.

Arteries; veins

Medium - and large-size vessels maintain a partial state of muscle contraction, resulting in high intravessel pressure

Artery

this blood vessel transports blood from the heart to capillaries

Artery

The inner walls are lined with endothelium to create a smooth, low-friction surface

Artery; vein

Atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent blood from flowing backward into the __________

Atria

Which one of the following blood types can a person with blood type B safely receive in a blood transfusion?

B and O

gives rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

B lymphocyte

In which of the following ways are bacterial cells similar to human cells?

Bacterial cells use ATP to fuel cellular activities.

leukocyte that releases histamine to cause an inflammatory response

Basophil

The iron atom of a heme group within hemoglobin functions to

Bind oxygen

Which property do red blood cells and platelets have in common?

Both lack a nucleus

This blood vessel permits exchange of nutrients and gases between blood and tissues

Capillary

Which blood vessel is best suited for exchange of gases and nutrients with the surrounding tissue?

Capillary

A pacemaker is used to correct __________.

Cardiac arrythmias

All of the following are part of the cardiac conduction system, EXCEPT __________. - the chordae tendineae - the sinoatrial node - the Purkinje fibers - the atrioventricular bundle

Chordae tendineae

The heart muscle itself receives oxygen and nutrients from blood transported by the ________ arteries.

Coronary

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding deoxyhemoglobin? - Deoxyhemoglobin is found in blood returning to the heart from the lower extremities. - Deoxyhemoglobin has a bright red color. - Deoxyhemoglobin delivers oxygen to tissues that have a high oxygen demand. - Deoxyhemoglobin is located in white blood cells, unlike oxyhemoglobin. - Deoxyhemoglobin would form in organs with a high concentration of oxygen, such as the lungs.

Deoxyhemoglobin is found in blood returning to the heart from the lower extremities.

Fluid in the lymphatic system, as well as interstitial fluid, is

Derived from blood plasma

Activation of a B cell leads to all of the following, EXCEPT __________. - destruction of cytokines - production of plasma cells - cloning of a B cell - production of memory cells

Destruction of cytokines

Physical/Chemical barriers of the immune system:

Earwax pH of skin Mucus

Which layer of the heart is in contact with the blood?

Endocardium

Which of the leukocytes is most likely to be directly involved in the destruction of flukes (a parasitic flatworm)?

Eosinophils

True or False: All veins carry deoxygenated blood.

False

True or False: The best way to reduce bacterial pathogens in the blood stream is to reduce a fever as quickly as possible.

False

Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by

Having keratin in the uppermost layer

Which of the following is a true statement regarding strokes? - Immediate medical care is crucial to recovery. - Once symptoms develop, no recovery is possible. - Most of them are caused by a drop in blood pressure. - The symptoms of a stroke develop slowly, sometimes over years.

Immediate medical care is crucial to recovery

Vasodilation of arterioles __________ their diameter, __________ blood flow to the capillaries.

Increasing; Increasing

Which one of the following is/are located in the tonsils to filter out many of the microorganisms that enter the throat? - thymus - red blood cells - lymphocytes - adenoids - platelets

Lymphocytes

Fever is caused when __________ release __________.

Macrophages; pyrogens

The release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from

Mast cells

What could result if an Rh-negative woman gives birth to an Rh-positive baby?

Maternal anti-Rh antibodies may be made.

Which of the leukocytes kills its target cells, such as cancer cells or virus-infected cells, by releasing chemicals that break down the target cell membrane?

Natural killer cells

Which one of the following populations of cells is most markedly increased during bacterial infections?

Neutrophils

Does mononucleosis have a cure?

No

The movement of blood through the pulmonary circuit transports __________.

Oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Living, and some non-living, entities that cause disease are called __________.

Pathogens

The protective sac that encases the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures is the __________.

Pericardium

About 55% of whole blood is ________, which is/are mostly made up of water.

Plasma

A high hematocrit might indicate

Polycythemia

Which of the following pathogenic agents cause a self-propagating misfolding of proteins in nerve cells?

