BT 1, BT 2, BT 3, BT 4, BT 5, BU 1, BU 2, BU 3, ES AUSAT
Uniformly distributed load
(Rectangular loading) uniform magnitude
Center of mass
(Section property) Point at which the entire mass is concentrated
Sheet glass
(Sometimes called window glass or drawn glass) was made by dipping a leader into a vat of molten glass then pulling that leader straight up while a film of glass hardened just out of the vat
Uniformly varying load
(Triangular loading) distributed load which uniformly varies with the distance
Cantilever beam
(beam) Supported by a fixed support at one end only
Bleeding
(emergence of excess mixing water on the surface of newly placed concrete caused by settlement of solids within the mass)
Laitance
(milky deposit containing cement and fine aggregate on the surface of new concrete combined with bleeding, overworking of mix or improper finishing).
Gypsum Board
(or plaster board or drywall or wall board) -a wall board having a gypsum core
Dutch Cone Penetration Method
- 60 degree cone with a base area of 100 sq. mm is used in this method - this is attached to the tip of a rod and protected by a casing - cone is pushed by the rod into the ground, cone is slightly larger than the pipe in order to minimize friction between the tool and the surrounding soil
Single Acting Steam Hammer
- steam is applied to raise the striking part of the hammer then allowed to fall by gravity - force of the blow depends on the length of the stroke and the movable weight - number of blows per minute depends on the steam pressure
ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS
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Cement Type: (...)
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Concrete Admixtures (...)
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Concrete Finishes (...)
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Concrete Mixture (...)
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Concrete Products (...)
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Different Processes of Mixing Concrete (...)
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Methods for Construction (Concrete) (...)
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Methods of Transporting Concrete (...)
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PAINT (...)
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PAINT CLASSFICATION (...)
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PAINT COMPOSITION (...)
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PAINT TYPES (...)
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Properties of Concrete (...)
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Qualities of Good Concrete (...)
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Synthetic adhesives
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skylight sizing principles
1 square foot of a skylight area for every 20 square feet of floor space; example: 100 square feet room area = 5 square feet skylight area
Types of supports
1. Cable 2. Roller 3. Pin or hinge
Conditions of equilibrium
1. Resultant is zero 2. The sum of moments about any point in system is zero
External effects
1. Shear 2. Moment 3. Torque
Class AA
1:1.5:3
Class A (mortar)
1:2
Class B
1:2.5:5
Class A
1:2:4
Class B (mortar)
1:3
Class C
1:3:6
Class C (mortar)
1:4
Class D (mortar)
1:5
Insulating Grade- for insulating decorative panels and ceiling tiles with V-notch plaster base Sheathing Grade-surfaces and edges are coated with asphalt and or with fibers impregnated with asphalt during manufacture
2 Basic Grades of Insulating Fiberboard
Structural board-2" thick used for non-bearing partitions, plaster base, insulator, exterior sheathing, roof decking, and inner form face for concrete basement wall. Insulation grade-2" thick, intended primarily for roof deck insulation.
2 Grades of Strawboard
Cane Fiberboard-shredded cane and processed into fibers. Mineral Fiberboard-made from asbestos fibers mixed with cementing agent ideal for fireproofing and acoustical purposes.
2 Types of Insulating Fiberboard
Running Bond- a masonry bond formed when all units are laid in stretcher position, with a half-unit overlap (Type of paneling) Stack Bond- a masonry bond formed when there is no overlapping of all units and all horizontal & vertical joints are aligned (Type of paneling)
2 Types of Paneling
Clear - no ambiguity Correct - technically Concise - no excessive verbiage
3 C's for Specification:
pre -finished paneling
3/16' -¼" ( paper overlaid, printed series, book matched and ribbon grained ) (TYPE OF PLYWOOD)
Sub-contractor's limits, Contractor Limits, Inspection and testing procedures (Quality Control), Design Criteria
4 Alternate Options
Cement
4 parts calcined limestone plus 1 part clay which are mixed, burned and pulverized, sold in 40 kilos per bags
Temperature
50°F and 60°F is the preferred temperature (physical characteristics)
DRYING
70-90% of the original moisture must be removed from the timber before this could be used for construction.....a reason why routine drying is importan
Standard Hook
90 degrees, 135 degrees, or 180° been made at the end of a reinforcing bar according to industry standards with a radius based on the bar diameter
Appliance Branch Circuit
A BRANCH CIRCUIT that supplies energy to ONE OR MORE outlets.
Air Circuit Breaker
A CIRCUIT BREAKER where interruption occurs in AIR.
Grounded Circuit
A CIRCUIT in which one conductor or point is INTENTIONALLY GROUNDED.
Octave
A Frequency band whose upper limit is twice the lower limit ;a division of audible frequency range
Soldier Pile
A H-section sheet pile driven vertically into the ground to support horizontal laggings
Hertz
A Measure of frequency
P trap/ 1/2 S trap/ Gooseneck
A P-shaped trap
Alternating Current
A PERIODIC CURRENT.
Flutter Echo
A RAPID SUCCESSION OF ECHOES caused by reflection of sound back and forth between two parallel walls.
Splay
A SLIGHT OFFSET in an angle from a flat plane such as walls or ceilings
Resonance
A STATE in which the forces OSCILLATION of a system occur at or near natural frequency of a system
Air Switch
A SWITCH where interruption occurs in AIR.
Alternator (Synchronous Generator)
A SYNCHRONOUS ALTERNATING-CURRENT machine that changes MECHANICAL power to ELECTRICAL
Emergency Light
A TEMPORARY source of light.
Phon
A Unit of loudness level
Door
A barrier that serves as an OPENING in a wall.
Half Bath
A bathroom with a water closet and a lavatory
Full bath
A bathroom with a water closet, lavatory and bathtub
Simple Beam
A beam having a single span supported at its end without a restraint at the support
Cantilever Beam
A beam supported on one end and the other end projecting beyond the support, beam or wall
Semi-continuous Beam
A beam with two spans with or without restraint at the two extreme ends
Hook
A bend or curve given to the end of a tension bar to develop an equivalent embedment length, used where there is sufficient room to develop an embedment length
Return Bend
A bend that provides a 180-degree change in direction
1/16 Bend
A bend that provides a 22 1/2-degree change in direction
1/8 Bend
A bend that provides a 45-degree change in direction
Elbow (1/4 Bend)
A bend that provides a 90-degree change in direction
concrete deck stiffened plate web stiff diaphragms
A box girder consists of:
Spreader/Spacer
A brace, usually of wood for spacing and keeping wall or footing forms apart
Circuit Vent
A branch vent that serves 2 or more traps and extends from in front of the last fixture connection of a branch to the vent stack
Joist band
A broad, shallow supporting beam for a ribbed slab that is economical to form since its depth is the same as that of the joists.
Socketed Caisson
A caisson that is drilled into a stratum of solid rock rather than belled
Pier
A cast-in-place concrete foundation formed by boring with a large auger or excavating by hand a shaft in the earth to a suitable bearing stratum and filling the shaft with concrete.
Bend Offset
A change in the direction of a pipeline (other than 90 degrees) by a combination of bends; brings one pipe section out of line but into a line parallel with another section
Conversion
A change in use of a building which has different requirements.
Ozonation
A chemical water treatment technique based on the infusion of ozone into water
Yoke
A clamping device for keeping column forms or the tops of wall from spreading under the fluid pressure of newly placed concrete
Chipboard
A class of building board made from wood and particles in a binder often faced with veneer; made by binding phenolic resin or urea formaldehyde glue
Short Column
A column having an unsupported height not greater than 10 times the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section
Drainage Fixture Unit (DFU)
A common measure of the probable discharge rate of various fixtures; = 7.5 gals (or 1 cu.ft) per minute
Project Manual
A complete set of bid and contract docs.
Harmonics
A component of sound containing More than one frequency which is an integral multiple of the lowest frequency
Cellular Mat
A composite structure if reinforced concrete slabs and basement walls serving as a mat foundation
Sewerage or Sewage Works
A comprehensive term, including all construction for collection transportation, pumping, treatment and final disposition of sewage.
Tied Column
A concrete column reinforced with vertical bars and individual lateral ties.
Spiral Column
A concrete column with spiral reinforcement enclosing a circular core reinforced with vertical bars.
Reinforced Concrete Column
A concrete designed to act together with vertical and lateral reinforcement in resisting applied forces.
Under reinforced Section
A concrete section in which the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength before the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain.
Precast Concrete Slabs
A concrete slab member or product that is cast and cured in a place other than where it is to be installed in a structure.
One-way Slab
A concrete slab of uniform thickness reinforced in one direction and cast integrally with parallel supporting beams
Two-way Slab
A concrete slab of uniform thickness reinforced in two directions and cast integrally with supporting edge beams or bearing walls on four sides
Flat Plate
A concrete slab or uniform thickness reinforced in two or more directions and supported directly by columns without beams and girders; suitable for short to medium spans with relatively light live loads; best for moderate spans
Insanitary
A condition contrary to sanitary principles or injurious to health
Jumper
A conductor used to MAKE A TEMPORARY CONNECTION between terminals around a break in a circuit.
Grounding Conductor
A conductor wire used to connect a system to a GROUNDING ELECTRODE or electrodes.
wall footing
A continuous type of footing intended to support as well as transmit the load imposed by the wall directly to the ground
Socket
A coupling with enlarged ends for more strength
Union
A coupling with internally threaded ends and a center piece, which is rotated; used to connect two pipes
Reducer/ Increaser
A coupling with one end larger than the other; used to connect pipes of different sizes
Sanitary Cross Tee
A cross with a slight curve in each of the 90-degree transitions
Pipe
A cylindrical conduit or conductor
Rigid body
A definite amount of matter whose parts are fixed in position relative to one another
Asbestos cement board
A dense, rigid board containing a high percentage of fibers bonded with Portland cement; characterized by its high resistance to fire, flame and weathering but has low resistance to heat flow
Garage Catch Basin
A device designed to convey waste from garage, wash rack, grease pits and repair floors into the house drain
Chair
A device supporting and holding steel reinforcement in proper disposition before and during the placing of concrete
Moisture Resistant
A device treated that EXPOSURE TO MOISTURE will not cause injuries.
Fitting
A device used to connect one or more pipes to each other
Water Meter
A device used to measure the volume of water that passes through the water service
Flushometer Valve
A device which discharges a predetermined amount of water to fixtures for flushing
Flush Valve
A device which flushes water closets and similar fixtures; located at the bottom of a flush tank
Backwater Valve
A device which prevents the reverse flow of storm water or sewage into the drainage system
Free body diagram
A drawing of the structure/part of the structure under consideration
Lally Column
A fabricated post made of steel provided with a plain flat steel bar or plate which holds girder, girt or beam. The steel pipe is sometimes filled with concrete for additional strength and protection from rust or corrosion.
MELAMINE ADHESIVE
A fast setting adhesive specially formulated for room temperature bonding of porous substrate to difficult-to-bond synthetic materials such as melamine surfaces and highly impregnated papers. Product also shows success in bonding wood to metals such as stainless steel, copper and aluminum
Hose Bibb
A faucet to which a hose may be attached
Fiberboard
A fibrous felted homogenous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers and having a density of less than 490 kg/m3 but not more than 159 kg/m3
Gypsum wallboard
A fireproof sheathing used for interior and ceiling applications; this materials is also used for partitions that do not require framing
Trap
A fitting or device that provides a liquid seal which prevents backflow and foul gases without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it
Bend (Sweep)
A fitting used to change pipe direction
Wye (Wye Branch)
A fitting used to connect a branch pipe into a straight run at a 45-degree angle
Tee
A fitting used to connect a branch pipe into a straight run at a 90-degree angle
Cross
A fitting used to connect four straight pipes at 90-degree angles
Adapter
A fitting used to connect pipes of different materials
Bushing
A fitting which is both internally and externally threaded; used to connect pipes of different sizes
Flange
A fitting with a projecting collar along the edge
Cleanout
A fitting with a removable plate or plug for pipes to be cleaned and maintained
Cap
A fitting with an inside thread used to close the end of a pipe
Plug
A fitting with an outside thread with a square head, used to close the end of a pipe
Bidet
A fixture for washing the external genitals and posterior
Lavatory
A fixture for washing the hands and face
Flat Slab
A flat plate thickened at its column supports with column moment-resisting capacity.
High Tank
A flush tank is located high up behind the toilet bowl.
Rectangular Footing
A footing, rectangular in plan and supporting a load of unequal magnitudes in both axis
Pile Cap
A footing-like member, which joins the head of a cluster of piles in order to distribute the load from a column or grade beam equally among the piles
Snap Tie
A form tie having notches or crimps, which allow its ends to be snapped off below the concrete surface after stripping of the forms
Deep Foundation
A foundation system type employed when the soil underlying a foundation is unstable to transfer building loads to a mote appropriate bearing stratum
Shallow Foundation
A foundation system type, which is employed when stable soil of adequate bearing capacity occurs relatively near to the ground surface
Floating Foundation
A foundation used in yielding soil, having for its footing a raft placed deep enough that the weight of the excavated soil is equal to or greater than the weight of the construction supported
Grid Foundation
A framework of crossing beam for spreading heavy loads over large areas
HSLA (High-Strength Low-Alloy) Steel
A group of low-carbon steels containing less than 2% alloys in a chemical composition specifically developed for increase strength, ductility, & resistance to corrosion. Much stronger & tougher than ordinary carbon steel
Window Lift
A handle used to assist in LIFTING or LOWERING a window
CAST IRON
A hard, brittle, non-malleableiron-based alloy containing 2%-4.5% carbon and 0.5%-3% silicon
Tempered board
A hardboard impregnated with a drying oil or other oxidizing resin and baked to improve its hardness and moisture resistance
Strawboard
A hardboard made of compressed wheat straw and processed and covered with a tough kraft paper
Weathering Steel
A high-strength, low-alloy steel that forms an oxide coating when exposed to rain or moisture in the atmosphere. Best-known under the trademark COR-TEN steel
Expansion Joint
A joint or gap between adjacent parts of a building, structure, or concrete work which permits their relative movement due to temperature changes (or other conditions) without rupture or damage.
Construction Joint
A joint where two successive placement of concrete meet
Base Course
A layer of coarse granular materials place and compacted undisturbed soil or prepared fill to prevent the capillary rise of moisture to a ground slab
Fiber cement board
A lightweight _ made of fibers and portland cement, quartz sand and additives; a versatile and durable material used for exterior and interior application such as ceiling, partitions and siding
Bent Bar
A longitudinal bar bent to an angle of 30 or more with the axis of the concrete beam, perpendicular to and intersecting the cracking that could occur from diagonal tension
Pile Driver
A machine for driving piles, usually composed of a tall framework supporting machinery for lifting a pile in the position before driving, a driving hammer, and vertical rails or leads for guiding the hammer
Ribbed Mat
A mat foundation reinforced by a grid of ribs above or below the slab
Conductor of Sound
A material that carries or transmit sound energy
FERROUS METAL
A metal containing iron as a primary material
NON-FERROUS METAL
A metal containing little or no iron
Busbar
A metallic bar used to provide COMMON CONTACT/ TERMINATION for a GROUP OF WIRES
Compound Meter
A meter that unites a disk and turbine meter in one body
Damp proofing
A method of foundation system protection applied to a foundation wall when a subsoil conditions indicate that hydrostatic pressure from the groundwater table will not occur
Swale
A natural landscape feature or a human-created one. Artificial ones are often designed to manage water runoff, filter pollutants, and increase rainwater infiltration.
Plastic or Synthetic Pipes
A new concept in the field of plumbing. It was introduced in the Philippines in the 70's. It proven itself to be superior as sewer and cold water pipe line.
Open Nipple
A nipple having both ends externally threaded and the midsection unthreaded
Close Nipple
A nipple with the entire length externally threaded
Wood wool cement board
A non structural material in low cost housing constructions which may be used for heat insulation and sound absorption but not as fire retardant material
Particle board
A non-veneered composite wood panel product consisting of cellulosic particles made by bonding small wood particles with a synthetic resin under heat and pressure.
Waferboard
A non-veneered panel product composed of large, thin wood flakes bonded under heat and pressure with a waterproof adhesive.
Oriented strandboard
A non-veneered wood panel commonly used for sheathing and as sub-flooring, made by bonding three or five layers of long, thin wood strands under heat and pressure using waterproof adhesive.
Cesspool/ Seepage Pit/ Dry Well
A non-watertight excavation in the ground which receives the discharge of a sanitary drainage system, retaining solids but allowing liquids to seep through
Tapered endform
A pan to form thickened joist ends for a greater shear resistance in a ribbed slab.
Paperboard
A paper pulp pressed into boards 3/16", or ¼" thick, 4' wide, and 6-8' long. Usually one surface is primed for easier finishing A layer of stiff paper folded into corrugated form and faced on both sides with a thick paper backing, cemented to the core
Bulkhead
A partition closing the end form or preventing the passage of newly placed concrete at the construction joint.
Water Stain
A penetrating stain made by dissolving dye in a water vehicle
Spirit Stain
A penetrating stain made by dissolving dye in an alcohol or spirit vehicle.
