BSC 109 Exam 2
Which white blood cells are present in the greatest number in the blood and are the body's first responders to infection?
Neutrophils
Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the lymphatic system? - Lymphatic capillaries produce interstitial fluid. - The lymphatic system removes microorganisms from body fluid. - Lymphatic capillaries absorb lipid droplets from plasma. - Lymph flows from lymph capillaries to larger lymphatic vessels to the heart and lungs. - Lymph is excreted from the body.
The lymphatic system removes microorganisms from body fluid.
True or False: The thymus gland, which is responsible for the development of T cells, stops growing during adolescence and shrinks as one grows into adulthood.
True
An individual who has blood type A can receive a transfusion of which of the following blood types?
Type A and O
Specific defense mechanisms differ from nonspecific defense mechanisms in that only specific mechanisms __________.
Utilize B and T cells
When a blood vessel gets damaged, contractions of smooth muscle referred to as ________ help constrict the vessel to reduce blood flow. Occurs first in hemostasis
Vascular spasm
In which one of the following blood vessels is blood under the lowest pressure?
Vein
Skeletal muscle pumps aid blood flow
Vein
This blood vessel transports blood from the capillaries to heart
Vein
When comparing viruses and bacteria, which one of the following statements is CORRECT? - Viruses have membrane-bound organelles; bacteria do not have membrane-bound organelles. - Viruses and bacteria both contain genetic material. - Viruses are pathogens; bacteria are decomposers. - Viruses and bacteria are both able to reproduce on their own. - Viruses are larger than bacteria.
Viruses and bacteria both contain genetic material
Which of the following statements about viruses is true? - Viral infections can generally be controlled with antibiotics. - Viruses are very small bacteria. - Viruses require a host cell in which to reproduce. - Viruses are composed of protein only.
Viruses require a host cell in which to reproduce
Anemia is ____
a decrease in oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
Hemophilia results from __________.
a lack of one or more plasma proteins involved in blood clotting
Nonspecific defense mechanisms
- natural killer cells - inflammation - release of interferons
Specific defense mechanisms
- release of perforin and granzyme by cytotoxic cells - cytotoxic T cells - production of antibodies by plasma cells
A specific antibody will bind to __________.
A specific antigen
Results of an ABO blood typing indicate agglutination reactions when anti-A and anti-B are added to the blood sample. The blood type of the individual would therefore be
AB
Bacterial infections are generally treated with _____
Antibiotics
All of the following represent physical and/or chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens EXCEPT which one? - tears - skin surface - antibodies - resident bacteria - earwax
Antibodies
Foreign cells that enter the human body have unique cell surface proteins, known as ________, which stimulate the body's defense to attack.
Antigens
When blood leaves the heart, it first enters
Arteries
__________ carry blood away from the heart and __________ carry blood toward the heart.
Arteries; veins
Medium - and large-size vessels maintain a partial state of muscle contraction, resulting in high intravessel pressure
Artery
this blood vessel transports blood from the heart to capillaries
Artery
The inner walls are lined with endothelium to create a smooth, low-friction surface
Artery; vein
Atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent blood from flowing backward into the __________
Atria
Which one of the following blood types can a person with blood type B safely receive in a blood transfusion?
B and O
gives rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
B lymphocyte
In which of the following ways are bacterial cells similar to human cells?
Bacterial cells use ATP to fuel cellular activities.
leukocyte that releases histamine to cause an inflammatory response
Basophil
The iron atom of a heme group within hemoglobin functions to
Bind oxygen
Which property do red blood cells and platelets have in common?
Both lack a nucleus
This blood vessel permits exchange of nutrients and gases between blood and tissues
Capillary
Which blood vessel is best suited for exchange of gases and nutrients with the surrounding tissue?
Capillary
A pacemaker is used to correct __________.
Cardiac arrythmias
All of the following are part of the cardiac conduction system, EXCEPT __________. - the chordae tendineae - the sinoatrial node - the Purkinje fibers - the atrioventricular bundle
Chordae tendineae
The heart muscle itself receives oxygen and nutrients from blood transported by the ________ arteries.
Coronary
Which one of the following is TRUE regarding deoxyhemoglobin? - Deoxyhemoglobin is found in blood returning to the heart from the lower extremities. - Deoxyhemoglobin has a bright red color. - Deoxyhemoglobin delivers oxygen to tissues that have a high oxygen demand. - Deoxyhemoglobin is located in white blood cells, unlike oxyhemoglobin. - Deoxyhemoglobin would form in organs with a high concentration of oxygen, such as the lungs.
Deoxyhemoglobin is found in blood returning to the heart from the lower extremities.
Fluid in the lymphatic system, as well as interstitial fluid, is
Derived from blood plasma
Activation of a B cell leads to all of the following, EXCEPT __________. - destruction of cytokines - production of plasma cells - cloning of a B cell - production of memory cells
Destruction of cytokines
Physical/Chemical barriers of the immune system:
Earwax pH of skin Mucus
Which layer of the heart is in contact with the blood?
Endocardium
Which of the leukocytes is most likely to be directly involved in the destruction of flukes (a parasitic flatworm)?
Eosinophils
True or False: All veins carry deoxygenated blood.
False
True or False: The best way to reduce bacterial pathogens in the blood stream is to reduce a fever as quickly as possible.
