BSF CH 6

The human skeleton has ___ bones

206

The vertebral column has how many vertebrae in the sacral, cervical, lumbar, and thoracic regions? 7,12,5,5 3-4,12,5,5 5,7,5,12 1-4,7,12,5

7,12,5,5

________________ bone is composed of cylinders known as osteons.

Compact

What are the functions of the periosteum?

Contain blood vessels that transfer blood and nutrients into bone to nurture bone cells. Contains lymph vessels, nerves and cells (osteoblasts/clasts). Acts as anchor point for ligaments and tendons.

Compare and contrast the four types of bones.

Long- longer than wide (arms/legs) Short- equal in length/width (wrist/ankles) Flat- thinner, flat or curved, plate-like (skull, ribs, sternum) Irregular- odd shaped need to connect to other bones (hip bones, vertebrae)

The medical condition called _____________ is a degenerative disorder characterized by a decrease in bone density

Osteoporosis

What are four functions of the skeleton?

Provide framework. Produces blood cells. Provides protection for organs. Acts as a warehouse for mineral storage.

_________ in the skull are connective joints that help absorb shock following a blow to the head.

Sutures

Spongy bone is composed mainly of strips of bone know as _____________.

Trabeculae

Which of the following "vices," according to the textbook, decreases bone mass? caffeine: coffee or cola tobacco: cigarette smoking bourbon: overindulgence in the spirits chocolate: constantly feeding a candy craving a and b a, b, c, d

a and b

foramen

a nontubular passageway through a bone for ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels

meatus

a tube or tunnel-like passageway through a bone

Where bursitis is inflammation of a bursa, inflammation of the joint is called _______

arthritis

head

articulating end of a bone that is rounded

saddle

base of the thumb; multiple movement including opposition

The primary component of the skeleton is: synovial fluid cartilage bone ligament

bone

What is the function of osteoblasts? tear down bone build new bone absorb calcium from the gut stimulate calcium retention in the kidneys

build new bone

Bone matrix is made mainly of two minerals: _________________ and ____________.

calcium and phosphorus

wrist bones

carpals

Most of your bones are made of ____________ prior to embryonic week 8.

cartilage

Mature bone cells are housed in tiny holes known as: lacunae lamellae perforating canals central canals

central canals

Secondary curvatures of the spine are found in the ______________ and _____________.

cervical; lumbar

Falling off his skateboard, Hugh suffered a ______________ fracture due to the bones of his forearm being crushed to the point of splintering

comminuted

What type of bony tissue makes up the adult diaphysis? cancellous bone spongy bone cartilage compact bone

compact bone

What is a fracture that breaks the skin called? simple fracture closed fracture composed fracture a and b

compound fracture

Osteoporosis

condition of decreasing bone density

Cleft palate and club foot are examples of ___________ disorders

congenital

Tendon

cord-like structures that attach MUSCLE to BONE

flexion

decrease joint angle

circumduction

end of bone moves in circle

In the creation of the skeletal bones, when shaped cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue, this process is known as ________________________________

endochondral ossification

The expanded ends of long bones are called: epimysia epicondyles epiphyses epiosteum

epicondyles

When a joint is straightened or merely moved so that the angle between the individual bones has increased, the movement is termed ___________

extension

Which of the following bones belong to the appendicular skeleton? ribs sternum femur sacrum

femur

thigh bone

femur

lower leg bone

fibula

synovial

fluid in a joint cavity

Ossification

formation of bone in the body

cartilaginous

found at the pubic symphysis and joints in the ribs to the sternum

gliding

found between the carpals and between the tarsals

ellipsoidal

found between wrist bones and forearm bones, allows biaxial movement

fibrous

found on the cranium; sutures

Comminuted fracture

fracture where the bone is shattered

ball and socket

hips and shoulder; multiple movement

sinus

hollow area; space within a bone

upper arm bone

humerus

Which of the following bones belong to the axial skeleton? clavicle scapula hyoid tarsal

hyoid

extension

increase joint angle

Arthritis

inflammatory process of joints

The phalanges and ulna are examples of what type of bone? irregularly shaped long short flat

irregularly shaped

suture

joints with very short connective tissue strands; between bones of skull

hinge

knees and elbows; allows for flexion and extension

tubercle

knob-like projection

Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone is called: ligament cartilage tendon fascia

ligament

The bone called the _________ is commonly known as the lower jaw.

mandible

Sternum

medial bone of anterior thorax where ribs and clavicle are attached

foot bones

metacarpals

Osteon

microscopic cylindrical-shaped unit

According to your text, osteoclasts arise from __________

monocytes

abduction

move away from center of body

retraction

move away posterior

protraction

move toward anterior

adduction

move toward center of body

depression

move toward inferior

elevation

move toward superior

crest

narrow ridge

pivot

neck and forearm; rotates

Specialized cells called _________ are needed to tear down bone.

osteoclast

Osteoporosis may in part be due to excessive activity of these cells: ______________

osteoclasts

Mature bone cells are clinically called: osteocytes osteoblasts osteoprogenitor osteoclasts

osteocytes

The canals that run from osteon to osteon are known as __________ canals.

perforating

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found? periosteum spleen bone marrow thymus

periosteum

fingers and toes

phalanges

If you move the joint of the ankle and foot so that you are standing on the ball of your foot, you have then ______________ the foot

plantar flex

Moving the joints of the ankle and foot so that the sole of the foot is facing down is called: pronation eversion hyperadduction plantar flexion

plantar flexion

During endochondral ossification, osteoblasts invade the center of the diaphysis, forming the: primary ossification center secondary OC medullary cavity endosteal cavity

primary ossification center

Besides depression and elevation, which of the following is also an action of the human mandible? protraction and retraction supination and pronation inversion and eversian flexion and extension

protraction and retraction

forearm bone

radius

What substance is housed in spongy bone, yet absent in the medullary cavity? progenitor cells red bone marrow yellow bone marrow digestive enzymes

red bone marrow

Before a bone can heal, what must be done to make sure the ends of the bone are touching? immobilize it reduce it repair it rebreak it

reduce it

The last step in bone repair is _______________

remodeling

Shaking the head in an aggressive gesture of NO is employing: adduction/abduction rotation flexion/extension supination

rotation

shoulder blade

scapula

Reduction

setting the bone so the ends stay touching

diaphysis

shaft of the bone

fossa

shallow depression

spine

sharp pointed projection

Most fibrous joints are: joined by cartilage freely moving joined by a joint cavity slightly movable

slightly movable

facet

small flattened area

Which is the second stage in bone repair? remodeling soft callous formation hematoma formation and inflammation bony callous formation

soft callous formation

rotation

spin on axis

ankle bones

tarsals

Ligament

tough, whitish bands that connect BONE to BONE

Falling off his skateboard, Hugh suffered a fracture of the bones of his forearm. These bones, the _______ and the ________ were injured.

ulna, radius

Ribs 8, 9, and 10 can be clinically called ___________, or commonly called false ribs.

vertebrocostal

true ribs

vertebrosternal

Which of the following allows the human body to absorb ingested calcium from the digestive tract? iron vitamin B vitamin D phosphorus

vitamin D

Articulation

where bones join together

The tip of the sternum is called the: xyphoid hyoid condyloid patella

xyphoid

During CPR chest compressions, the part called the _________ of the sternum takes the brunt of the compressive force.

xyphoid process