Master Plumber
A person with knowledge of and experience in plumbing who employs journeymen plumbers or who conducts a plumbing business
Flashing
A piece of sheet metal fitted under another piece of flat metal or wood over which water is expected to run
Shore
A piece of timber to support a wall, usually set in a diagonal or oblique position, to hold the wall in place temporarily
Caisson
A pier especially when the boring is 2ft. (610mm) or larger in diameter to permit inspection of the bottom
Yoke Vent
A pipe connected upward from a soil or waste stack to a vent stack for preventing pressure changes
Soil Pipe
A pipe that conveys fecal matter
Drain
A pipe that conveys ground or surface water, storm water, or wastewater in a drainage system
Waste Pipe
A pipe that conveys liquid waste
Water Distributing Pipe
A pipe that conveys potable water from the building supply pipe to the plumbing fixtures and other outlets.
Vent Pipe
A pipe that provides air circulation in a drainage system and relieves negative pressure on traps
Ejector Vent
A pipe that provides air in a sump pit and prevents pressure buildup
Sewer
A pipe which conveys sewage and wastewater
Wet Vent
A pipe which functions as both a fixture branch and as a vent; usually oversized
Digestive Cesspool
A pit for the reception or detention of sewage
Bath Tub
A plumbing fixture used for bathing
Solid Flat Slab
A pre-cast, stressed concrete plank suitable for short spans and uniform distributed floor and roof loads.
Single Tee
A precast, pre-stressed concrete slab having a broad, T-shaped cross section. It is a Load-bearing structure with a T-shaped cross section.
Double Tee
A precast, pre-stressed concrete slab having two stems and a broad cross section resembling the capital letters TT.
L-Beam
A precast, pre-stressed ledger beam having a cross section resembling the capital L. It is designed in a form of an L to provide bearing.
Inverted Tee
A precast, pre-stressed ledger beam having a cross-section resembling an inverted capital T.
Back Pressure
A pressure greater than atmospheric pressure (>14.7 psi)
Rotary Pump
A pump having a helical or spiral rotor- a turning vertical shaft within a rubber sleeve
Reciprocating Pump
A pump having a plunger moving back and forth in a cylinder equipped with check valves
Submersible Pump
A pump having a turbine and motor that can be submerged without damage
Jet Pump (Ejector Pump)
A pump having a venturi tube added to a centrifugal pump
Turbine Pump
A pump having a vertical turbine below groundwater level and a driving motor at grade level, with a long shaft between them; requires substantial head clearance
Centrifugal Pump
A pump having an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft; it is associated with distribution systems for tall buildings
Vector
A quantity possessing both magnitude and direction represented by an arrow whose length is proportional to the magnitude. Force, velocity, acceleration, moment
Plumbing Fixture
A receptacle attached to a plumbing system other than a trap in which water or wastes may be collected or retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing system.
Yard Catch Basin
A receptacle used to catch surface water drained from the cemented courts, driveways and yards
Primary Consolidation
A reduction in volume of a soil mass under the action of a sustained load, due chiefly to a squeezing out of water from the voids within the mass and the transfer of the load from the soil water to the soil solids. Also called primary compression
Secondary Consolidation
A reduction in volume of a soil mass under the action of a sustained load, due chiefly to adjustment of the internal structure of the soil mass after most of the load has been transferred from the soil water to the soil solids
Tie Beam
A reinforced concrete beam distributing the horizontal forces from an eccentrically loaded pile cap or spread footing to other pile caps or footings
Continuous Footing
A reinforced concrete footing extended to support a row of columns
Combined Footing
A reinforced concrete footing for a perimeter column or foundation wall extended to support an interior column load
Ribbed slab
A reinforced concrete slab cast integrally with a series of closely spaced joists which in turn are supported by a parallel set of beams. It is designed as a series of parallel t-beams
Continuous Slab
A reinforced concrete slab extending as a structural unit over three or more supports in a given direction.
Gooseneck
A return bend of a small faucet
Pan
A reusable metal or fiberglass mold used in forming a ribbed slab, available in standard 20- and 30- inch
Distribution Rib
A rib formed perpendicular to the joists of a ribbed slab to distribute possible load concentrations over a larger area one required for spans between 20 and 30 ft. and two for spans over 30ft
Wallboard
A rigid sheet composed of wood pulp, gypsum or other materials
Wallboard
A rigid sheet composed of wood pulp, gypsum or other materials; may be fastened to the building to provide an interior surface finish; the long edges of the board usually tapered to provide easy treatment of joints when board is erected
Beam
A rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting elements
Relief Valve
A safety device that automatically provides protection against excessive temperatures and pressures; installed in water-heating equipment to prevent overheating and explosions
Private Sewage Disposal System
A septic tank with the effluent discharging into a subsurface disposal field, seepage pits of such other facilities or may be permitted by the plumbing code
Anaerobic Digestion
A series of processes in which micro-organisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen and is widely used to treat wastewater
Public Sewer
A sewer directly controlled by public authority to which all abutters have equal rights to connections
Sanitary Sewer
A sewer intended to receive sanitary sewage with or without industrial wastes and without the admixture of surface water, storm water, or drainage
Private Sewer
A sewer privately owned and not directly controlled by public authority.
Nipple
A short externally threaded pipe section, used to connect couplings or fittings
Coupling
A short internally threaded pipe section, used to connect two pipes
Noise Isolation Class
A single number rating derived in the same manner as sound transmission coefficient (STC) based on noise reduction (NR) Also known as (NIC)
Isolated Footing
A single spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier
Barn Door Stay
A small WHEEL which rolls along a horizontal track and GUIDES the movement of door.
Distribution Box
A small concrete receptacle between the septic tank and the drain field in which lines of drain tiles extends and which acts as surge tank to distribute the flow of sewage equally to each line of drain tiles
Cone
A small truncated cone of wood, steel or plastic attached to a form tie to space and spread wall forms, leaving a neatly finished depression in the concrete surface to be filled or left exposed
PAINT
A solution of a pigment in water, oil, or organic solvent, used to cover wood or metal articles either for protection or for appearance
Diffuse Sound Field
A sound Field that spread sounds equal in all directions
Urinal
A specialized toilet for urination only. It can take the form of a container or simply a wall, with drainage and automatic or manual flushing
Reference Specification
A specification that refers to a standard specification to indicate properties desired in a material or component and the methods of testing required to substantiate the performance of products.
Performance Specification
A specification that stipulates how a particular component or system must perform without giving means to be employed to achieve the results.
Descriptive Specification
A specification that stipulates the exact quantities and qualities or properties of materials to be furnished and how they are to be assembled in construction.
Proprietary Specification
A specification that stipulates the use of specific products, systems or processes without provision for substitution.
Dome
A square metal or fiberglass pan used in forming the ribs of a waffle slab
Split Face
A stone finish exhibiting the natural quarry texture resulting from splitting the stone
Sand Finish
A stone finish that is granular and moderately smooth, varying with the characteristics of the specific stone
Rock Face
A stone finish with emphasized face-plane shifts and rough corners, exaggerating the natural look of the stone
Cobble Stone
A stone used in paving. It may be rectangular, or naturally rounded
Workability
A stone's hardness and grain texture must allow it to be quarried, cut and shaped
Density
A stone's porosity affects its ability to withstand frost action and staining
Calorifier
A storage vessel, not open to the atmosphere, in which a supply of water is heated
Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)
A structural lumber product made by bonding long, narrow wood strands together under heat and pressure using a waterproof adhesive; used as beams and columns in post and beam construction
Siphonage
A suction caused by the liquid flow in pipes; a pressure less than the atmospheric pressure (<14.7 psi)
Sewage Disposal System
A system of collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of sewage
Reinforcement
A system of steel bars, strands or wires for absorbing tensile, shearing and sometimes compressive stresses in a concrete member or structure
Structural system
A system of structural components that makes up a structure. It is interconnected as to provide rigidity and resist the effect of forces whether directly or indirectly
Scaffolding
A system of temporary platform to support workers and materials on the face of a structure and to provide access to work areas above ground
Ventilation System
A system that provides air circulation, preventing siphonage and backpressure
Drainage System
A system which conveys sewage, rainwater, or other liquid wastes to a point of disposal
Water Supply System
A system which provides and distributes water to the structure
Storm Drainage System
A system which removes storm water
Sump
A tank or pit below the normal grade of gravity that receives sewage, at which the sewage is pumped to a higher receiving point
Tapped Tee
A tee with a branch that is tapped to receive a threaded pipe
Sanitary Tee
A tee with a slight curve in the 90-degree transition
Straight Tee
A tee with all openings having the same size
Street Tee (Service Tee)
A tee with an outside thread on one end and an inside thread on the other end and on the branch
Cofferdam
A temporary enclosure in a river, lake, etc., to keep water from the enclosed area prior to the construction of a permanent structure/s
Staging
A temporary platform for workers and the materials that they use in the building structures
Sawn face
A term describing stone exhibiting the marks left by the saw used to cut it
Rusticated
A term describing stone masonry with a recessed cut margin, so a channel is formed when the blocks are aligned
Perc Test
A test to determine the absorption rate of soil for a septic drain filed
Mat Foundation
A thick, slab-like heavily reinforced concrete footing supporting a number of columns or an entire building
Diaphragm
A thin Body that separates two areas
Concrete Topping
A thin layer of high-quality concrete placed over a concrete to form a floor surface
Bonding Layer
A thin layer of mortar spread on a moistened in prepared existing concrete surface prior to laying a new concrete slab
Public Toilet
A toilet facility located at public places like markets, bus stations, buildings, etc. intended for public use
Water Closet (Flush Toilet)
A toilet that disposes of human waste by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to another location
Wrought Iron
A tough, malleable, readily soft iron that is easily forged & welded. Fatigue & corrosion resistant
Hollow Stem Auger Boring Method
A truck mounted driving rig turns the auger to a depth of more than 60 meters using continuous flights of auger with a hollow stem where samples of soil can be retrieved.
Sheath
A tube for encasing tendons in a post-tensioned member by tensioning the reinforcing tendons after the concrete has set.
Waffle Slab
A two-way concrete slab reinforced by ribs in two directions.
Footing Tie Beam
A type of beam-like footing placed underneath the ground in order to transmit and provide additional rigidity to two or more columns
Rectangular Combined Footing
A type of combined footing rectangular in plan and supporting two columns. Column loads are assumed to be of the same magnitude
Stepped Footing
A type of footing that changes levels in stages to accommodate a sloping grade and maintain the required depth at all points around a building with the center having the thickest part of the building
Concurrent force system
A type of force system wherein the lines of action of forces meet at a common point
Pile Foundation
A type of foundation system used when foundation bed is too weak to support the raft or mat or any other type of footing
Standard Hardboard
A type of hardboard that is flexible and quite easily bent, light brown
Steam Pile Hammer
A type of pile driver that is automatically raised and dropped a short distance by the action of the steam cylinder and the piston supported in a frame, which follows the pile
Precast Socket Foundation
A type of precast footing provided with a socket to receive a precast column
Brand Name Specification
A type of specification where the desired product is specified by the name given by the manufacturer's name and model number.
Masterformat
A uniform classification System, for construction specifications that is divided into several sections, each of which is sequentially numbered and named.
Butterfly Valve
A valve in which the flow is controlled by a rotating disk
Ball Valve
A valve in which the flow is controlled by a rotating drilled ball that fits against a watertight seat
Gate Valve
A valve in which the flow is cut off by a circular disk against machine-smoothed surfaces
Globe Valve
A valve in which the flow is cut off by a circular disk that fits tightly against the seat.
Angle Valve
A valve in which the inlet and outlet openings are at right angles to one another
Foot Valve
A valve installed at the base of the suction line of a pump in a water cistern or reservoir
Faucet
A valve on the end of a water pipe which allows water to be drawn
Pressure Reducing Valve
A valve that automatically converts high, fluctuating inlet water pressure to a lower, constant pressure
Check Valve
A valve that closes automatically to prevent backflow; no handle
Hydrant Valve
A valve used for accessing water directly from the main; used for fire protection and suppression
Float Valve
A valve used to control the water level in a container; the flow is controlled by a floating ball
Loop Vent
A vent arrangement for a group of plumbing fixtures, consists of a vent pipe which is connected to the waste or soil branch immediately before the first fixture of the group.
Fixture Vent
A vent pipe which leads from the drainage pipe to another vent pipe or to the atmosphere
Branch Vent
A vent that connects one or more individual vents to a main vent
Individual Vent/Back Vent
A vent that connects to a single fixture trap
Duplex Vent
A vent that connects to dual fixture traps
Local Vent
A vent without connection with the plumbing system. It terminates at the roof and connected to the fixture at point below the seat.
King Post
A vertical member in a truss EXTENDING FROM THE APEX.
Shaft
A vertical opening through a building for elevators, dumb-waiter, ventilation or similar purpose.
Soil Stack
A vertical soil pipe that conveys the discharge from branches to the building drain or building sewer
Strongback
A vertical support for aligning and reinforcing wales
Vent Stack
A vertical vent pipe installed to provide air circulation to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system.
Main Vent (Vent Stack)
A vertical vent pipe that provides air circulation to/from any part of a drainage system
Riser
A vertical water supply pipe that conveys water to branches
Hardboard
A very dense felted, homogenous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot press to a density not less than 490 kg/m3
Gypsum board or plaster board
A wallboard having a gypsum core; sometimes referred to as plasterboard that is made typically made of layer of gypsum plaster pressed between two thick sheets of paper then kiln dried.m
Indirect Waste Pipe
A waste pipe that does not connect with the drainage system directly, but through an air break or gap into a trap, receptor or interceptor
Box Caisson
A watertight box made of timber and concrete, having a bottom , but no top
Septic Tank
A watertight receptacle which receives the discharge of a sanitary drainage system, retaining solids but allowing liquids to discharge into the soil through pipes
Composite Wood Panel
A wood panel consisting of two face veneers bonded to a reconstituted wood core.
Plywood
A wood panel product made by bonding veneers together under heat and pressure, usually at right angles to each other.
Grade Strip
A wood strip fixed to the inside face of a form to indicate the top of a concrete lift
Agreement
A written agreement between owner and contractor setting forth the work to be performed, the time of completion and the contract sum.
Specifications
A written doc. describing in detail the scope of wrok to be done, materials and equipment to be used, method of installation or application and the quality of workmanship.
Field orders
A written order effecting a minor change in work.
Inverted Wye Combination
A wye branch combined with a 1/8 bend, where the branch end is a spigot
Upright Wye Combination
A wye branch combined with a 1/8 bend, where the branch inlet is parallel to the straight run.
Combination Wye Branch
A wye branch combined with a 1/8 bend, where the branch inlet is perpendicular to the straight run.
Superstructure
ABOVE GROUND portion of building
Conduit Fittings
ACCESSORIES used to complete a conduit system
Window Subsill
ADDITIONAL SILL fitted to a window frame to case rain water to drip farther away.
Spandril
ANGLE formed by a stairwell
Concrete
ARTIFICIAL STONE made from mixture of cement, sand, gravel and water
Magnetism
ATTRACTIVE POWER of a magnet
Intensity
AVERAGE RATE OF SOUND ENERGY flow per unit area in a direction perpendicular to the area
Piezoelectricity
Ability of crystals to generate a voltage in response to APPLIED MECHANICAL STRESS.
Absorption
Ability of material to absorb acoustical energy measured in sabins
Ductility
Ability to be stretched without fracture (Characteristics of Pipe)
Conductivity
Ability to conduct electric current.
Electrical Conductance
Ability to conduct electricity (Characteristics of Pipe)
Weatherability
Ability to retain appearance and integrity after having exposed to the heat and rain (Characteristics of Pipe)
Heat Resistance
Ability to withstand the effects of heat (Characteristics of Pipe)
Toughness
Absorb energy at high stress
Dessicant
Absorber of excess water vapor
Sound Diffraction
Acoustical phenomenon which CAUSE SOUND WAVES TO BE BENT OR SCATTERED AROUND
NEOPRENE
Adhesives based on Neoprene are available as either solvent or aqueous compositions. They can be low viscosity sprayable and roll coatable, intermediate viscosity brushable, or have high viscosity mastic-like consistencies.
Change orders
Adjustment in the contract sum.
Feeder
All circuit conductors between the service equipment and the final branch circuit over-current device; mga feeders in game, reason bakit natatalo ang team.
Collinear
All forces in a parallel system act along a single line of action
Construction
All on-site work done from site preparation, excavation, foundation, assembly of all components and installation of utilities and equipment of structures.
Allowable Slump
Allowable slump: 1. beams and columns (3") 2. slabs, walls parapets and tops (2") 3. side walls and arches (4") 4. heavy mass of concrete (2")
Elasticity
Allows to deform and recover its original shape (Characteristics of Pipe)
Steel
Alloys of iron and carbon Carbon content is no more than 2% An alloy element is composed of phosphorous, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, manganese, silicon, aluminum, copper, nickel, etc.
Pre-cast concrete
Also call Pre-fabricated. It is a from of construction, where concrete is cast in a reusable mould or form which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place; mass production
Glue laminated timber
Also called "gluelam"; type of a structural timber prodict composed of several layers of dimensional lumber glued together
Revent
Also called an Individual vent
Tankless DHW (Multi-point System)
Also called instantaneous water heaters, they are available as electrically-powered wall-mounted fixtures. Usually consists of fairly long coils through which water passes.