False
Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by
Having keratin in the uppermost layer
Which of the following is a true statement regarding strokes? - Immediate medical care is crucial to recovery. - Once symptoms develop, no recovery is possible. - Most of them are caused by a drop in blood pressure. - The symptoms of a stroke develop slowly, sometimes over years.
Immediate medical care is crucial to recovery
Vasodilation of arterioles __________ their diameter, __________ blood flow to the capillaries.
Increasing; Increasing
Which one of the following is/are located in the tonsils to filter out many of the microorganisms that enter the throat? - thymus - red blood cells - lymphocytes - adenoids - platelets
Lymphocytes
Fever is caused when __________ release __________.
Macrophages; pyrogens
The release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from
Mast cells
What could result if an Rh-negative woman gives birth to an Rh-positive baby?
Maternal anti-Rh antibodies may be made.
Which of the leukocytes kills its target cells, such as cancer cells or virus-infected cells, by releasing chemicals that break down the target cell membrane?
Natural killer cells
Which one of the following populations of cells is most markedly increased during bacterial infections?
Neutrophils
Does mononucleosis have a cure?
No
The movement of blood through the pulmonary circuit transports __________.
Oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Living, and some non-living, entities that cause disease are called __________.
Pathogens
The protective sac that encases the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures is the __________.
Pericardium
About 55% of whole blood is ________, which is/are mostly made up of water.
Plasma
A high hematocrit might indicate
Polycythemia
Which of the following pathogenic agents cause a self-propagating misfolding of proteins in nerve cells?
Prions
Bacteria are classified as ________ cells because they do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic
Which one of the following diseases is caused by a virus? - toxic shock syndrome - Lyme disease - rabies - syphilis - tuberculosis
Rabies
Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the spleen? - Red pulp of the spleen stores excess blood. - Red pulp of the spleen contains primarily lymphocytes. - It is located in the lower portion of the thoracic cavity. - The spleen has the same functions as the tonsils. - White pulp of the spleen contains macrophages that kill microorganisms circulating in the lymph.
Red pulp of the spleen stores excess blood
The sinoatrial node
Regulates/initiates the hearts contraction
If an individual is O+, which of the following antigens are on the surface of his or her red blood cells?
Rh
After blood flows through the right atrium of the heart, its next major destination is the
Right ventricle
Which vein(s) carry oxygenated blood?
Rights and Left pulmonary veins
Red blood cells are accurately described as
Small and flat
an agranulocyte that targets and then destroys cancer cells and viral-infected cells
T lymphocytes
What do lysozyme, keratin, and mucus have in common?
They are a part of the first line of defense
Which of the following is TRUE regarding lymph nodes? - Macrophages but not lymphocytes can be found within lymph nodes. - Lymph flows from the lymph vessels to the urinary system. - They are located only in the digestive tract and neck. - They filter lymph fluid, trapping microorganisms and abnormal cells. - They remove microorganisms and abnormal cells from the lymph and return them to blood circulation.
They filter lymph fluid, trapping microorganisms and abnormal cells.
secretes hormones important in the maturation of T cells
Thymus
filters out microorganisms that enter the throat by food or air
Tonsil
True or False: Most of the time, Rh incompatibility between mother (Rh-) and fetus (Rh+) doesn't cause fetal health problems with the woman's first pregnancy.
True
All of the following are involved in the inflammatory response EXCEPT - histamine - mast cells - phagocytes - basophils - antibodies
antibodies
Blood pressure is highest in
arteries
Each of the following processes helps combat infection, EXCEPT __________. - fever - inflammation - autoimmunity - antibody production
autoimmunity
Which of the following can lead to anemia?
both insufficient iron in the diet and insufficient Vitamin B12 absorption from the digestive tract
The "lub" of the lub-DUB sounds heard through a stethoscope when listening to the heart is produced by the
closing of the two atrioventricular valves
Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins in that they both __________.
contain one-way valves to prevent the backflow of fluid
white blood cell that protects the body from parasitic infections
eosinphil
erythropoietin stimulates stem cells to make this type of cell
erythrocyte
Filled with hemoglobin
erythrocyte (red blood cell)
Blood displays a bright red color when
four oxygen molecules bind to hemoglobin to create oxyhemoglobin
filters microorganisms and cellular debris from lymph
lymph node
transports lymph in the body
lymphatic vessel
A researcher wants to produce antibodies by growing cells in the laboratory. What cell population would be necessary to accomplish this?
lymphocytes
An electrocardiogram is used to
measure the electrical activity of the heart
remains in the bone marrow but participates in the dotting process
megakaryocyte
large white blood cell that leaves the blood to go into body tissue and becomes a macrophage
monocyte
The left ventricle has a more muscular wall than the other three chambers of the heart because the left ventricle
must generate enough blood pressure to pump blood into the aorta and throughout the body
A heart attack occurs as a result of __________.
narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries
the first WBC to attack an infection; the most abundant type of white blood cell
neutrophil
A damaged red blood cell is removed from circulation by
phagocytosis by macrophages in the spleen.
These structures serve as gates that regulate blood flow from arterioles into capillaries.
precapillary sphincters
Characteristics of bacteria include all of the following, EXCEPT __________ - a single circular chromosome - presence of a cell wall - presence of membrane-bound organelles - absence of a nuclear membrane
presence of membrane-bound organelles
Erythropoietin stimulates production of __________ in response to __________
red blood cells; low oxygen availability
The spleen __________.
removes damaged red blood cells from circulation
A person with type A- (A-negative) blood will have __________.
type A antigens on the red blood cells
