BSF CH 6
The human skeleton has ___ bones
206
The vertebral column has how many vertebrae in the sacral, cervical, lumbar, and thoracic regions? 7,12,5,5 3-4,12,5,5 5,7,5,12 1-4,7,12,5
7,12,5,5
________________ bone is composed of cylinders known as osteons.
Compact
What are the functions of the periosteum?
Contain blood vessels that transfer blood and nutrients into bone to nurture bone cells. Contains lymph vessels, nerves and cells (osteoblasts/clasts). Acts as anchor point for ligaments and tendons.
Compare and contrast the four types of bones.
Long- longer than wide (arms/legs) Short- equal in length/width (wrist/ankles) Flat- thinner, flat or curved, plate-like (skull, ribs, sternum) Irregular- odd shaped need to connect to other bones (hip bones, vertebrae)
The medical condition called _____________ is a degenerative disorder characterized by a decrease in bone density
Osteoporosis
What are four functions of the skeleton?
Provide framework. Produces blood cells. Provides protection for organs. Acts as a warehouse for mineral storage.
_________ in the skull are connective joints that help absorb shock following a blow to the head.
Sutures
Spongy bone is composed mainly of strips of bone know as _____________.
Trabeculae
Which of the following "vices," according to the textbook, decreases bone mass? caffeine: coffee or cola tobacco: cigarette smoking bourbon: overindulgence in the spirits chocolate: constantly feeding a candy craving a and b a, b, c, d
a and b
foramen
a nontubular passageway through a bone for ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels
meatus
a tube or tunnel-like passageway through a bone
Where bursitis is inflammation of a bursa, inflammation of the joint is called _______
arthritis
head
articulating end of a bone that is rounded
saddle
base of the thumb; multiple movement including opposition
The primary component of the skeleton is: synovial fluid cartilage bone ligament
bone
What is the function of osteoblasts? tear down bone build new bone absorb calcium from the gut stimulate calcium retention in the kidneys
build new bone
Bone matrix is made mainly of two minerals: _________________ and ____________.
calcium and phosphorus
wrist bones
carpals
Most of your bones are made of ____________ prior to embryonic week 8.
cartilage
Mature bone cells are housed in tiny holes known as: lacunae lamellae perforating canals central canals
central canals
Secondary curvatures of the spine are found in the ______________ and _____________.
cervical; lumbar
Falling off his skateboard, Hugh suffered a ______________ fracture due to the bones of his forearm being crushed to the point of splintering
comminuted
What type of bony tissue makes up the adult diaphysis? cancellous bone spongy bone cartilage compact bone
compact bone
What is a fracture that breaks the skin called? simple fracture closed fracture composed fracture a and b
compound fracture
Osteoporosis
condition of decreasing bone density
Cleft palate and club foot are examples of ___________ disorders
congenital
Tendon
cord-like structures that attach MUSCLE to BONE
flexion
decrease joint angle
circumduction
end of bone moves in circle
In the creation of the skeletal bones, when shaped cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue, this process is known as ________________________________
endochondral ossification
The expanded ends of long bones are called: epimysia epicondyles epiphyses epiosteum
epicondyles
When a joint is straightened or merely moved so that the angle between the individual bones has increased, the movement is termed ___________
extension
Which of the following bones belong to the appendicular skeleton? ribs sternum femur sacrum
femur
thigh bone
femur
lower leg bone
fibula
synovial
fluid in a joint cavity
Ossification
formation of bone in the body
cartilaginous
found at the pubic symphysis and joints in the ribs to the sternum
gliding
found between the carpals and between the tarsals
ellipsoidal
found between wrist bones and forearm bones, allows biaxial movement
fibrous
found on the cranium; sutures
Comminuted fracture
fracture where the bone is shattered
ball and socket
hips and shoulder; multiple movement
sinus
hollow area; space within a bone
upper arm bone
humerus
Which of the following bones belong to the axial skeleton? clavicle scapula hyoid tarsal
hyoid
extension
increase joint angle
Arthritis
inflammatory process of joints
The phalanges and ulna are examples of what type of bone? irregularly shaped long short flat
irregularly shaped
suture
joints with very short connective tissue strands; between bones of skull
hinge
knees and elbows; allows for flexion and extension
tubercle
knob-like projection
Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone is called: ligament cartilage tendon fascia
ligament
The bone called the _________ is commonly known as the lower jaw.
mandible
Sternum
medial bone of anterior thorax where ribs and clavicle are attached
foot bones
metacarpals
Osteon
microscopic cylindrical-shaped unit
According to your text, osteoclasts arise from __________
monocytes
abduction
move away from center of body
retraction
move away posterior
protraction
move toward anterior
adduction
move toward center of body
depression
move toward inferior
elevation
move toward superior
crest
narrow ridge
pivot
neck and forearm; rotates
Specialized cells called _________ are needed to tear down bone.
osteoclast
Osteoporosis may in part be due to excessive activity of these cells: ______________
osteoclasts
Mature bone cells are clinically called: osteocytes osteoblasts osteoprogenitor osteoclasts
osteocytes
The canals that run from osteon to osteon are known as __________ canals.
perforating
Where are osteoprogenitor cells found? periosteum spleen bone marrow thymus
periosteum
fingers and toes
phalanges
If you move the joint of the ankle and foot so that you are standing on the ball of your foot, you have then ______________ the foot
plantar flex
Moving the joints of the ankle and foot so that the sole of the foot is facing down is called: pronation eversion hyperadduction plantar flexion
plantar flexion
During endochondral ossification, osteoblasts invade the center of the diaphysis, forming the: primary ossification center secondary OC medullary cavity endosteal cavity
primary ossification center
Besides depression and elevation, which of the following is also an action of the human mandible? protraction and retraction supination and pronation inversion and eversian flexion and extension
protraction and retraction
forearm bone
radius
What substance is housed in spongy bone, yet absent in the medullary cavity? progenitor cells red bone marrow yellow bone marrow digestive enzymes
red bone marrow
Before a bone can heal, what must be done to make sure the ends of the bone are touching? immobilize it reduce it repair it rebreak it
reduce it
The last step in bone repair is _______________
remodeling
Shaking the head in an aggressive gesture of NO is employing: adduction/abduction rotation flexion/extension supination
rotation
shoulder blade
scapula
Reduction
setting the bone so the ends stay touching
diaphysis
shaft of the bone
fossa
shallow depression
spine
sharp pointed projection
Most fibrous joints are: joined by cartilage freely moving joined by a joint cavity slightly movable
slightly movable
facet
small flattened area
Which is the second stage in bone repair? remodeling soft callous formation hematoma formation and inflammation bony callous formation
soft callous formation
rotation
spin on axis
ankle bones
tarsals
Ligament
tough, whitish bands that connect BONE to BONE
Falling off his skateboard, Hugh suffered a fracture of the bones of his forearm. These bones, the _______ and the ________ were injured.
ulna, radius
Ribs 8, 9, and 10 can be clinically called ___________, or commonly called false ribs.
vertebrocostal
true ribs
vertebrosternal
Which of the following allows the human body to absorb ingested calcium from the digestive tract? iron vitamin B vitamin D phosphorus
vitamin D
Articulation
where bones join together
The tip of the sternum is called the: xyphoid hyoid condyloid patella
xyphoid
During CPR chest compressions, the part called the _________ of the sternum takes the brunt of the compressive force.
xyphoid process