Unit and mullion system
Also called semi-unitized system, is a hybrid of the stick and unit system. Similar to mullion system, mullions are the first tube to be installed
Communication Acoustics
Also known as SPEECH considers transmission of speech
Gutter
Also known as eaves trough. It is a narrow channel, or trough, forming the component of a roof system which collects and diverts rainwater shed by the roof
Hollow-Core Slab
Also known as voided slab or hollow core plank. It is a pre-cast slab of pre-stressed concrete plank internally cored to reduce dead weight. It is suitable for medium to long spans and uniformly distributed floor and roof loads.
Rain Chains
Alternatives to a downspout. They are widely used in Japan. Their purpose is largely decorative, to make a water feature out of the transport of rainwater from the guttering downwards to a drain or to a storage container.
AWG
American Wire Gauge. Smaller the number, bigger the diameter and vice versa.
Air Column
An air space enclosed on at least five sides which produces sound wave characteristics. an example of which are the pipes of a pipe organ
stainless steel
An alloy steel containing a minimum of 12% chromium & additional nickel, manganese, and molybdenum alloy elements Resistance to heat, oxidation & corrosion
Tensile force
An applied force which produce tension in an elastic material
Compressive force
An applied force which produces compression in an elastic material
Auger Boring Method
An auger is used for this purpose where a hole is bored on the ground.
Circuit Breaker
An automatic device for STOPPING the flow of current in an electric circuit as a safety measure.
Straight Elbow
An elbow having both ends internally threaded
Union Elbow
An elbow with a union-type coupling on one end
Street Elbow (Service Elbow)
An elbow with an inside thread on one end and an outside thread on the other end
Coulomb
An electric charge of 6.28 x 10^18 electrons
Interceptors
An environmentally-friendly filtration system that captures large amounts of wet waste solids at the source before they can enter pipes, grease traps or the public sewage system
Major Excavation
An excavation which requires a wide or total extraction of the soil.
Individual Sewage Disposal System
An excreta disposal system serving a dwelling unit
Communal Excreta Disposal System
An excreta disposal system serving a group of dwelling units
Cord
An insulated wire that is FLEXIBLE.
Manhole
An opening in a plumbing system, of sufficient size for a person to access
Sound
An oscillation pressure of the atmosphere which is capable of being DETECTED BY THE HUMAN EAR
Privy or Outhouse
An outhouse or structure for the deposition of excrement
Cistern Tank
An underground water tank for storing rain water
Hub
Another term for bell
Bibb
Another term for faucet, cock, plug, tap, or spigot
Web Member
Any MEMBER of a truss which joins the top and bottom chord.
Renovation
Any Physical change made on a building to increase its values and utility.
Noise
Any UNWANTED SOUND,It is annoying and interferes with speech and hearing or intense enough to cause hearing damage
Distortion
Any change in the transmitted sound signal . sound received is not a faithful replica of the original sound source
Cross Connection
Any connection or arrangement pipes between two separate building water supply systems, through which water supply may flow from one system to the other
Overcurrent.
Any current in EXCESS.
Battery (of Fixtures)
Any group of 2 or more similar adjacent fixtures connected to a common soil or waste branch
Sewage
Any liquid waste containing animal or vegetable matter; it may also include chemicals
Addition
Any new construction which increases the height or area of an existing building.
Wedge
Any of a variety of slotted devices for tightening formworks and transferring the force in a form tie to wales
Stirrup
Any of the U-shaped or closed-loop bars placed perpendicular to the longitudinal reinforcement of a concrete beam to resist the vertical component of diagonal tension.
Bottom Bar
Any of the longitudinal bar serving as tension reinforcement in the section of a concrete beam or slab subject to a positive moment
Top Bar
Any of the longitudinal bar serving as tension reinforcement in the section of the concrete beam or slab subject to a negative moment
Branch
Any pipe other than the main, riser, or stack
Floor Drain
Any pipe which carries water or waterborne wastes in a building drainage system
Stack
Any vertical pipe for soil, waste or ventilation
Dishwasher
Appliance for washing dishes
Support and Hangers
Appurtenances for holding, fastening pipes for the proper alignment
Dissolved Minerals
Are calcium, magnesium sodium, iron and manganese and other carbonates and silicates, alkyl benzene sulfate from detergents and synthetic organic from insecticides and pesticides
Entrained Gases
Are carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide methane, oxygen and nitrogenous and organic compounds
Closed Specification
Are generally brand name specifications where material is required to match existing material in terms of quality and type.
Engineering Drawing Documents
Are technical in nature, used to fully define requirements for engineering work and is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions and details.
Addenda
Are written or graphic instruments that supplement the bidding documents for the purpose of clarifying, correcting or adding specs.
Square mil
Area of a square having its side equal to 1 mil.
Series-Parallel Circuit
Arrangement where several devices are connected in SERIES groups and PARALLEL to each other.
POLYVINYL RESIN (PVA)
As an emulsion in water, PVA is sold as an adhesive for porous materials, particularly wood, paper, and cloth. It is the most commonly used wood glue, both as "white glue" and the yellow "carpenter's glue." Ex. Elmers Glue
Underwater Acoustics
Aspects of Sound in the sea
Inverse Square Law
At a distance from a source, under free-field conditions.sound intensity varies INVERSELY with the SQUARE of the distance from the source, resulting in a decrease in sound pressure level of 6 db for each doubling of distance.
Pitch
Attribute of an auditory sensation which enables us to ORDER SOUND ON A SCALE EXTENDING FROM LOW TO HIGH FREQUENCY
Trap Seal Loss
Attributed to inadequate ventilation of the trap and the subsequent minus and plus pressure which occur
Limit Switches
Automatic devices that stop the car within overtravel
Interval/ Lobby Dispatch time
Average TIME between departure of cars from the lobby
Round trip time
Average time required for car to make a ROUND TRIP.
Fillet
BAND FASTENED to the face of a front string
Geometric Acoustics
BEHAVIOR OF SOUND WAVES likened to that of light rays.
Full Mortise Hinge
BOTH leaves are FULLY MORTISED into the abutting surface so that KNUCKLE is visible.
Deformed Bars
Bars with SURFACE DEFORMATIONS to provide anchorage
Mechanical refrigeration
Based on alternate liquefying and evaporating of a volatile liquid refrigerant
Master Specifications
Basis for their project specifications. Include items of work normally encountered by the organization.
Ready-Mixed Concrete
Batched in a stationary plant then hauled to site
Shower Bath
Bathing water is showered on the user's body from above
Cantilever beam
Beam which is supported ONLY AT ONE END.
Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
Better in quality than the steel pipe for plumbing installation. More resistant to acid waste than the steel pipe
Fascia Board
Board nailed horizontally to the ends of a rafter USED TO SUPPORT GUTTER.
String Board
Board next to the well hole that RECEIVES THE END OF THE STEPS.
Wall String
Board placed against the wall to RECEIVE THE END OF STEPS
Angle Board
Board whose surface is cut at a desirable angle, a guide for cutting
Form
Boarding and sheeting of wood, metal, plastic fiberglass for containing and giving a desired shape to newly placed concrete until it sets and gains sufficient strength to be self-supporting
Utility Box
Box intended for RECEPTACLE OUTLET or switch plate installation
Pullbox
Box with blank cover which is inserted to facilitate PULLING of wires
Junction Box
Box with blank cover which serves the purpose of JOINING DIFFERENT RUNS OF RACEWAY OR CABLE.
Strut
Brace which RESISTS TRUSS in the direction of its own. Maybe upright, diagonal or horizontal.
Bridging
Braces placed between joists to stiffen them
Individual Branch Circuit
Branch Circuit that supplies only ONE equipment.
General Purpose Branch Circuit
Branch circuit that supplies a NUMBER OF OUTLETS for lighting and appliances.
Electrostatics
Branch of electrical science dealing with the LAWS of electricity at REST.
Photoelectric
By LIGHT falling upon a photosynthetic material such as cesium or selenium.
Lever Switch
By Lever like action switch.
Radioactive Materials
By entrainment of radioactive substances from mining or processing ores, by wastes from industrial use of radioactive materials
Piezoelectric
By mechanical pressure of crystals.
Newel
CENTRAL COLUMN where the steps wind
Raceway
CHANNEL for holding wires or cables.
Ampere
CHARGE OF FLOW of one coulomb per second
Curve Out
CONCAVE CURVE on the face of a front string
Focusing
CONCENTRATION of reflected acoustic energy within a limited location in a room as the result of reflections from concave surfaces.
Service Conductors
CONDUCTORS from the SERVICE POINT
Receptacle
CONTACT DEVICE installed at the outlet for the connection of a PLUG
Tread Return
CONTINUATION of a horizontal rounded edge of the tread beyond the stair stringer.
Stair Knee
CONVEX BEND at the back of the handrail
Downspout
CONVEYS WATER from the gutter DOWN to the storm drain
Roof
COVERING of a building for protection against weather.
Part 1 - General Part 2 - Products Part 3 - Execution
CSI Three-Part Section Format
Appliance
CURRENT CONSUMING equipment.
Underground Cable
Cable designed for use BELOW GRADE APPLICATION
Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable
Cable having an outer sheath of MOISTURE RESISTANCE, FLAME-RETARDANT, NONMETALLIC material.
Travelling Cable
Cable made up of electrical conductors which provides electrical connection between dumbwaiter car, or material lift and a fixed outlet in the hoist way or machine room.
Armored Cable
Cable provided with a WRAPPING OF METAL for the purpose of mechanical protection.
Service Entrance Cable
Cable used for services.
Integrated Gas Spacer Cable
Cables individually insulated and enclosed in a loose fit nonmetallic flexible conduit as an INTEGRATED GAS SPACER CABLE.
Taste and Odor
Can be caused by organic compounds, inorganic salts or dissolved gases. (physical characteristics)
Nitrates
Can cause blue baby disease (toxic substances)
Zinc
Can cause undesirable taste at high concentration (toxic substances)
Sulfates
Can enter from groundwater through deposits of salts (toxic substances)
Manganese
Can pose a psychological threat (toxic substances)
Motor Circuit Switch
Capable of interrupting the maximum current of the MOTOR.
Fire Resistance
Capacity to withstand fire (Characteristics of Pipe)
Door Trim
Casing of MOLDING around a door frame to conceal CRACKS or JOINTS
Alkalinity
Caused by bicarbonate, carbonate, or hydroxide components (physical characteristics)
Foamability
Caused by concentration of detergents (physical characteristics)
Grout
Cement + Considerable amount of water
Section properties centroid
Center of one or two-dimensional figure about which the sum of the displacements of all points is zero
Color
Change in color through dissolved organic matter (physical characteristics)
Thermal Expansion
Change in length or volume of a material when exposed to heat (Characteristics of Pipe)
Latent Heat Vaporization
Change is from liquid to gas
Latent Heat Fusion
Change is from liquid to solid state
Flow Resistance
Characteristic that causes resistance to liquid flow (Characteristics of Pipe)
Overvoltage
Characterized by short circuiting, voltage in excess.
Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
Cheapest among sewer pipes. Recommended for house sewer and for septic tank installation
Branch Circuit
Circuit conductor between the final overcrrent device PROTECTING THE CIRCUIT AND OUTLETS.
Snap Switch
Circuit is made BROKEN by QUICK MOTION
Stair Headroom
Clear OVERHEAD height of a riser to a certain obstruction
Modulus of rigidity
Coefficient of elasticity expressing the ratio between shearing stress and strain produced by stress
Electromagnet
Coil of wire where magnetic circuit is COMPLETED through a magnetic material such as iron.
Trapezoidal Combined Footing
Column loads on this type are assumed to be of unequal magnitude
Hip and Valley Roof
Combination of Hip roof and intersecting gable roof.
Truss
Combination of MEMBERS to constitute a rigid framework
Grid Foundation
Combined footing with a number of INTERSECTING CONTINUOUS FOOTING.
Direct Siphonage/Self Siphonage
Common in unventilated traps which serve oval shaped fixtures
4"x8"x16" -non load-bearing 6"x8"x16" -load bearing
Common size for concrete brick
Saw Tooth Roof
Commonly used on FACTORIES where extra light is needed.
Glass
Commonsense refers to a hard, brittle, transparent solid, such as that used for windows, many bottles, or eyewear In the technical sense, ______ is an inorganic product of fusion which has been cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing
Partials
Component of high frequencies
Tension Sheave
Component that gives stability to a governor rope
Metal-Clad
Components are enclosed in a METAL casing or enclosure.
Insulating fiberboard
Components used for the manufacture of this type of board are wood, sugar cane, asbestos and binder
Split type airconditioner`
Composed of two separate sections, one installed inside and one installed outside.
Medium density fiberboard (MDF)
Composite panel product generally consisting cellulosic fibers mixed with a synthetic resin or other alternative bonding element and joined together under heat and pressure
Stop and Waste Valve
Compression valve with a side port into the valve body
Bearing stress
Compressive stress exerted on an external surface of a body
Compression
Concentration of the conductor molecules to produce a HIGH PITCHED LAYER OF SOUND
Applied mechanics
Concerns mainly on the applications of the principles of mechanics to the solution of problems commonly encountered
Reinforced concrete beam
Concrete beam design to act together with longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied forces
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete containing steel reinforcements
Cast-in-place concrete
Concrete deposited, formed, cured and finished in its final position on site as part of a structure ; material of choice for slab-on ground and foundations because of its long term durability and structural support
Plain concrete
Concrete having no reinforcement, or reinforced only for drying shrinkage or thermal stresses.
1. Cement 2. Aggregates (sand and gravel) 3. Admixtures 4. Water
Concrete is made by mixing
Control of Concrete Mixes:
Concrete is normally specified according to the compressive strength it develops depending on the type of cement used
Pre-stressed concrete
Concrete reinforced by pre-tensioning high strength steel tendons within their elastic limit to actively resist a service load.
over reinforced section
Concrete section in which the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain before the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength
Cast-in-Place Concrete
Concrete which is deposited in the place where it is required to harden as part of the structure as opposed to precast concrete
Pile
Concrete, steel or wood column less than 2ft driven into the soil to provide lateral support
Static equilibrium
Condition in which forces in a state of rest are acting in opposite direction of the same magnitude
Coplanar
Condition where all forces lie on one plane
Covered Conductor
Conductor encased within a material NOT RECOGNIZED BY CODE as insulation
Insulated Conductor
Conductor encased within a material RECOGNIZED BY CODE as insulation.
Bare Conductor
Conductor having NO COVERING.
Branch Conductor
Conductor that BRANCHES OFF at an angle from a continuous run of conductor
Grounding electrode conductor
Conductor used to CONNECT the grounding electrode to the equipment GROUNDING CONDUCTOR.
Copper-clad aluminum conductor
Conductors drawn from a COPPER_CLAD ALUMINUM ROD with the copper bonded to an ALUMINUM CORE.
Riveted Joints
Connection between two members which are RIVETED together.
Web member
Connects upper and lower chord
Deep Well Plunger Pump
Consist of a cylinder installed below the water level and connected to the driving mechanism at or near the ground level by a wood or steel wood
Lift Pump
Consist of a piston travelling up and down within a cylinder which is connected with a pipe extending down into the source.
Dial Switch
Consist of movable contact mounted on an arm that can be ROTATED.
Area Drain
Consists of a running trap installed under the basement floor to protect it from freezing.
Drum Switch
Consists of a set of contact segments mounted on a movable DRUM.
Weatherproof
Constructed so that EXPOSURE TO WEATHER will NOT INTERFERE successful operation.
Watertight
Constructed so that MOISTURE WILL NOT ENTER.
Alteration
Construction in a building involving changes in the materials used, partitioning, size of openings, structural parts etc
BatchBox
Container used to MEASURE and mix the constituents of batch of concrete
Step assembly
Continuous assembly of steps that supports passengers
Endless Belt
Continuous belt attached to the handrail and indirectly connected to the steps
Pendant Swtich
Control of lamps which are mounted or OVERHEAD
Environmental Acoustics
Control of noise pollution, environmental noise
Car Top Inspection
Control panel on TOP of an elevator car.
Thermoelectricity
Conversion from the TEMPERATRE differentials to electricity or vice cersa
Windpower
Conversion of WIND energy into more useful forms.
Rectifier
Converts AC to DC
Legal Consideration
Courts generally held on the event of conflict between drawings and specs.
Insurance
Coverage that may be necessary to safeguard the interest of all parties to the contract.
Ampacity
Current in AMPERES that a conductor can carry on continuous use without EXCEEDING TEMPERATURE rating.
Continuous Direct Current
Current remains steady or uniform
Callback
Customer request which requires a check of an elevator
Common Wire Nail
Cut or wire steel nail used where FINISH is not important.
Thermoelectric cooling
DC is passed through the circuit of a thermocouple then heat is given off at one junction and absorbed by the other
Span of Supports
DISTANCE between posts, columns and supporting walls.
Stair Run
DISTANCE from first to the last riser
Voltage Drop
DROP in ELECTRIC PRESSURE due to RESISTANCE.
Statics
Deals with forces and effect on rigid bodies at rest
Dynamics
Deals with motion and with the effects forces acting on rigid bodies in motion
Musical Acoustics
Deals with the physics of musical intruments
Theory of structures
Deals with the principles and methods by which the direct stress, shear and bonding moment and the deflection art any section of each constituent member in the structure may be calculated
Acid Resistance
Degree of which a surface will resist attack by acids (Characteristics of Pipe)
Penetration
Depth from the original surface to the base metal to the point at which FUSION CEASES.