Prions

Bacteria are classified as ________ cells because they do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotic

Which one of the following diseases is caused by a virus? - toxic shock syndrome - Lyme disease - rabies - syphilis - tuberculosis

Rabies

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the spleen? - Red pulp of the spleen stores excess blood. - Red pulp of the spleen contains primarily lymphocytes. - It is located in the lower portion of the thoracic cavity. - The spleen has the same functions as the tonsils. - White pulp of the spleen contains macrophages that kill microorganisms circulating in the lymph.

Red pulp of the spleen stores excess blood

The sinoatrial node

Regulates/initiates the hearts contraction

If an individual is O+, which of the following antigens are on the surface of his or her red blood cells?

Rh

After blood flows through the right atrium of the heart, its next major destination is the

Right ventricle

Which vein(s) carry oxygenated blood?

Rights and Left pulmonary veins

Red blood cells are accurately described as

Small and flat

an agranulocyte that targets and then destroys cancer cells and viral-infected cells

T lymphocytes

What do lysozyme, keratin, and mucus have in common?

They are a part of the first line of defense

Which of the following is TRUE regarding lymph nodes? - Macrophages but not lymphocytes can be found within lymph nodes. - Lymph flows from the lymph vessels to the urinary system. - They are located only in the digestive tract and neck. - They filter lymph fluid, trapping microorganisms and abnormal cells. - They remove microorganisms and abnormal cells from the lymph and return them to blood circulation.

They filter lymph fluid, trapping microorganisms and abnormal cells.

secretes hormones important in the maturation of T cells

Thymus

filters out microorganisms that enter the throat by food or air

Tonsil

True or False: Most of the time, Rh incompatibility between mother (Rh-) and fetus (Rh+) doesn't cause fetal health problems with the woman's first pregnancy.

True

All of the following are involved in the inflammatory response EXCEPT - histamine - mast cells - phagocytes - basophils - antibodies

antibodies

Blood pressure is highest in

arteries

Each of the following processes helps combat infection, EXCEPT __________. - fever - inflammation - autoimmunity - antibody production

autoimmunity

Which of the following can lead to anemia?

both insufficient iron in the diet and insufficient Vitamin B12 absorption from the digestive tract

The "lub" of the lub-DUB sounds heard through a stethoscope when listening to the heart is produced by the

closing of the two atrioventricular valves

Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins in that they both __________.

contain one-way valves to prevent the backflow of fluid

white blood cell that protects the body from parasitic infections

eosinphil

erythropoietin stimulates stem cells to make this type of cell

erythrocyte

Filled with hemoglobin

erythrocyte (red blood cell)

Blood displays a bright red color when

four oxygen molecules bind to hemoglobin to create oxyhemoglobin

filters microorganisms and cellular debris from lymph

lymph node

transports lymph in the body

lymphatic vessel

A researcher wants to produce antibodies by growing cells in the laboratory. What cell population would be necessary to accomplish this?

lymphocytes

An electrocardiogram is used to

measure the electrical activity of the heart

remains in the bone marrow but participates in the dotting process

megakaryocyte

large white blood cell that leaves the blood to go into body tissue and becomes a macrophage

monocyte

The left ventricle has a more muscular wall than the other three chambers of the heart because the left ventricle

must generate enough blood pressure to pump blood into the aorta and throughout the body

A heart attack occurs as a result of __________.

narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries

the first WBC to attack an infection; the most abundant type of white blood cell

neutrophil

A damaged red blood cell is removed from circulation by

phagocytosis by macrophages in the spleen.

These structures serve as gates that regulate blood flow from arterioles into capillaries.

precapillary sphincters

Characteristics of bacteria include all of the following, EXCEPT __________ - a single circular chromosome - presence of a cell wall - presence of membrane-bound organelles - absence of a nuclear membrane

presence of membrane-bound organelles

Erythropoietin stimulates production of __________ in response to __________

red blood cells; low oxygen availability

The spleen __________.

removes damaged red blood cells from circulation

A person with type A- (A-negative) blood will have __________.

type A antigens on the red blood cells