Chapter 5: Memory - Test

A modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response is: a) biofeedback. b) insight learning c) latent learning. d) applied behavior analysis (ABA). e) neurofeedback.

d

A student in a fourth-grade class keeps talking out of turn, no matter how many times the teacher tells her to stop. Finally, in desperation, the teacher sends the student to the principal's office. This action of sending the student to the principal's office is a form of: a) secondary punishment. b) positive reinforcement. c) extinction. d) punishment. e) negative reinforcement.

d

Aida loves to sing for her family and friends but is extremely shy. In order to encourage Aida to sing again, which of the following is a primary reinforcement that Aida's mom might use? a) give her more singing lessons b) shower her with applause c) praise her for doing such a good job d) promise her an ice cream cone when she finishes e) offer her money

d

At the end of his first day of kindergarten and the entire week thereafter, Jeremiah's teacher exclaimed, "You may all leave" just after the sounding of a loud bell. On the first day of the second week of school, Jeremiah immediately left the room just as the school bell rang, without any notice from his teacher. In this example, what is the conditioned response? a) The bell rang loudly. b) Jeremiah left the room after his teacher told him to do so. c) Jeremiah's teacher stopped telling the children when they can leave. d) Jeremiah left the room after the bell rang. e) Jeremiah's teacher told the class to leave.

d

Bandura concluded that there were __________ elements of observational learning. a) three b) five c) nine d) four e) countless

d

In classical conditioning, the actual response involved in a CR and a UCR are the same. (For example, it might be salivation in both cases.) But what makes that response (salivation) considered conditioned or unconditioned depends on: a) how the subject feels about the stimulus and the response. b) the presence of an NS. c) what sort of food is eliciting the response. d) whether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS. e) whether the response behavior has been modeled.

d

When children witness other children cry when getting a vaccination, and the witnesses then cry before the needle even touches them, it is an example of: a) biological preparedness. b) an unconditioned response. c) a reflex. d) vicarious conditioning. e) the law of effect.

d

For every 25 boxes of cookies Tammy sells, her scout troop gets a dollar. On what schedule of reinforcement is Tammy being conditioned? a) fixed ratio b) fixed interval c) variable interval d) successive approximation e) variable ratio

a

Marco's mom gives him a treat every night after dinner when he picks up his plate and places it in the dishwasher. Marco's mom uses: a) continuous reinforcement. b) a variable schedule of reinforcement. c) negative reinforcement. d) partial reinforcement. e) a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.

a

Time-out is an example of __________. a) negative punishment b) extinction c) positive punishment d) negative reinforcement e) shaping

a

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus that's likely to elicit a conditioned emotional response? a) all of the above b) eerie music from a movie you thought was scary c) a parent holding a belt d) walking onto your favorite beach e) a Christmas tree all lit up

a

The repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS is called: a) aversion. b) acquisition. c) accommodation. d) extinction. e) spontaneous recovery.

b

__________ occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus. a) Biological preparedness b) Higher-order conditioning c) Latent learning d) Spontaneous recovery e) Vicarious conditioning

b

Severe punishments such as hitting: a) work better on animals than people. b) are the most effective way to get children to listen. c) provide a successful model for aggression. d) are a form of negative punishment. e) are only effective with about 30 percent of children.

c

The central idea of toilet training a cat is breaking down the process into a series of small stages. This is an example of: a) latent learning. b) negative reinforcement. c) shaping. d) molding. e) variable reinforcement.

c

The mental events that take place inside a person's mind while behaving are known as: a) learning. b) daydreams. c) cognition. d) classical conditioning. e) instinct.

c

While in the store with her little sister, Amber decided to stop to take a look at some jewelry. As soon as she turned her head, her sister disappeared. Though it only took minutes to find her sister, Amber's fear of losing her little sister again caused her to keep a very close eye on her from that moment on. Amber's change in behavior demonstrates which of the following? a) recovery b) behavior modification c) learning d) shaping e) maturation

c

__________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer. a) a new jacket; a hug b) money; a kiss c) a gold star; a candy bar d) a hug; a certificate of appreciation e) a good grade; ice cream

c

After passing his chemistry exam, Tito was told by his parents that he would be able to have access to the family car for a week. Tito's parents' are using __________. a) shaping b) higher-order conditioning c) behavior modification d) negative punishment e) positive reinforcement

e

Anna's mother scolds her for lying. Anna's mother is using: a) negative punishment. b) conditioned emotional response c) positive reinforcement. d) negative reinforcement. e) positive punishment.

e

Fishing is an example of an activity with a: a) fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. b) continuous schedule of reinforcement. c) variable interval schedule of reinforcement. d) fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. e. variable ratio schedule of reinforcement.

e

In most employment situations, people are paid: a) on a variable schedule of reinforcement. b) on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement. c) as continuous reinforcement. d) on a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. e) on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.

e

Layla's new puppy keeps chewing the bottoms of her favorite curtains. Now, whenever Layla sees the puppy begin chewing, she turns on a device that makes a continuous loud, annoying sound. She will not turn it off until the puppy stops chewing. Layla is using which technique to change the puppy's behavior? a) sound therapy b) secondary reinforcement c) negative punishment d) positive punishment e) negative reinforcement

e

Tolman and Köhler were: a) psychoanalysts. b) neurobiologists. c) physiologists. d) evolutionary psychologists. e) Gestalt psychologists.

e

Whenever you take a shower in your bathroom at home, the water in the shower turns icy cold just as the toilet in another bathroom is flushed, causing you to cringe. After several experiences of this occurrence, you find that you tend to cringe whenever you hear a toilet flush, even when you're not in the shower. In this example of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus? a) the sound of the flushing toilet b) the other bathroom c) the cringing d) the sight of your bathroom shower e) the cold water

e