Surface Switch
Designed for MOUNTING ON THE SURFACE of the wall
Woman's Urinal
Designed for women where the user is in straddled position when using this fixture
Flush Type
Designed to be EMBEDDED on a surface.
Service Elevator
Designed to carry materials and cargo.
Sound Conditioning
Designing and equipping a space for effective retention of desirable sound and maximum relief from undesirablle acoustical effects.
Acoustical Analysis
Detailed study of all sound pertinent sound sources, sound transmission paths and sound receptors in the contect of particular acoustical problem
Plug
Device INSERTED into a RECEPTACLE for connection.
Disconnecting Means
Device by which conductors CAN BE DISCONNECTED from their source of supply.
Relay
Device designed to interpret input conditions in a prescribed manner.
Switch
Device for MAKING, BREAKING or REARRANGING the connections of a circuit
Transfer Switch
Device for TRANSFERRING one or more load connection from one power source to another.
Electric Motor
Device for converting ELECTRICAL to MECHANICAL energy
Anchor or Anchorage
Device for fixing one object to another.
Safety Switch
Device incorporated in the bottom beam of the car frame and counterweight, exerts retarding force in case of overspeed.
Buffer
Device installed at the bottom or pit of an elevator used to absorb impact
Ground Fault Circuit interrupter
Device installed in circuits where leakage can be especially dangerous such as bathrooms, etc.
Door Stop
Device placed behind wall to prevent opening of door TOO WIDE.
Lightning arrestor
Device providing a path which lightning disturbances are passed through.
Auxillary
Device that AIDS the main device or equipment.
Air Conditioner
Device that PROVIDES air conditioning
Governor
Device that causes car and counterweight to stop in case of emergency
Ballast
Device that provides the necessary circuit condition for STARTING AND OPERATING A LAMP.
Thermostat
Device that responds to changes in temperature
Automatic Transfer Equipment
Device used to TRANSFER LOAD from one power source to another.
Transformer
Device used to change voltage by INCREASING OR REDUCING IT.
Brush
Device used to connect a circuit with a DC motor. Carries current to and from the car.
Inverter
Device used to convert DC to AC power.
Generator
Device used to increase the pressure of the refrigerant
Humidistat
Device used to measure changes in humidity
Filter
Device used to seperate solids and particles from the air
Damper
Device used to vary the volume of air passing through
Controller
Device which serves to control.
Tread Length
Dimension of TREAD
Tread Width
Dimension of a thread
Rheostatic Control
Direct current system of control by varying resistance and reactance in the field circuit of hoisting across the line
Throw
Direction from a given position in which THE CONTACT IS MADE.
Direct Placement
Discharging of freshly mixed concrete into a form from a mixer, buggy or crane
Flashover
Disruptive ELECTRICAL CHARGE around or over an insulator.
Span
Distance between supports
Radius of gyration
Distance from its moment of inertia axis at which the entire area is considered concentrated without changing the numerical value of its moment of inertia
WaveLength
Distance of crest to crest
15m - 45m
Distance of water-tight and gas-tight septic tank away from water sources
Window Pane
Division of a window consisting of a SINGLE UNIT OF GLASS.
Submittal
Docs or material provided to Architect/engineer for review or acceptance.
Double Acting Door
Door equipped with hardware that permits it to SWING ON BOTH SIDES.
Acoustical Door
Door especially constructed to REDUCE NOISE transmission through it.
Aluminum Door
Door having ALUMINUM stiles and rails.
Flush Door
Door having faces which are PLANE and CONCEALS rails and stiles or other structures. (Hollow core door)
Full Glass Door
Door having glass IN THE ENTIRE AREA between rails and stiles.
Panel Door
Door having stiles and rails which form ONE OR MORE FRAMES around recessed panel.
Knob Lock
Door lock with SPRING BOLT controlled by one or two KNOBS and a DEADBOLT controlled by a key.
Full Flush Door
Door of hollow-metal construction formed from TWO SHEETS OF STEEL.
Pocket Sliding Door
Door slides on overhead track and enters a RECESS within the width of the WALL.
Double Acting Hinge
Doorframe that does not have door stops therefore allowing DOUBLE SWINGING
Bypass Sliding Door
Doors that SLIDES on an OVERHEAD TRACK along guides on a track.
Architectural Drawing Documents
Drawing docs prepared by an architect for a construction project.
Working Drawings
Drawings intended for the contractor which form a part of the contract docs of the building project.
Ductility
Drawn permanently through great change
Fender Pile
Driven at wharves or in front of a large masonry structure to protect them from sudden blows
Copper
Ductile, malleable and bright reddish brown color with high thermal and electrical conductivity. Used as electrical wiring, piping, flashing and roofing material. Care must be taken in fastening, attaching or supported only by selected brass fittings.
Overcurrent
Due to mechanical OVERLOAD.
Copper Pipe
Durable and extremely corrosive resistance material. Easy to install compared to other types of pipes.
FELLING
During this period, the quantity of sap is at its greatest & the state of swelling, acidity, etc. are very much unfavorable
Power Outlet.
ENCLOSED ASSEMBLY includes receptacles, circuit breakers, fuseholders, fused switches, buses and watthour meter.
20 cm to 30 cm
END LAPPING of GI sheet
Service Equipment
EQUIPMENT connected to the load end of service conductors to a building or other structure.
BackHoe
EXCAVATING MACHINE for cutting trenches
Open Wiring on insulators
EXPOSED wiring method using cleats, knobs and tubes. It is NOT CONCEALED
Chord
Either of the 2 principal members extending end to end
Garbage Disposal
Electric grinding device used to grind food
Wires
Electrical conductors which are 8mm^2
Photoelectricity
Electricity induced by ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION.
Hydroelectricity
Electricity obtained from HYDROPOWER, from the potential energy of damned water driving a water turbine and generator.
Dynamic Electricity
Electricity that FLOWS through a substance or over its surface in the form of electric current.
Brake
Electro-mechanical device used to prevent the elevator from moving when the car motion is applied to the hoist motor.
Electric elevator
Elevator consisting of a car that is mounted on guide rails, suspended by tension cables and operated by ELECTRIC HOISTING MACHINERY
Passenger elevator
Elevator used to transport people from floor to floor.
Winding Drum Machine
Elevator with cables fastened to wound around a drum.
Uninterruptible Power Supply
Emergency System designed to PROVIDE POWER automatically upon FAILURE of the normal power supply.
Rotary Drilling
Employed as one of the most efficient and convenient method and used for soil structure characterized by high resistant materials such as rocks, clay as well as sand.
Abrasion Resistance
Enables it to resist being worn away by friction (Characteristics of Pipe)
Cutout Box
Enclosure that is SURFACE MOUNTED that has SWINGING DOORS that are secured directly to the wall
Damping
Energy Dissipation in an oscillating system. A damped system cannot oscillate freely
Electromotive force
Energy per unit charge AVAILABLE for CONVERSION from other forms of energy.
Electromagnetic Force (EMF)
Energy-charge relation that RESULTS IN ELECTRIC PRESSURE which produces charge flow
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
Engineered wood product that uses multiple layers of thin wood assembled with adhesives under heat and pressure using a waterproof adhesive; it is stronger, straighter and more uniform in size and shape
Infiltration and ventilation load
Entry of outside air into the space to be conditioned
Utilization Equipment
Equipment which UTILIZES ELECTRIC ENERGY for different purposes.
Control Equipment
Equipments necessary to controlling the car
Air Conditioning Machinery
Equipments used in airconditioning system
Expansion Coil
Evaporator constructed with a pipe or tubing
Minor Excavation
Excavation characterized as having independent and hollow block wall footing where the digging of the soil for the footing extend to depth from .0 to 5 meters and about 0.5 meter for wall footing
Wind load
Exerted by the kinetic energy of a moving mass of air
Resorcinol-phenol formaldehyde
Expensive but have qualities necessary for durability and water resistance
Casing
Exposed TRIM MOLDING around a door. May be flat or molded.
Strength of materials
Extends the study of forces that was begun in mechanics. Deals with relations between externally applied loads and their internal effects on bodies
Axial stress
External stress acting on a member parallel to its major axis and member is of constant cross section
Partial Penetration
FAILURE of the weld metal and base metal to FUSE
Purlin Cleat
FASTENER used to SECURE PURLIN to its support
Curtail Step
FIRST STEP by which a stair is ascended.
Metal Clad Cable
Factory assembled, each INDIVIDUALLY INSULATED AND ENCLOSED IN A METALLIC SHEATH of interlocking metal tape.
Mineral Insulated, Metal Sheathed Cable
Factory assembled, insulated with a highly compressed refractory MINERAL and enclosed in continuous copper or steel sheathe.
Window Catch
Fastening device fixed to window sash to PREVENT BEING OPENED in the other side.
Insulation board syrocowood homasote masonite medium density fiberboard hardboard
Fiberboard
Coursed Rubble
Fieldstone or roughly dressed stone, with or without mortar, assembled to give an effect of courses
Window Casing
Finished FRAME SURROUNDING a window.
Plumbing Valve
Fitting installed by plumbers on a piping system to control the flow of liquid
Laundry Tray
Fixed tub installed in the laundry area
Baseboard
Flat projection from an interior wall or partition COVERING the joing of floor and wall.
Geometrical Stair
Flight of stair supported by WALLS at the end of each step.
Close Coupled
Flush tank is attached at the back of the closet bowl.
Combined Footing
Footing that supports MORE THAN ONE COLUMN
Valves
For control at certain points
Air washers
For humidifying and for cleaning the air
Acting force
Force acting directly on a body
Couple
Force system of 2 equal, parallel forces acting in opposite directions and tending to produce rotation
Non coplanar
Forces do not lie on one plane
Applied or contacting forces
Forces that refers to the push or pull produced by mechanical effort
Static Electricity
Form of electricity that appears to REMAIN on the surface of a body as a charge.
Cooling by absorption
Form of water chiller developed by absorption
She Bolt
Form tie consisting of WATER RODS which are inserted through the form and threaded onto the ends of an inner rod.
Pyramid Roof
Four straight sides are sloping towards the center termination of a point.
Absorption Coefficient
Fraction of sound energy that is absorbed by that surface, usually denoted by a
Stair Nosing
Front EDGE of a step that project beyond the riser.
Controlled Vented Power Fuse
Fuse with provision for controlling discharge circuit interruption SUCH THAT NO SOLID MATERIAL MAY BE EXHAUSTED into the atmosphere.
Vented Power Fuse
Fuse with the provision of ESCAPE OF ARCE GASES during circuit interruption
Components of a force
Fx-F x cos and Fy- Fx sin refers to the _____
Standby Generator
GENERATOR providing emergency power.
Systems Description
Generally applicable to mechanical, electrical, elevators and process equipment and specified in those sections.
Hardwoods
Generally broad-leaved deciduous trees
Solar DHW System
Generally composed of solar thermal collectors, a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to its point of usage.
Softwoods
Generally needle-leaved coniferous trees that bear their seed in cones
Reacting force
Generated by the action of one body to another
AC Generator
Generator that produces Alternating Current.
DC Generator
Generator that produces Direct Current
...
Glass (...)
Insulating Grade Sheathing Grade
Grades of Fiberboard
Standard Hardboard Tempered hardboard Low Density Hardboard
Grades of Hardboard
Structural Board Insulation grade
Grades of strawboard
Triangle method
Graphic technique for finding the vector sum of 2 concurrent forces by displacing one force vector parallel to itself completing the triangle with a vector that represents the resultant force
Polygon method
Graphic technique for finding the vector sum of a coplanar force system of several concurrent forces by drawing to scale each force vector in succession with the tall of each of the head of one preceding it and completing the polygon with a vector that represents the resultant force
Non applied or non contacting force
Gravitational pull, magnetic force or inertia force
Grease Trap
Grease traps of adequate capacity must be installed wherever greasy wastes from kitchen sinks
Ultimate stress
Greatest unit stress a material can withstand
Drive Sheave
Grooved wheel of traction type hoisting machine over which the hoist rope motion is imparted to the car and counterweight.
Stranded Wire
Group of Wires TWISTED to form metallic string.
Bus
Group of conductors that serve as a COMMON CONNECTION for THREE OR MORE CIRCUITS in a switchgear assembly.
Zone
Group of floors
Gypsum Lath
Gypsum board with a gypsum core and heavy paper on both sides
Substructure
HABITABLE BELOW GROUND portion of the building
Barn Door Hanger
HANGER for an exterior sliding door.
Stair Rise
HEIGHT of stairs from LANDING TO LANDING
Interrupting Rating
HIGHEST CURRENT RATING a device is intended to interrupt.
Rivet Holes
HOLE to which a rivet is driven.
Window Stool
HORIZONTAL BOARD on a window sill fitted against a bottom rail of the lower sash.
Tread Run
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE between two consecutive risers.
Stair Landing
HORIZONTAL FLOOR as resting place in flight.
Window Rails
HORIZONTAL MEMBER of a window SASH
Stair Tread
HORIZONTAL PART OF A STEP including the nosing
Door Roller
Hardware accessory consisting of WHEELS on tracks that supports sliding doors.
Sodium
Harmful to people with heart, kidney or circulatory diseases (toxic substances)
Precast Concrete Pile
Has a round, square or polygonal cross section and sometimes an open core; often pre-stressed
Corner Toilet
Has a triangular shaped tank; good for small bathroom,
Half Mortise Hinge
Have ONE leaf that is MORTISED into the edge of the door and other is surface mounted in the door frame.
Parliament Hinges
Have T SHAPED leaves and PROTRUDING knuckles so that door can stand away from wall when opened.
Full Surface Hinge
Have TWO LEAVES surface mounted to adjacent surface of a door and frame.
Olive Knuckle Hinge
Have a single pivoting joint and has an OVAL SHAPED knuckle
Surface Hinge
Have one leaf MORTISED into a door frame and the other SURFACE MOUNTED to FACE of door.
Intumescent Coatings
Heat Resistant Paints when exposed to the heat of a fire, swell to form a thick insulating layer of inert foam that retards flame spread and combustion
Convection
Heat Transmission, either natural or forced
Solar Load
Heat gained due to the heat energy incident on the surface.
Sensible Heat
Heat in BTU absorbed by a substance without changing its state.
Thermal Transmission load
Heat transferring from walls, doors, floors and ceilings
Latent Heat
Heat which is absorbed and evolved without changing its temperature
Condenser
Heat-exchange device in the refrigeration system.
Thermoelectric
Heating the junction of two dissimilar metals .
Pipe Pile
Heavy steel pipe driven with the lower end either open or close by a heavy steel plate or point and filled with concrete. and open end pipe pile requires inspection and excavation before being filled with concrete
Dome
Hemispherical form of roof.
Oakum
Hemp or old hemp rope soaked in oil to make it waterproof
Crest
Highest part of a sound wave
Spring Hinge
Hinge that contains coiled SPRING for closing door automatically
Invisible Hinge
Hinge that is CONCEALED when doors are closed.
Accordion Door
Hinged door consisting of a SYSTEM OF PANELS which are HUNG from an OVERHEAD TRACK.
Folding Door.
Hinged door panel that FOLD flat against one another when opened.
Elevator
Hoisting and Lowering mechanism with a CAR which moves from floor to floor.
Wells
Holes in earth where liquid is drawn
Concrete Block
Hollow load-bearing -concrete hollow blocks40-50 lbs. Solid load-bearing block -core area not more than 25% of gross sectional cross area Hollow non-load bearing block -core area more than 25% of gross-sectional cross area
Cellular Metal Floor Raceway
Hollow spaces of CELLULAR metal floors together with suitable fittings.
Passive Soil Pressure
Horizontal component of resistance developed by a soil mass against the horizontal movement of a vertical structure through the soil
Window Sill
Horizontal member beneath a window opening SLOPED to shed rainwater.
Pitching Piece
Horizontal member where one end is wedged into the wall that SUPPORTS THE END OF THE STRINGER.
Roof Beam
Horizontal structure member that CARRIES the load of the ROOF
Wale
Horizontal timber or steel beam for reinforcing various vertical members.
Door Closer
Hydraulic device that AUTOMATICALY CLOSES door quickly.
Stair Head
INITIAL STAIR at the top of a flight of stair.
Fixed Transom
INOPERABLE panel of glass over a door.
Window Back
INSIDE FACE of the portion of the wall between window and rail
Tripping
INTERRUPTION or DISCONNECTION of contact in devices
Half Space
INTERVAL between two steps
Force law of equilibrium
Implies a balance of opposing forces within a system
Alastair Building
In England, _ was one of the contributors to the development of contemporary glass curtain walls.
glazing
In curtain wall construction, _ is the most common.
House Tank or Roof Tank
In elevated position for down feed gravity. Sediment in tank is drawn off through clean-out pipe and is prevented to enter the house supply by pipe projection.
Annealing
In the cases of copper, steel, and brass this process is performed by substantially heating the material (until glowing) for a while and allowing it to cool slowly. The metal is softened and prepared for further work such as shaping, stamping, or forming
Certificates
Include certificates of compliance and certificates of compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
Balustrade assembly
Includes all enclosure for the safety of the passenger.
Plumbing System
Includes the water supply distributing pipes, fixtures, traps, soil pipes, waste pipes, vent pipes, building drain, building sewer, and storm water drainage
Thermal Resistivity
Index of heat resistance (Characteristics of Pipe)
Induction
Influence exerted by a magnet or magnetic field upon conductors
Force
Influence on a body producing a change in shape or movement
Hardness
Inhibits the cleansing action of soap and detergents, deposits scale on the inside of pipes and utensils (physical characteristics)
Scratch coat
Initial SCORED LAYER of a concrete wall.
Cement
Initially used by the ancient Egyptians &was developed not later the late 19th century, open a new era for modern architecture particularly of the Brutalist period
Erection
Installation in place of components of a building.
Wet Location
Installations UNDERGROUND or in concrete slabs subject to water saturation.
Curb Stop
Installed between the curb and sidewalk line, accessible through a cast-iron stop box or that portion of the service between the curb and the building, becomes a control valve if basement become flooded
General Snap Switch
Installed in flush device boxes or on outlet box cover.
Sillcock
Installed on the outside of a building so that a garden hose may be attached
Drip Cock
Installed to release water in times of repair and cleaning
Ammeter
Instrument for measuring ELECTRIC CURRENT
Galvanometer
Instrument for measuring comparatively SMALL CURRENTS.
Ohmmeter
Instrument for measuring resistance.
Kilowatt hour Meter
Instrument used to MEASURE power consumption.
Insurance consideration
Insurance requirements governing owner's and contractor's liability and fire insurance.
Fresh-Air Inlet
Intended to admit fresh air to the drainage system so that there will be free circulation without compression throughout the house drain and stacks discharging above the roof
Dry Wall Finish
Interior covering such as GYPSUM BOARD or PLYWOOD.
Adiabatic Saturation
Introduction of water into an unsaturated air to increase humidity ratio
1959, float glass
Introduction to _. It was in full production, high quality glass became economical.
GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)
Iron coated with zinc to prevent rust. The process is achieved thru hot-dip galvanizing
Plug and Slot Welds
Iron connecting two OVERLAPPING plates by welding
Natural Magnet
Iron ores called MAGNETITE.
Guide Specification
Is a Standardized document intended to provide guidance to the specifier in preparing a portion of the contract docs.
Roof Drain
Is a receptacle designed to collect surface or rain water from an open area and discharge to a catch basin
Overhead Storm Drain
Is adopted when the street drainage is higher in elevation than the basement floor of the building. The purpose is to avail of the gravity flow of water. The pipe is well fitted and suspended inside the ceiling by suitable hangers spaced at closer intervals
Specification
Is an explicit set of requirements to be satisfied by a material, product, or service.
SPECsystem
Is an interactive expert system for writing specifications.
Catch Basin
Is designed to drain excess rain and ground water from paved streets, parking lots, sidewalks, and roofs. It is a part of a storm drain or sewer system which is designed to trap debris so that it cannot enter the drainage pipes.
Secondary Treatment
Is designed to substantially degrade the biological content of the sewage such as are derived from human waste, food waste, soaps, detergent. The majority of municipal plants treat the settled sewage liquor using aerobic biological processes.
Method System
Is employed when the specifier describes in detail the materials, workmanship, installation and erection procedures to be used by the contractor in the conduct of their work operations.
Outside Storm Drain
Is installed outside the foundation wall of the building. This type of drainage is possible on location where the lot is not totally occupied by the building
Roof Leader
Is popularly known as the water conductor or downspout either concealed or exposed type. It connects the roof terminal to the storm drain.
Inside Storm Drain
Is sometimes located under the basement floor or within the walls of the building. This type of storm drain is commonly found in buildings constructed along congested business districts, or buildings that occupy the entire frontage of the lot. The drainpipe is located under the floor or walls of the structures
Imperative Mode
Is the recommended method for instructions covering installation of products and equipment.
Double Tee
It forms a structural suspended floor concrete floor for use where large column open spaces are required.
Common Seal
It has 5 centimeters deep water seal between the overflow and the dip, which will offer resistance against abnormal conditions. 2 inches between the overflow and top dip
Composite wood or man made wood
It includes a range of wood derivative products which are manufactured by binding together strands, particles, fibers or veneers of wood.
Splash Pin
It is a collector of water coming down from the downspout leading the accumulated water away from the house at a relatively low rate of flow.
Structural Glass or Bolt-fixed glass
It is a series of glass units held together with patches or bolted connections that support the glass by direct bearing and friction.
Unit panel system
It is a series of prefabricated units, the interlock with the adjacent frame and is often pre-glazed.
Float glass
It is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten tin. This method gives the sheet uniform thickness and very flat surfaces
Chemically strengthened glass
It is a type of glass that has increased strength. The glass is chemically strengthened by submerging the glass in a bath containing a potassium salt (typically potassium nitrate) at 450 °C. 6-8x the strength of annealed glass.
Laminated glass (safety glass)
It is a type of safety glass that holds together when shattered. In the event of breakage, it is held in place by an interlayer, typically of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), between its two or more layers of glass. ______________windows have a protective vinyl layer of material inside of two pieces of glass
Drum Trap
It is also classified as a water seal device. The name was derived from its size being large in diameter.
Annealed glass
It is glass without internal stresses caused by heat treatment (ie by rapid cooling, or by toughening or heat strengthening). Glass becomes annealed if it is heated above a transition point then allowed to cool slowly, without being quenched.
Corporation Stop
It is inserted to the water main. It serves as a control stop for the water service, or shutoff for the service should the use of the building be discontinued.
Device
It is intended to CARRY but NOT UTILIZE electrical energy
Channel Beam
It is used for floors in the intermediate spans. Can be used for one way slabs and is being used on a large scale in construction of low cost housing.
Relief Vent
It ventilates the soil and waste pipe and connecting branches rather than the fixture trap
Unit Vent
It ventilates two fixture traps that discharge into a sanitary cross with deflectors. It is used on two fixtures of similar design installed on opposite sides of the partition.
Primary Treatment
Its objective is to separate settleable and floatable materials in the waste stream
Panel point
Joint between 2 or more members of a truss
Control Joint
Joint that creates lines of weakness so that cracking that may result from tensile stress occurs along predetermined lines
Ceiling Joist
Joist to which CEILING is attached
Moving load
Kinetic load of a short duration due to moving vehicles
Maximum Demand
LARGEST of all the DEMANDS which have occurred during the period of time
Eaves
LOWER EDGE of a sloping roof
Bioswales
Landscape elements designed to remove silt and pollution from surface runoff water
Switchboard
Large single panel or frame assembly where switches and other devices are mounted.
Ohm's Law
Law stating that current is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to the applied voltage and INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to resistance.
Base Coarse
Layer of COARSE granular materials that PREVENTS THE CAPILLARY RISE OF MOISTURE to a concrete ground slab
Embedment Length
Length of embedded reinforcement, provide beyond a critical section
End anchorage
Length of reinforcement or mechanical anchor or hook or combination thereof beyond point of zero stress in reinforcement
Attenuation
Lessening or reduction ex. from 80db to 70db
Sound Attenuation
Lesseninng or reduction ex. from 80db to 70db
Cellular Concrete Blocks
Lightweight block with outstanding thermal & sound insulation qualities. Made from silica rich sand & lime water mixed with aluminum powder
Magnetic Attraction and Repulsion
Like poles REPEL and unlike poles ATTRACT.
Non concurrent
Lines do not intersect at a common point
Effluent
Liquid discharge
Industrial Waste
Liquid waste resulting from the processes employed in industrial establishments and is free from fecal matter
Occupancy load
Live on structure resulting from the weight of people, etc.
Concentrated load
Load acting on a particular point
Transverse load
Load applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis
Car
Load carrying unit of an elevator
Dry Location
Location not normally subject to DAMPNESS OR WETNESS. :^)
Timber Pile
Log driven usually as a friction pile, often filled with a steel shoe and a drive band to prevent from their shafts from splitting or shattering
Column
Long Slender structural member subject to COMPRESSION.
Piano Hinge
Long narrow hinge that run the FULL LENGTH of the two surface to which the leaves are joined.
Plank
Long wide square sawn thick PIECE OF LUMBER.
Truss Bar
Longitudinal Bar bent UP OR DOWN at points of MOMENT REVERSAL in a reinforced concrete beam.
Vertical Reinforcement
Longitudinal reinforcement placed in concrete column to absorb compressive stresses, resist bending stresses and reduce the effects of creep and shrinkage in the column
Through
Lowest part of a sound wave
1.5 hours
MAXIMUM duration time for concrete to be discharged from the truck
Tread Plate
METAL FABRICATED floor PLATE
Natural
METHODS OF DRYING TIMBER: Air-drying
Artificial
METHODS OF DRYING TIMBER: Forced air drying -used of fans to booster the circulation of air
Kiln-drying
METHODS OF DRYING TIMBER: drying in a large airtight structure, heated by steam pipes
Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying
METHODS OF DRYING TIMBER: using radio frequency dielectric heat
Threshold of Pain
MINIMUM SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL of which STIMULATES the EAR TO THE POINT at which DISCOMFORTS gives way to DEFINITE PAIN
Threshold of audibility
MINIMUM SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL that is capable of evoking AUDITORY SENSATION
Window Apron
MOLDED WOOD STRIP that COVERS the edge of the plastering below a window stool.
Live Load
MOVABLE LOADS such as people, furniture and the like.
Compressor
Machine for drawing refrigerant from the evaporator
Generator
Machine that converts MECHANICAL to ELECTRICAL energy.
Concrete Pump
Machine that pumps CONCRETE
Elevator Machine
Machine that turns the sheave and lifts or lowers the car.
Vibrator ;^)
Machine used to AGITATE fresh concrete to eliminate voids
Oil Stain
Made by dissolving dye or suspending pigment in a drying oil or oil varnish vehicle
Chipboard
Made from building board particles & a binder (phenolic resin/urea formaldehyde glue) often faced with veneer.
Corkboard
Made from cork granules and mixed with synthetic resin
Insulating Fiberboard
Made from fibrous material like wood & sugarcane formed into board using asbestos as binder. Woods fibers made from sheared 5/8" chips then pressured and softened into live steam
Asbestos Pipe
Made of asbestos fibers and Portland cement. The thickness of the pipe is twice of that of the standard cast iron pipe
Galvanized Steel Pipe
Made out of mild steel. It is easily corroded by alkaline and acid water.
Hysteresis
Magnetic property that results from RESIDUAL MAGNETISM
Decibel
Magnitude of sound
Characteristics of a force
Magnitude, Line of action, Point of application, Direction
French Roof
Mansard roof where the sides are concave
Door Bolt
Manually operated sliding rod attached to door for LOCKING IT.
Spar
Marine varnish is a durable, weather resistant varnish made from durable resins and linseed or tung oil.
People Mover
Mass transit used for shuttling people around airports.
Resilience
Material Property: Absorbs
Insulator
Material or substance that DOES NOT ALLOW the flow of electricity
Admixture
Material used as an ingredient mixture for concrete
Coarse Aggregate
Materials over 9mm
Fine Aggregate
Materials smaller than 9mm
Absorbing Materials
Materials that dissipate acoustic energy for the purpose of absorbing acoustic energy
Sound Absorbers
Materials that have the capacity to absorb sound such as acoustical tile and panels
Holding Capacity
Maximum NUMBER of PASSENGERS that can be handled in a given period.
6
Maximum number of storeys for up-feed system
Combinations Specification
Maybe a combo of performance, description and reference specs but never a combo of close and open specs.
Conductance
Measure of PERMISSIVENESS TO CHARGE FLOW; reciprocal of RESISTANCE.
Capacitance
Measure of the electric energy STORAGE capacity.
Moment of a force
Measure of the: tendency to rotate at a point force, moment arm rotation, and moment center
Car Levelling Device
Mechanism or control which will move the car within a limited zone and stop it at the landing
PAth
Medium
...
Metal Joinery (...)
...
Metal Protection (...)
Jamb Anchor
Metal device inserted in the BACK of the JAMB to SECURE the frame to the wall.
Pull Box
Metal or Plastic box with BLANK COVER which FACILITATES THE DRAWING OF CONDUCTORS.
Ridge Roll
Metal or tile covering the CAPS of the RIDGE of the roof.
Fibercement board fibercement siding gypsum board papercrete
Mineral bonded particle board and fiberboard
1.20m
Minimum depth of septic tank
30m
Minimum distance of cesspool from any domestic water supply
100ft
Minimum distance of cleanouts within building sewers
15m
Minimum distance of public water supply from concrete sanitary sewers
25m
Minimum distance of septic tank from any well, cistern or other sources of drinking water supply
1.50m
Minimum distance of septic tank from commercial, industrial and institutional buildings
2"
Minimum outlet size of a floor drain
45m
Minimum radius distance of public water supply from outdoor privy, cesspools, septic tank or drain fields
100m
Minimum radius distance of wells for supplying water for public use from residential areas
0.2m
Minimum vertical distance of the air gap in a septic tank
Supplemental Instruction
Minor instructions not involving change orders.
Sash
Mixed or MOVABLE FRAMEWORK in window which GLASS ARE SET.
Mortar
Mixture of sand, cement and water.
Double Gable Roof
Modification of gable or hip and valley roof
Gambrel Roof
Modification of the gable roof with each side having TWO SLOPES.
Supplementary Conditions
Modified provisions of the general conditions.
Template Hinges
Mortise hinges manufactured to fit the RECESS and MATCH the arrangement of holes of hollow metal doors and frames.
Solar-reflective glass and low-emissivity glass
Most common coatings used for reflection, absorption and radiation of solar energy
extruded aluminum
Most common curtain wall frames are _
Cast Iron Pipe
Most popular pipe material for decades
Strength
Most types of stone have more than adequate compressive strength. The shear strength of stone, however, is usually about 1/10 of its compressive strength
Door Operator
Motor device which opens and closes the door
Hydraulic Elevator
Movement is dependent on the pressure applied through a system of retractable tubes containing oil that is pumped through a reservoir
Traction Machine
Movement of a car is derived by means of direct contact between the traction sheave and hoisting cables.
Live load
Moving load on a structure, acts downward
Brake Shoe
Moving mechanism that holds the elevator when power is applied on the hoist motor.
Flexible Conduit
NON-RIGID CONDUIT where conductors may be drawn.
Stair Housing
NOTCHES in the string board for the RECEPTION of stairs.
Frequency
NUMBER OF PERIODS occuring in a time of a periodic process.
Plug Valve
Named for the tapered, cylindrical closure member, which has a port through it that seals tightly on a resilient seat. Body types include straight through and angle configurations. Used primarily for throttling service, they have a high resistance to flow because of the diverted passage of fluid around the seat
NATURAL RUBBER ADHESIVE
Natural rubber is often vulcanized, a process by which the rubber is heated and sulfur, peroxide or bisphenol are added to improve resilience and elasticity, and to prevent it from perishing.
Stain
No binder
Varnish
No pigment
Infrasound
Noise of frequency less than 20 cyclesper second below the normal lower audible limit of the human ear.
Parallel force system
Non-concurrent forces having parallel lines of action
Scum
Non-soluble organic matter that floats on the surface
Frequency
Number of COMPLETE OSCILLATION CYCLES per Unit of time.Unit is hertz
Window
OPENING in a wall to admit LIGHT and AIR
Well Hole
OPENING in the floor at the top of a flight of stairs
Sash
OUTER EDGE OF A DOOR FRAME.
Receptacle outlet
OUTLET where one or more RECEPTACLES are INSTALLED
Service Drop
OVERHEAD service conductors from the last pole connected to the structure.
Roller type support
Offers resistance in a direction normal to the surface beneath the roller, does not resist movement parallel to the supporting surface
Link type support
Offers resistance in the direction along the link and through 2 pins
Isolation Joint
Often called as Expansion Joint, allows movement between concrete slab and adjoining columns and walls of a building
Dynamic load
Often with rapid change in magnitude and location
Yoke or By-Pass Ventilation
On a long vertical soil pipe, a relief vent is installed at 3 to 5 floor intervals. In this case, the relief vent is referred to as the Yoke or by-pass ventilation
Fixture Unit
One fixture unit is equivalent to a flow rate of one cubic foot of water per minute or 7 1/2 gallons of water per minute
Rafters
One of a series of inclined members where ROOF COVERING IS FIXED
Stile
One of the UPRIGHT structural member of a frame; Outer edge of door or a window sash.
Brass Pipe
One of the most expensive types of pipe. Superior material for waste and water supply
Vitrified Clay Pipe
One of the oldest materials used for sewer line. Durable material for underground like the sewer, house sewer or storm drain
Lead Pipe
One of the oldest plumbing materials used by the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Roman builders as soil and waste pipes. It is highly resistant to acid and is suitable for underground installation. It is never used to convey potable water since Lead is poisonous and injurious to human health.
Conductor
One that PERMITS THE FLOW OF CHARGE when EMF is applied.
Fuse wire
Open wire of low melting point commonly used in the safety power switch
Door Louver
Opening in a door with a series of SLATS which permits passage of air.
Hollow Newel
Opening in the MIDDLE of the staircase
Single Pole Switch
Opens and closes only on ONE SIDE.
Key Cock
Operate by means of a round, tapering plug, perforated in one direction perpendicular to its axis and ground to fit a metal seat
Compression Cock
Operate by the compression of soft packing upon a metal seat. They close against the flow of water and can be used upon high pressure pipes without causing water hammer.
Tumbler Switch
Operated in a manner that blades are activated by a LEVER instead of a button.
Overload
Operation of equipment in EXCESS of normal, full load rating, in EXCESS rated ampacity, may be dangerous and can cause fire.
Brittleness
Opposite of ductility. Fail without warning
Impedance
Opposition to AC current by a combination of RESISTANCE and REACTANCE.
Insulated glazing
Or double glazing is a piece of glazing consisting of two or more layers of glazing separated by a spacer along the edge and sealed to create a dead air space between the layers. This type of glazing has functions of thermal insulation and noise reduction
Pigmented Stain
Or opaque stain is an oil stain containing pigments capable of obscuring the grain and texture of a wood surface
Tempered glass
Ordinary glass is placed in an oven and removed at near melting point then chilled almost at once. This procedure causes a skin to form on the glass making it 4 to 5 times tougher than normal glass.
Magnet
Ore which had the property of ATTRACTING pieces of iron, steel or metals.
Sludge
Organic matter that settles at the base of the septic tank
Box Girder
Originally constructed of riveted wrought iron, they are now found in rolled or welded steel, aluminum extrusions or pre-stressed concrete.
Cylinder
Outermost lining of a hydraulic jack or plunger
Convenience Outlet
Outlet that RECEIVES the plug with flexible cord of electrical appliances
Lighting outlet
Outlet used for the direct connection of LIGHTING FIXTURE.
1. Brush 2. Spray 3. Roller
PAINTS CAN BE APPLIED BY
Damp Location
PARTIALLY PROTECTED locations under canopies, marquees, roofed open porches and the like.
Acoustical Design
PLANING shaping finishing and furnishing of an enclosed space
Floor Framing
PLATFORM suspended by posts, columns, walls and beams.
Service Point
POINT OF CONNECTION between facilities of the serving utility and the premises wiring.
Magnetic Poles
POLE of a magnet that will point toward the geomagnetic poles of the earth.
Chord
PRINCIPAL MEMBER OF A TRUSS which extends from one end to the other.
Fuse
PROTECTIVE DEVICE with fusible element that opens the circuit by MELTING when subjected to excessive current.
Ogee Roof
PYRAMID FORM having steep sides sloping to the center.
Car Operation Station
Panel mounted in car containing CAR OPERATION CONTROLS
Panelboard
Panel unit designed for ASSEMBLY in the form of a single panel;
Folding Door
Panels which are HINGED together so that they can open and FOLD in a confined space.
Shearing stress
Parallel
Stair String
Part of a flight of stair that FORMS its CEILING OR SOFFIT
T-beam
Part of the floor and beam unit when poured simultaneously thereby producing a monolithic structure where portion of the slab at both sides of the beam serves as flanges of such beam
Foundation Wall
Part of the foundation system, which provides support for the superstructure above and enclose a basement or crawl space partly or wholly grade
Conductor or Leader
Part of the roofing and/or area gutter system that takes water from a roof above surface area to a storm drain or other disposal area or system
Pole
Part of the switch for MAKING OR BREAKING a connection
Evaporator
Part where refrigerant is vaporized
Oriented strandboard laminated strand lumber waferboard particle board
Particle-Based
Duch
Passageway used to transfer air from one location to another
Moving Walk
Passenger carrying device on which passengers stand or walk. It is parallel to its direction of motion
Electric Circuit
Path composed of a CONDUCTOR and conducting electrical devices joined together.
Short Circuit
Path of low resistance connection across a voltage. Resistance is zero; too much current.
Gypsum Precast Roof Decking
Perfect gypsum containing various types of fibers for additional strength; made with either square plank or edged plank
Malleability
Permits mechanical deformation by extrusion, forging, hammering without fracturing (Characteristics of Pipe)
Moment arm
Perpendicular distance from the line of action of a force to the point or line about which a moment occurs
Normal stress
Perpendicular to stressed surface
Electricity
Physical entity associated with the atomic structure of matter that occurs IN POLAR FORMS (positive and negative)
Spacer
Piece of concrete that holds or SUPPORTS steel reinforcements
Purlin
Piece of timber or steel laid horizontally on rafters where roofing is LAID.
Uncased Pile
Pile constructed by driving a concrete plug into the ground along with a steel casing until it meets the required resistance, and then ramming concrete into place as the casing is withdrawn
End bearing pile
Pile depending principally on the bearing resistance of soil or rock beneath its foot for support. the surroundings of soil mass provide a degree of lateral stability for a long compression member. also called point bearing pile
Sanitary Drainage Pipes
Pipes which remove wastewater and water-borne wastes from the fixtures
Stair Well
Place occupied by the flight of stairs
Switch Bank
Place where GROUP OF SWITCHES may be located
Meter Center
Place where all meters in a building may be located
Meter Stop
Placed at the water service on the street side of the house meter, a controlling stop for service installation
.9 x 2.4
Plan GI sheet dimension
Plastics
Plastic is in 2 types; polycarbonate or acrylic. Acrylics are over 10 times stronger when compared to glass with a similar thickness. There are referred to as plexiglass.
Gusset Plate
Plate usually in triangular shape used to CONNECT two or more members to add strength to framework.
Inclined Lift
Platform installed on STEEL GUIDE RAIL and driven by motor for raising or lowering a person.
Caulking/ Calking/ Cogging
Plugging an opening with oakum, lead or other materials that are pounded into an annular space; also refers to the actual materials that are pounded into the annular space
Distribution Center
Point at which energy is DIVIDED among feeders, branch combination or both.
Moment center
Point at which the axis of a moment intersects the plane of the forces causing the moment
Center of gravity
Point at which the entire weight is considered concentrated
Outlet
Point from which current is TAKEN for supply.
Plastic foam boards
Polystyrene & polyurethane plastics are formed by a patented process to about 40x their original volume. Used for perimeter insulation for concrete slabs, for wall and roof-deck insulation, and for roof decks when properly supported.
Sanitary Ware
Porcelain enamel ware, such as bathtubs, sewer pipes, toilet bowls, wash basins, etc.
Elevator Pit
Portion extending below the level of the bottom landing to provide for over travel and clearance or parts.
Footing
Portion of foundation that TRANSMITS LOAD DIRECTLY to the soil.
Elevator Landing
Portion of the floor for loading or discharging passengers
Allowable stress
Portion of the ultimate strength which may safely be used in design
Foundation
Portion that CARRY or SUPPORT the superstructure
Stringer
Portion that SUPPORTS THE STEPS of stairs
Type I: Normal
Portland cement for general construction
Unbonded posttensioning
Posttensioning in which the annular spaces around the reinforcing tendons are not grouted, allowing the tendons to move relative to the surrounding concrete.
Bonded posttensioning
Posttensioning in which the reinforcing tendons are bonded to the surrounding concrete by injecting grout in the annular spaces around the strands.
Voltage
Potential Difference or electromotive force expressed in volts.
Escalator
Power driven inclined continuous stairway for raising or lowering passenger
Drive Machine
Power unit to raise and lower an elevator
Inverted Tee
Precast Concrete structural _ beams are used in conjunction with double tees anywhere that a buildings construction requires a larger span than a standard double tee can accomplish such as parking slots, event centers and industrial buildings.
Frame Systems
Precast frames can be constructed using either linear elements or spatial beam-column sub assemblages.
Hollow Core Slab
Precast, prestressed concrete plank internally cored to reduce the dead weight. Suitable for medium to long span and uniformly distributed floor and roof loads
4
Preferred number of storeys for up-feed system when city main pressure is 50psi
Turbidity
Presence of suspended materials (physical characteristics)
Hinge type support
Prevents movement along the horizontal and vertical directions but does not resist rotation about the hinge
Girder
Principal beam extending from WALL to WALL SUPPORTING THE FLOOR JOIST
General Conditions
Printed documents stipulating the procedural and administrative aspects of the contract
Electromagnetic Induction
Process of EMF GENERATION induced by the movement of magnetic flux
Sound Absorption
Process of dissipating sound energy by CONVERTING it to HEAT
Ventilation
Process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means
Radiation
Process of transmitting rays of heat through air..
Electrostatic by Friction
Produced when certain materials are RUBBED together.
Sealants
Products used to seal surface of different materials against water penetration or other liquids or prevent seepage. Its adhesive qualities plus the ability to fill the surface pores to form a continuous skin on a surface are important
Corbel
Projection anchored at wall to support OVERHANGING MEMBER.
Resistance
Property that OPPOSES current and dissipates real power in the form of HEAT.
Corrosion Resistance
Property that makes it resistant to corrosion (Characteristics of Pipe)
Creep
Property which causes some materials under constant stress to deform slowly over a period of time
Ready mixed concrete
Proportioned and mixed off the site
Series Circuit
Provides a complete PATH for current and components are connected END TO END.
Secondary Sheave
Provides double wrap of ropes for traction and leads rope over to counterweight
Driving machine
Provides the motive power of the unit.
Piston Pump
Pump used for smaller water distribution system
Dewatering
Pumping or removal of water from construction site to maintain a relatively dry and stable condition during construction
Compressive stress
Push
Room Acoustics
Qualities or characteristics of a room that DETERMINES THE AUDIBILITY of SPEECH of musical sounds in it.
Scalar
Quantity having magnitude only. Ft, kg, newton
Enthalpy
Quantity of heat in BTU.
Sound Power
RATE at which ACOUSTIC ENERGY is RADIATED. Usually measured in WATTS.
Current
RATE of CHARGE FLOW
Sound Reflection
REFLECTION OF SOUND energy
Buna
RUBBER INSULATION used on wires, cables and other electrical appliances
Underfloor Raceway
Raceway Suitable for use under floor.
Service Raceways
Raceways that ENCLOSES THE SERVICE ENTRANCE CONDUCTORS
Handrail
Rail running parallel to the inclination that holds the balusters
Power
Rate of doing WORK.
Thermal Conductivity
Rate of heat transfer by conduction (Characteristics of Pipe)
Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency
Ratio of annual fuel output to annual input energy
Energy Efficient Ratio
Ratio of net equipment cooling capacity in BTU to the total rate of electric input in watts
Demand Factor
Ratio of the MAXIMUM DEMAND of a system to the total connected load of a system.
Relative Humidity
Ratio of the water vapor in humid air and weight of water vapor that air could contain
Machinability
Readiness with which a material yields to shaping with cutting tools
Admittance
Reciprocal of IMPEDANCE
Sound Absorption
Reciprocal of Sound Reflection
Counterweight
Rectangular blocks of cast iron stacked in a frame which is supported at the opposite ends of the cables to which the car is fastened. Balances the weight of the car.
Floor Set/ Floor mounted
Refers to a plumbing fixture that rests on the floor.
Wall Hung
Refers to a plumbing fixture which is supported from the wall.
Tools Steel
Refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels that are particularly suited to be made into tools. Distinctively hard, resistance to abrasion and deformation, and has ability to hold a cutting edge
Lacquer
Refers to any of various clear or colored synthetic coatings consisting of nitrocellulose or other cellulose derivative dissolved in a solvent that dries by evaporation to form a high gloss film
Wet Ventilation
Refers to the vertical pipe of the plumbing system used as ventilation of the plumbing, installation and fixture traps which at the same time receives and convey liquid waste discharge from the fixtures. Widely used for small groups of bathroom fixtures particularly on a one or two-storey residential houses.
Live load
Refers to those movable loads imposed on the floor such as people, furniture and the like
Ton of Refrigeration
Refrigerating effect equal to 211 KJ
Control Panel
Register calls and governs response to elevator
Grade Beam
Reinforced concrete beam supporting a bearing wall at or near the ground level and transferring the load to isolated footings, piers or piles
Cantilever Footing
Reinforced concrete footing connected by tie beam to another footing in order to balance the asymmetrically impulse load, as at the perimeter of a building site. also called strap footing
Web Reinforcement
Reinforcement consisting of bent bars or stirrups, placed in a concrete beam to resist diagonal tension
Compression Reinforcement
Reinforcement designed to absorb compressive stresses
Principal Reinforcement
Reinforcement designed to absorb the stresses from applied loads and moments
Bundled Reinforcement
Reinforcement employed consisting of two to four bars tied in direct contact with each other to serve or act as one unit reinforcement placed at the corner of lateral ties
Longitudinal Reinforcement
Reinforcement essentially parallel to the horizontal surface of a slab or to the long axis of the concrete beam or column
Shrinkage Reinforcement
Reinforcement placed perpendicular to the principal reinforcement in a one-way slab to absorb the stresses resulting from shrinkage or changes in temperature. Also called Temperature Reinforcement
Stirrup
Reinforcement tie bars used in BEAMS
Tie Bars
Reinforcement tie bars used in COLUMNS
Wall Footing
Reinforcements placed at right angle perpendicular to the wall which are uniformly spaced
Deformed bar
Reinforcing bar hot rolled with surface deformations to develop greater bond with concrete
Bend Reinforcing Bars
Reinforcing bars that are bent up on or near the inflection point and are extended at the top of the beam across the support towards the adjacent span
Subjective
Related to conditions of the brain and sense organs rather than DIRECT PHYSICAL ACTIONS
Electromagnetism
Relative motion of a conductor with respect to a magnetic field.
Repair
Remedial work done on any damaged of deteriorated portions of a building to restore its original condition.
Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin glue
Requires high-temperature for curing; water resistant
Stiffness
Resist deformation
Hardness
Resist indentation or abrasion
Strength
Resist stress without failure
Impact Resistance
Resistance of a surface to shock (Characteristics of Pipe)
Hardness
Resistance to deformation by compression (Characteristics of Pipe)
Stress
Resistance to external forces
Pressure Resistance
Resistance to rupture by overpressure (Characteristics of Pipe)
Durability
Resistance to the weathering effects of rain, wind, heat, and frost action is necessary for exterior stonework
Elasticity
Returns to original size
Hip Roof
Roof having four straight sides
Penthouse
Room above the hoistway in which the elevator machine is housed.
Transformer Vault
Room containing a TRANSFORMER and auxiliary equipment.
Compenesator
Ropes or chains that hang from the bottom of car to the bottom of counterweight.
Durex Blocks
Roughly cubed, usually granite blocks used for paving
smooth on two sides
S2s
smooth on four sides
S4s
Face Mould
SECTION PRODUCED in any inclined plane
Balustrade
SERIES or row of BALUSTERS
Service Cable
SERVICE conductors made up in the form of a CABLE
1 1/2 and 2 1/2
SIDE LAPPING of CORRUGATED GI SHEET
Threshold
SILL of a doorway covering the joint between two flooring materials
Backfill
SOIL which is REPLACED in an area that was previously excavated
Direct Sound Field
SOUND FIELD Without any contribution from reflection
Structureborne sound
SOUND TRANSMISSION through SOLID MATERIAL by means of vibration of waves in the materials
Dead Load
STATIC LOAD such as the weight of the construction materials
Rebars
STEEL BAR having RIBS to provide greater bond. Used to reinforce members.
Front String
STRING on the SIDE of stairs where handrail is placed
Bearers
SUPPORT FOR WINDERS wedged into walls secured by stringers.
Mechanics
Science of mechanics treats on forces, motion and the effects of forces on the bodies which they act
Acoustics
Science of sound including its generation, transmission and effects of sound waves.
Kiln Dried
Seasoned artificially in a KILN
Unitary Airconditioner
Self contained unit which houses all necessary air conditioning components
Insulated
Separated from other conducting surface, offering high resistance to the passage of the current.
Floor Joist
Series of parallel timber used to SUPPORT FLOOR
Stair
Series of steps that connects FLOORS.
Service Entrance Conductors (Underground)
Service conductor located underground
Service Entrance Conductors (Overhead)
Service conductors between the TERMINALS of a service equipment to a point OUTSIDE THE BUILDING joined by a splice to the service drop
Gutter
Shallow CHANNEL of metal used to catch and carry RAINWATER
Auxillary Gutter
Sheet METAL ENCLOSURE for conductors and wires (Channel)
Flashing
Sheet of metal between a ROOF AND WALL to prevent water penetration
Kick Rail
Short RAIL mounted on door, used to KICK the door open.
Rivet
Short pin of malleable metal to UNITE TWO PLATES TOGETHER through its hole.
Dowel
Short reinforcing bar of steel that INCREASES the strenght of JOINTS
SPLITTING/SAWING
Should take place while the trees is still very damp
Balustrade
Side of an escalator extending above the steps.
Surface Sliding Door
Similar to bypass sliding door but provided access through FULL WIDTH OF DOORWAY.
Pump
Simple mechanism that produces a vacuum within itself and permits the lifting of water from the source of supply by atmospheric pressure
Shed or Lean-to Roof
Simplest form of roof consisting of ONE SLOPE
Air conditioning
Simultaneous control of temperature, humidity, motion and purity of air.
Integrated Part Load Value
Single number figure of merit based on part load EER or COP.
Isolated Footing
Single spread footing supporting FREE STANDING column or pier
Hallidie Building
Situated in San Francisco, California, the _ designed by James Polk was one of the first buildings with pure glass curtain wall in 1918
Porosity
Sizes of pores left during hydration process or created by excessive evaporation and shrinkage cracks affecting the water tightness of concrete. Apply compaction techniques.
Window Lead
Slender bar of LEAD which RECEIVES the glass in a window
Ramp
Slope surface that rises and twists simultaneously.
Baluster
Small POST SUPPORTING the handrail
Canopy Switch
Small compact switch for mounting in CANOPIES .
S2S
Smooth of two sides
S4S
Smooth on four sides
Rock Caisson
Socketed caisson having steel h-section core within a concrete-filled pipe casing
Electromagnets
Soft iron core wound with a coil or insulated wire.
Aluminum
Soft, non-magnetic, ductile and malleable silvery white metal with thermal and electrical conductivity. is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and the third most abundant element therein, after oxygen and silicon
Foundation Bed
Soil or rock directly BENEATH THE FOOTING
soldering vs brazing
Soldering is distinguished from brazing by use of a lower melting-temperature filler meta
Substratum
Something that underlies or serves as a base or foundation
Ultrasonic
Sound above the AUDIBLE RANGE Greater Than 20,000hertz
Reverberation Sound Field
Sound that is reflected from the boundaries of and furnishing within an enclosed space
Airborne Sound
Sound that is transmitted through air by a series of oscillating pressure fluctuations
echo
Sound waves that have been reflected back to a listener with sufficient magnitude and TIME DELAY
Panel
Space between any 2 panel points on a chord and joint
Panel length
Space on the chord of a truss between 2 adjacent joints made of principal web members
Accelerator
Speeds up the setting of concrete to reduce the whole curing period or for early removal of forms.
Knob
Spherical handle usually for OPERATING A LOCK.
Shellac
Spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac flakes in denatured alcohol
Elliptical Stair
Stair of ELLIPTICAL plan.
Circular Stair
Staircase with steps that wind in a CIRCLE or CYLINDER
Owner-architect, Owner-General Contractor, Owner-Specialty Trade Contractor, General Contractor-Specialty Trade Contractor, Owner-Project Management, Owner,construction management
Standard Contract Document (Agreement)
4 ft. x 8 ft. (1.20 x 2.40 meters).
Standard Size of Plywood
1.5 to 3.6
Standard length of GI sheet
.8
Standard width of GI sheet
Dead load
Static load, downward
Anchor Bolt
Steel BOLT FIXED in a building structure which is threaded portion
Open Web Steel Joist
Steel Truss having an open web whose components are either hot-rolled structural shapes or cold-formed light gauge shape.
Sag Rod
Steel bar attached at CENTER or END POINTS of the span of the purlins
Cable
Steel wire ropes used for the suspension of a car and counterweight
Conical Roof
Steep roof of circular section that tapers uniformly
Winder
Steps not PARALLEL to each other
...
Stone Construction (...)
...
Stone Finish (...)
Fieldstone
Stone found on the ground (i.e., not quarried) that is a suitable size and shape for use as drywall or rubble masonry
...
Stones in Building Construction (...)
Emergency Stop Button
Stops the driving machine to apply the break.
Pulsating/Fluctuating Direct Current
Strength of current varies at different periods
Steel Window
Stronger and thinner than aluminum
Truss
Structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle and composed of linear members subject to axial tension and compression
Beam
Structural member whose purpose is to CARRY TRANSVERSE LOADS
Shop Weld
Structural members are WELDED ON SHOP
Channel
Structural rolled steel in C SHAPE used mainly for roofing frame as PURLINS
Truss
Structure consisting of straight members connected together in such a way as to resist change in shape, thus a rigid structure.
Conduit
Structure containing ONE OR MORE DUCTS. (Piping or channel)
Cooling Tower
Structure located on top of a building where water is circulated so as to cool it evaporatively.
Kinetics
Study of forces acting on rigid bodies in motion and their effect in changing such motion
Kinematics
Study of motion without consideration of forces causing the motion
Plain-unsanded, sanded on one side and sanded on two sides. Patterned-one grooved surface either evenly or random
Sub Types of Chipboard
Strain
Subjected to an external force
Refrigerant
Substance which produces refrigerating effect
Electrical Conductors
Substances that ALLOW THE FLOW of electric current
Suspended and Colloidal Materials
Such as bacteria, algae, fungi, silt, protozoa, and other colloidal matters making the water colored and acidic
Moment of inertia
Sum of the products obtained by multiplying an element of mass by the square of its distance from the axis
Motor Generator
Supplies direct current to motor.
Simple beam or simply supported beam
Supported by a roller and a hinge at both ends
Overhanging beam
Supported by a roller and a hinge with one or both extending beyond supports
Truss
Supports the moving stairway equipment
Push Button Switch
Switch blade is operated by a ROCKING ACTION through a spring.
Rotary Switch
Switch blades move in ROTARY MOTION.
Isolating Switch
Switch intended for ISOLATING an electric circuit from the source power.
General Use Switch
Switch intended for use in GENERAL distribution and branch circuits.
Double Pole Switch
Switch that has two contacts or connections.
Four Way Switch
Switch to control light from THREE OR MORE LOCATIONS.
Three Way Switch
Switch to control light from TWO DIFFERENT LOCATIONS.
Multi-Circuit Switch
Switch used for control of light in a MULTI LAMP FIXTURE.
Momentary Contact Switch
Switch when user desires to open or close a circuit for a SHORT LENGTH OF TIME.
Knife Switch
Switch where circuit is closed by a MOVING A BLADE engaging contact clips.
Askarel
Synthethic non flammable insulating liquid used in transformers as INSULATORS
Freon
Synthetic chemical refrigerant
Grounded Conductor
System of CONDUCTORS that is intentionally grounded
Parallelogram law
System of determining the resultant force of 2 concurrent forces obtained from the diagonal at a parallelogram having adjacent sides which represent the 2 force vectors being added
Board Measure
System of measure LUMBER.
Code
System of regulations pertaining to the design and operation of elevators
Collar plate
TIES between RAFTERS on opposite sides of roof.
Average Lobby Time
TIME SPENT BY PASSENGER between arriving in the lobby and leaving the lobby
Engineering Acoustics
Technology of sound production and recording
Dew Point
Temperature at which vapor will become saturated and begins to yield drops of condensed water
Dry Bulb Temperature
Temperature shown by a thermometer in a normal way
Wet Bulb Temperature
Temperature shown by a thermometer with a wetted bulb
Falsework
Temporary bracing for supporting work under construction, which cannot yet support itself
Intensity Level
Ten times the logarithm of the ration of sound INTENSITY to a refence SOUND INTENSITY
Moment
Tendency of a force to produce rotation of a body about a point or line, equal in magnitude to the product of the force and the moment arm acting in a clockwise/counter direction
Moment of a force
Tendency to produce a rotation of the body on which it acts about an axis
Axial load
Tensile acting along the longitudinal axis
Function of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete
Tensile strength for bending members Resistance to shrinkage Ductility
Switchgear
Term for switching and interrupting devices or apparatus
Cockel Stair
Term given to a WINDING staircase
Superstructure
That part of a building or structure, which is above the level of the adjoining ground or the level of the foundation
Footing
That part of the foundation bearing directly upon the supporting soil, set below the natural grade line and enlarged to distribute its load over a great area
Basement Supply Mains
That portion of the piping system which is suspended from the basement ceiling and which are connected to the branches that serves the fixture risers
Sound Transmission Loss
The DIFFERENCE in DECIBEL of the SOUND PRESSURE level on the RECEIVER side of a barrier from that on the source side
Electrical System
The ENTIRE SYSTEM of conductors, equipment and devices that are interconnected to different sources.
Sound Pressure
The FLUCTUATION of pressure about atmospheric pressure Usually measure in MicroPascals ( uPa)
Amplitude
The Maximum displacement of the conductor molecules during each cycle of sound wave.
Sound Propagation
The ORIGINATION OF TRANSMISSION of Sound Energy
Open specification
The Opposite of close specification.
Velocity of Sound
The RATE OF TRAVEL of sound in a given medium
Noise Reduction
The REDUCTION in Level of UNWANTED SOUND by any several Means like distance boundary barriers etc.
Volt
The SI unit of electromotive force, the difference of potential that would drive one ampere of current against one ohm resistance.
Wavefront
The SPHERICAL SURFACE OF THE WAVE as it travels out in all directions from the source
Tone
The Subjective response of the ear to the pitch of sound
Demolition
The Systematic dismantling or destruction of a building in whole or in part.
Soffit
The UNDERNEATH of an arch or moulding.
DWV
The abbreviation for drainage, waste and vent
Capillarity
The ability of water to climb up a surface against the pull of gravity
Surface Tension
The ability of water to stick itself and pull itself together.
Heat Capacity
The ability to absorb heat without becoming much warmer itself
Dissolving Ability
The ability to dissolve almost any substance.
Soil Pressure
The actual pressure developed between the footing and the supporting soil mass
Bond
The adhesion between two substances, as concrete and reinforcing bars
Bond Stress
The adhesive for per unit area of contact between reinforcing bar and the surrounding concrete developed at any section of a flexural member.
Performance bond
The approved form of security furnished by the contractor and his surety as a guarantee of good faith on the part of the contractor to execute the work in accordance with the terms of the contract
Payment Bond
The approved form of security furnished by the contractor and his surety as a guarantee of good faith on the part of the contractor to pay obligations arising from the contract.
Plumbing
The art and science of creating and maintaining sanitary conditions in building used by humans.
Bar spacing
The center to center spacing of parallel reinforcing bar, resulting clear distance between the bar being regulated by bar diameter, maximum size of coarse aggregate, and thickness of the concrete section
Deadend
The closed extension of a pipe, permitting stagnation of wastewater or air therein
Strip Footing
The continuous spread footing of a foundation wall
Agreement
The contract between the owner and the contractor undertaking the project described in the contract documents including all supplemental agreements.
Effective Depth of Section
The depth of concrete section measured from the compression face to the centroid of the tension reinforcement.
Free fall
The descent of freshly mixed concrete into a form without the aid of a drop chute
Pile Eccentricity
The deviation of a pile from its plan location or from the vertical, resulting in reduction of its allowable load
Excavation
The digging and removal of earth from its natural position, or the cavity resulting from such removal
WaveLength
The distance sound wave travels during each cycle of vibraion
Fixture Drain
The drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of the drain with any other drain pipe
California and England
The earliest contributors and forms of curtain walls are in _ and _
Figure rolled glass
The elaborate patterns found on ___________ are produced in a similar fashion to the rolled plate glass process except that the plate is cast between two rollers, one of which carries a pattern.
Circuit Homerun
The electrical cable that CARRIES POWER from the main circuit breaker panel to the first electrical box, plug, or switch in the circuit.
Spigot
The end of a pipe that fits into a bell; Another term for faucet or bibb
Bell
The end of a pipe which is enlarged to connect to another, bigger pipe
Work
The entire construction or separately identifiable parts thereof required to be furnished under contract documents.
Ambient
The existing surrounding conditions such as air or surface
Soil and Waste Vent (Stack Vent)
The extension (to the open air) of a soil or waste stack above the highest branch connected to the stack.
Building Supply Pipe
The first part of the water supply system after the water meter
Water Service Pipe
The first part of the water supply system before the water meter
Backflow
The flow of water or wastewater in pipes in a reverse direction
Back Siphonage
The flowing by negative pressure of contaminated or polluted water from a fixture to a potable water system
Self-cleaning glass
The glass cleans itself in two stages. The 'photo catalytic' stage of the process breaks down the organic dirt on the glass using ultraviolet in sunlight (even on overcast days) and makes the glass hydrophilic (normally glass is hydrophobic).
Rolled plate glass
The glass is taken from the furnace in large iron ladles, which are carried upon slings running on overhead rails; from the ladle the glass is thrown upon the cast-iron bed of a rolling-table; and is rolled into sheet by an iron roller, the process being similar to that employed in making plate-glass, buton a smaller scale.
Consolidation
The gradual reduction in the volume of a soil mass resulting from the application of a sustained load and an increase in compressive stress
Branch Interval
The height of a soil or waste stack, where the branches from one storey of the structure are connected
Crown Weir
The highest point of the bottom surface of the crown
Active Soil Pressure
The horizontal component of pressure that a soil mass exerts on a vertical retaining wall
House Drain
The horizontal main into which the vertical soil and waste stacks discharge. It connects directly to the house sewer
Floor System
The horizontal planes that support both live loads and dead loads and transfer their loads horizontally across to a beam column or to load-bearing walls
Diameter
The inside width of a pipe; used as the nominal commercial designation
Roughing-in
The installation of parts of a plumbing system prior to the installation of fixtures
50mm
The invert of the inlet pipe shall be at least not less than ____ above the invert of the outlet pipe
Fitting Ledge Installation Self-Rimming
The lavatory fittings are installed in a hole provided within the lavatory itself
Built-In Installation Self-Rimming
The lavatory fittings are installed through a hole drilled at the counter top.
Under the Counter
The lavatory is placed below the built-in counter top
Developed Length
The length along the center of pipes and fittings
Developmental Length
The length of the embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section
Flood Level
The level in a fixture at which water overflows
Foundation
The lowest division of a building, its substructure, or other construction partly or wholly below the surface of the ground; designed to support and anchor the superstructure above and directly to the earth
Building Drain
The lowest horizontal piping which receives the discharge from the drainage pipes of a structure and conveys it to the building sewer
Dip
The lowest point of the inside top surface of the channel through a trap
Allowable Bearing Pressure
The maximum unit pressure of foundation is permitted to impose vertically or laterally on a supporting soil mass
Masking
The obscuring or COVERING up of one sound by another
Statics
The part of mechanics that considers the effects of and the distribution of forces on rigid bodies which are and remain at rest
Building Sewer
The part of the drainage system that extends from the building drain and conveys its discharge to the appropriate sewer (or other point of disposal)
Air Break
The physical separation between a waste pipe and an indirect waste receptor
Service Pipe
The pipe from the water main or source of water supply to the building served
Distribution Line of a Leaching Tile System
The pipe from within the distribution box to the drainfield.
ASPHALT CEMENT
The primary use of asphalt (Bitumen) is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder for the aggregate particles
Main
The principal pipe where branches may be connected
Consolidation of Concrete
The process of eliminating voids other than entrained air within newly placed concrete and ensuring close contact of the concrete with form surfaces and embedded steel reinforcement
Agitation
The process of providing gentle motion in mixed concrete, just sufficient to prevent segregation or loss of plasticity
Cable Sheath
The protective COVERING applied over a cable which is non-metallic
Decay Rate
The rate which Sound Pressure Level (db ) decreases when the source of sound is eliminated
Percentage Reinforcement
The ratio of effective area of reinforcement effective area of concrete at any section of a reinforced concrete member, expressed as a percentage
Modulus of elasticity
The ratio of the shearing stress to the shearing strain
Ground
The reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the Earth.
Differential Settlement
The relative moment of parts of a structure caused by uneven settlement underlying soil or failure of its foundation
Brine
The remaining liquid from water desalination; contains a large amount of salt, processed for minerals
Acoustical Impedence
The resistance of flow of acoustical energy
Indirect Siphonage
The result of a minus pressure in the waste piping caused by discharge of water from a fixture installed on a line which serves a fixture placed at a lower elevation
Retardation of Flow
The result of improper atmospheric conditions, because of insufficient ventilation or incorrect installation of fittings.
Architectural Acoustics
The science and technology of controlling sound in and around buildings
Engineering mechanics
The science that considers the effects of forces on rigid bodies
Stratification
The separation of an excessively wet or over vibrated concrete mix into horizontal layers with increasingly lighter material migrating toward the top
Segregation
The separation of coarse aggregate from the mortar of water from the other ingredients of freshly mixed concrete, resulting from excessive horizontal movement or free fall of the mix, or from over vibration after placement
Sanitary Sewage
The sewage containing human excrement and liquid household waste; also called domestic sewage.
Domestic Sewage
The sewage containing human excrement and other liquid household waste. Also called sanitary sewage.
Double Acting Steam Hammer
The steam pressure raises the hammer and also reinforces the action of gravity during descent.
Hearing
The subjective RESPONSE TO SOUND. TRANSLATE THE PHYSICAL stimuli into meaningful signals.
Fixture Branch
The supply pipe between the fixture and the water distributing pipe
Reverberation Time
The time in seconds required for a sound to decay
Fixture Unit Flow Rate
The total discharge flow (gpm) of a single unit divided by 7.5 which provides the flow rate of that particular fixture
Moving
The transfer of any building or portion from its original location to another.
Substructure
The underlying structure forming the foundation of a building or other construction
Air Gap
The unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between a faucet outlet and the rim of a fixture
Acoustical Treatment
The use of acoustical absorbing of reflecting materials or sound isolating structures to improve acoustical environment
Sound Insulation
The use of structures and materials DESIGN TO REDUCE the TRANSMISSION of SOUND from one area to another
Sound Isolation
The use of structures and materials DESIGN TO REDUCE the TRANSMISSION of SOUND from one area to another
Vane Shear Test
The vane device for shearing testing of clay soil in place consists of four vertical rectangular blades at right angles to vertical shaft
Trap Seal
The vertical distance between the dip and crown weir of a trap; also the water between the dip and crown weir of a trap
Downspout
The vertical portion of a rainwater conductor
Flow Rate
The volume of water used by a fixture in a given amount of time; measured in gallons per minute (gpm)
Plumbing Fixture Trim
The water supply and drainage fittings which are installed on the fixture to control the flow of water into the fixture and the flow of waste water from the fixture to the sanitary drainage system
Ground Water
The water that is standing in or passing through the ground
Physiological
The way we hear things
Will
The word is used in connection with acts and actions required of the owner or architect/engineer.
Shall
The word is used with reference to the work required to be done by a contractor or supplier.
Waffle Slab
These are able to carry heavier loads and span longer distances than flat slabs. It is a monolithic poured concrete slab
Supplementary Specifications
These are additional information which may be issued as an addition or amendment to the provisions of the specification.
Permanent Magnets
These are bars of hardened steel which have been PERMANENTLY magnetized.
Shear force
These are components of the total resistance to sliding the portion to one side of the exploration section
Drawing
These are graphical presentations of the work involved in the project.
Structural system components
These are structural elements such as beams, girders, columns, trusses, etc
Bending moments
These components measure the resistance to bending the member about the Y or Z axes
Slab-column systems with walls
These systems rely on shear walls to sustain lateral load effects, whereas the slab-column structure resists mainly gravity loads.
Spanstress Floor System
They are also known as spanstress pre-cast connectors. Precast fabrications are made out of rebars and concrete as specified on its particular usage by computing the span of the posts and its load. Used for earthquake-proofing
Waffle Slab
They are appropriate for most floor situations and also for irregular column layouts, curved floor shape, ramps etc.
Mineral fiberboard
Thick mats of mineral fibers (glass/rock wool) covered with a backing of stiff paper on one or both sides to form rigid boards, ranging in thickness from ½" to 1"
Wood Frames
Thicker than aluminum and Steel but more effective as thermal insulation
Gauge
Thickness standard of metals
L-Beam
This and inverted T-beams are typical floor beams because of the reduced overall structural depth.
Axial force
This component measures the pulling or pushing action over the section
Torque
This component measures the resistance to twisting the members
Penetrometer
This is a device used to investigate the consistency of cohesive deposit or relative density of cohesion less strata without the necessity of drilling and obtaining samples
Coated glass
This is a type of glass with a chemical film applied to one surface.
Grease Basin
This is more prevalent in large kitchens serving hotels, dining rooms, clubhouses, and restaurants
Wash Boring Method
This method employs the use of a piece of metal tube 50mm to 100mm in diameter, used to bore hole with depths ranging from 1.50m to 3.0m.
CASEIN GLUE
This product is made by dissolving casein, a protein obtained from milk. In wood bonding, casein glues generally are superior to true animal glues in moisture resistance and aging characteristics.
Filter System
This system makes use of a siphon dosing chamber that discharges the effluent in large doses to turn the automatic rotary as it drops on to the sand
Deep Seal
This trap may be used under normal condition, but it's purposely designed for abnormal situations; 4 inches deep
Shallow Foundation
Those that transfer load to the earth at the BASE of the column or wall of the substructure.
STORAGE
Timber stored in water after felling reduces the risks of molds & insect damage
Average Trip Time
Time spent by passenger in the lobby to leaving the car at an upper floor.
Plumber
Title given to a person skilled in the field of sanitation
House Trap
To furnish water seal against entrance of gases from the sewer to the piping system
Prestress
To introduce internal stresses to a concrete member in order to counteract the stresses that will result from an applied load
Tertiary Treatment
To provide a final treatment stage to raise the effluent quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment (sea, river, lake, f=ground, etc.) It is also called "effluent polishing".
Tear Resistance
To resist being torn apart to pieces (Characteristics of Pipe)
Freestanding
Toilet has a tank sitting on top of bowl; bowl is mounted on bathroom floor.
One Piece
Toilet is similar to freestanding model, except that the tank and bowl are single piece.
Combplate
Toothed portion of the threshold plate at both ends of an escalator or moving walk.
Sprocket assemblies
Top and Bottom sprocket wheel where the endless belt of steps pass.
Window Space
Total WINDOW AREA in a room or building
Seasonal Energy efficiency ratio
Total cooling output of an airconditioner during its normal annual usage.
Sonotube
Trademark for a brand of cylindrical column form made of compressed, resin-impregnated paper.
Peg Board/ Perforated Board
Trademark for a brand of tempered hardboard having regularly spaced perforations into which hooks may be inserted for the storage or display of articles.
Indicative Mode
Traditional language of specs using SHALL in nearly every statement. ahaha
Deep Foundation
Transfer load at a point FAR BELOW THE SUBSTRUCTURE
Convection
Transfer of heat by motion of the particles
Conduction
Transfer of heat from one place of higher temperature to a place of lower temperature
Air Blast Transformer
Transformer COOLED BY FORCE CIRCULATION of air through cores and coils
Step-down Transformer
Transformer for decreasing voltage
Step-up Transformer
Transformer for increasing voltage
Autotransformer
Transformer where output VOLTAGE ADJUSTS AUTOMATICALLY depending on the required voltage of the equipment.
Capillary Attraction
Trap seal is caused by suspension of foreign object (rag, string, lint, hair) into the trap seal extending over the outlet arm of the trap
Rainproof
Treated as to prevent RAIN from INTERFERING with the operation of the apparatus.
Raintight
Treated so that exposure to BEATING RAIN will not result in the ENTRY of water into the apparatus.
Swinging Door
Turns on HINGES about a side jamb when pushed or pulled.
Hinge
Two PLATES joined together by PINS that enables door to SWING.
Shielded Nonmetallic-Sheated Cable
Two or more conductors with insulation with an extruded core of nonmetallic material coverd in spiral metal tape and wire shield.
Butt Hinges
Two plates joined by a pin and secured to the abutting surface of wood.
Butterfly
Two shed roof where slopes meet at the center of the building.
Mansard Roof
Two sides of the roof SLOPE STEEPLY forming a FLAT DECK on top
Gable or Pitch Roof
Two slopes meeting at the center of the ridge
Unit Air Conditioner
Type of airconditioner used for small installations
Fixed or restrained beam
Type of beam having fixed support at both ends
Internal effects
Type of effect; Refers to stress
Door Lock
Type of mechanical lock designed to prevent the opening of a hoist way door from being opened.
Fixed end type support
Type of support that resists rotation about the support and to movements along the horizontal and vertical directions
Coursed Ashlar- Ashlar masonry laid out in courses of equal height; blocks of various sizes may be combined to make up the height of the course Random Ashlar- Ashlar masonry laid without regular courses but with an overall effect of horizontal orientation
Types of Ashlar
...
Types of Building Stones (...)
General Conditions, Supplementary Conditions
Types of Contract conditions:
...
Types of Glass (...)
Ordinary Marine Form Fancy Pre-finished plywood panelling (DANARRA)
Types of Plywood
Agreement, Performance bond, Payment Bond, Certificate
Types of contract documents:
...
Types of steel (...)
Service Lateral
UNDERGROUND service conductors between the street main and the first point of connection to the service entrance conductors.
Direct Current
UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT with a constant value
Farad
UNIT OF CAPACITANCE.
Slab
UPPER PART of a concrete floor which is CARRIED ON BEAMS
Window Head
UPPERMOST MEMBER of a WINDOW frame.
Door Head
UPPERMOST MEMBER of a door frame.
Window Stiles
UPRIGHT MEMBER of a WINDOW SASH
Door Stile
UPRIGHT STRUCTURAL MEMBER of a door FRAME.
Stud
UPRIGHT post which supports elements in a wall or partition.
Carbon Steel
Unalloyed steel in which the residual element as carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur and silicon are controlled
Malleability
Undergoes great change in shape without rupture
Hertz
Unit for frequency
Circular Mil
Unit for measuring the cross- sectional AREA of a conductor.
Mho
Unit of CONDUCTANCE; reciprocal of ohm.
Watt
Unit of ELECTRICAL POWER
Henry
Unit of INDUCTANCE
Weber
Unit of MAGNETIC FLUX
Tesla
Unit of MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY and MAGNETIC INDUCTION
Ohm
Unit of RESISTANCE
Joule
Unit of electrical energy
Kilowatt-hour
Unit of energy equal to ENERGY TRANSFERRED in an hour. Standard for measuring energy by commercial providers.
Stress
Unit strength of a material
Welded Joints
United joints through welding such as metal parts.
Pre -Cast Facing Slabs
Units' custom made to any size to fit a particular structure. Made from lightweight aggregates and are hoist over the building. Fixed by pins or dowels to a steel frame or metal strap anchors to a concrete back up wall
Pedestal
Upright compression member that does not exceed three times the height of its lateral dimension
Geothermal Power
Use of GEOTHERMAL HEAT for electricity generation
Decorative Blocks
Used for fences, sun baffles, tiles, pipes, balusters and trellises
Centralized Type Airconditioning
Used for large installations with the use of ducts
Disk Type Water Meter
Used for measuring the flow of water through the small water services
Utility Vent
Used for underground public restrooms
Turbine Meter
Used in buildings in which water is used
Condensing Unit
Used in central air conditioning systems typically has a heat exchanger section to cool down and condense incoming refrigerant vapor into liquid
Guide Pile
Used in cofferdam construction to support the horizontal wall that in turn supports vertical sheet piling
Casein glue
Used in dry location but not exposed directly to rain or water
Looped Vent
Used on fixtures which are located in the room away from partitions that might be utilized to conceal the waste and vent
Kicker Plate
Used to ANCHOR STAIR TO CONCRETE
Force Pump
Used to deliver water at a point higher than the position of the pump itself
Guide Shoes
Used to guide the rails
Sheet Pile
Used to resist lateral pressure of the earth and to form a wall that is intended to be watertight
Cast Stone
Used to simulate stone from concrete methods by splitting solid concrete block to expose two rough surfaces with either 1. High quality silica mortar cast in mold with face shaped to imitate chipped sand stone, shale or slate mixed with color additives 2. White cement mortar cast in mold with hard and smooth surface ground off to expose some stone on a surface mixed with granite or marble chips
Floor Hinge
Used with mortise pivot at door head to enable door to SWING IN EITHER DIRECTION
Centralized DHW System
Uses a water-heater storage tank which uses natural gas in heating water
Generator Field Control
Uses an individual generator for each elevator
Messenger supported wiring
Using MESSENGER wire to support insulated conductors.
Method of sections
Utilizes the principle of moments and the resolution of a force into its components
Setting
VALUE of the current at which the circuit breaker is SET TO TRIP
Stair Riser
VERTICAL FACE of a stair step
Door Jamb
VERTICAL MEMBER on each side of the door.
Muntins
VERTICAL MEMBERS holding the edges of WINDOW PANES.
Honey Comb
VOIDS left in concrete
Boiler Drain
Valve that is installed on a tank for draining and flushing
Mixing Valve
Valve which mixes fluid
Polyurethane
Varnish of exceptionally hard, abrasion resistant and chemical resistant varnish made from plastic resin of the same name.
Plywood, laminated veneer lumber parallel strand lumber stamina wood parallam
Veneer-based
Expulsion Fuse Unit
Vented fuse unit where EXPULSION of gases extinguishes the arc.
Power Fuse unit
Vented fuse which the arc is extinguished by being DRAWN through solid material.
Guide Rails
Vertical Tracks that guide the car
Mullion
Vertical member SEPARATING a series of WINDOWS.
Shaft or Hoistway
Vertical passageway for the car and counterweight
Pure Tone
Vibration produced at a single frequency
Electrical Units
Volt, Ampere, OHM, watt, watt-hour, coulomb, henry, farad, joule.
Rated Voltage
Voltage to which OPERATING and PERFORMANCE characteristics are referred
SOUND DIFFUSION
WHEN SOUND TRAVELS IN ALL DIRECTION
Staircase
WHOLE SET of stairs
Wreath
WHOLE of a helically curved handrail.
Registration Time
Waiting time at an upper after registering a call.
Rough Opening
Wall OPENING to which a door frame is FITTED.
Load Bearing Wall
Wall capable of supporting a LOAD
Material Deterioration
Wastes create chemical compounds of an acid nature which deteriorates the piping system. Objectionable gases should be eliminated by proper ventilation
Chemical Treatment
Water are given chemical treatments to kill the harmful bacteria present and to cure the turbid taste or mud taste, remove clay, salts, iron etc. commonly used chemical is chlorine
Gray Water
Water from laundries, wash basins, sinks, showers, and bathtubs
Direct Pressure System (Up-feed System)
Water is distributed from normal water pressure coming from public water main for use in low rise buildings
Downfeed System
Water is pumped to the roof storage tank wherein it uses gravity instead of pumps for constant water pressure supply
Indirect Pressure System (Pneumatic Tank)
Water pressure is distributed from air pressure coming from suction tank for use in all tall buildings which cannot be reached by normal water pressure
Natural Water
Water readily found in nature, from precipitation; contains impurities
Storm Water
Water that includes rain, surface run-off, and underground seepage resulting from precipitation
Potable Water
Water that is used for culinary, domestic, and drinking purposes
Nuisance Control
Water treatment where Copper Sulfate (CU2SO4) is applied to reduce algae growth
Fluoridation
Water treatment where Fluoride (F−) is added to lower rates of tooth decay in children (not adults), and must be carefully monitored; toxic in large amounts
Coagulation (Flocculation)
Water treatment where a chemical like Alum (Hydrated Aluminum Sulfate) is added to turbulent water
Aeration (Oxidation)
Water treatment where as much of the water surface as possible is exposed to air for aesthetics
Disinfection
Water treatment where chemicals like Chlorine (Cl) are used to remove harmful organisms
Filtration
Water treatment where fine substances like sand are used to remove suspended particles, bacteria, and color
Distillation
Water treatment where heat evaporates the polluted water into gas and cooler surfaces condense it back to pure water
Ultraviolet Irradiation
Water treatment where momentary exposure to UV radiation kill the remaining bacteria in filtered water
Adsorption
Water treatment where porous materials attract contaminants to their surfaces, removing them from the water
Water Desalination
Water treatment where saltwater is heated and then pumped into a low pressure tank, where it is vaporized and condensed and removed as pure water; the process is repeated many times
Corrosion Control
Water treatment where the concentration of hazardous materials is prevented from increasing by limiting the degradation of metals in water
Sedimentation
Water treatment where time and inactivity settle out the heavier suspended particles from water
Humidity
Water vapor within a confined space
Purified Water
Water which undergoes treatment to improve its quality
Hard Water
Water with Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), and Aluminum (Al); characterized by difficulty of producing lather from detergents and presence of scale deposits in pipes, heaters, or boilers
Polluted Water
Water with any foreign substance which degrades its quality so as to be constituted as a health hazard and impairs water potability
Contaminated Water
Water with any material or substance that affects its quality and an individual's health
Black Water
Water with human waste, from toilets and urinals
Soft Water
Water without Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), and Aluminum (Al); characterized by easiness of producing lather from detergents and absence of scale formation in pipes, heaters, or boilers
Humidity Ratio
Weight of water vapor in a mixture per pound of dry air
Field Welding
Welding is done during the erection of the members
Force
What exchanges or tends to change the state of motion of a body
Artificial Magnets
When a bar of hardened steel is rubbed with a natural magnet.
Closed Circuit
When the conducting elements are in contact to form a continuous path
Open Circuit
When the conducting elements are not in contact to form a continuous path.
Long Column
When unsupported HEIGHT is MORE THAN its shortest lateral dimension.
Concurrent
Where the lines of action of all the forces intersect at a common point
Zoned Downfeed System
Where the number of floors are divided into zones and each zone is provided with a tank
Column Cover and Spandrel System
While _ are similar to unit and mullion system, they differ in that the building frame is emphasized with column covers, which act as sticks.
Wind Effects
Wind of high velocity passing over the top of the soil pipe roof terminal affects trap seal
Awning Window
Window consisting of a number of TOP HINGED horizontal sashes one above the other.
Jalousie Window
Window consisting of a series of OVERLAPPING horizontal GLASS LOUVERS.
Double Hung Window
Window having TWO VERTICAL SLIDING SASHES
Pivoted Window
Window having a sash that rotates about a fixed VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL PIVOT.
Aluminum Window
Window having the principal material of ALUMINUM
Fixed Window
Window that DOES NOT OPEN.
Casement Window
Window which swing open ALONG ITS ENTIRE LENGTH; Hinges fixed on SIDE of the opening.
Wired glass
Wire is put in between rather thick glass making it difficult for a burglar to break though as he or she will have to deal with the thick glass then cut the wire within
Concealed Knob and Tube
Wiring method using knobs, tubes and flexible tubing that is CONCEALED.
Plywood
Wood made of three or more layers of veneer joined with glue
Batten Door (Unframed Door)
Wooden door without STILES held together by vertical BATTENS.
1950s, extruded aluminum frames
_ for the ethereal walls was introduced
Box Girder
_ is in box or tubular form that forms an enclosed tube with multiple walls, rather than an I or H beam.
Today, Glass curtain wall
_ is the ever-present cladding of the office tower and the source of invention on projects around the globe.
Mid 1850's, Pilkington
_ was one of the three companies who manufactured glass in England
1960s, Bolting glass wall with small metal patches
_, known as structural glass came in.
Lift slab
____ structures are one of the most efficient and economic ways of construction. This is considered a marketable and economical technique. It is the most used method due to its flexibility and ease of assemblage. Are cast on ground level and, using jacks are lifted into position
Slip form
______ construction is a method for building large towers or bridges from concrete. Application is Skylon Tower in Niagara Falls Ontario 1965
1952, ALastair Pilkington
_began his experiment using molten tin to support or float the molten glass
Free Field
a FIELD FREE from boundaries that would otherwise tend to reflect sound
Electrical Surge
a TRANSIENT WAVE of current, potential or power in the electric circuit
Continuous Beam
a beam that rests on more than two supports
Drop Chute
a chute for containing and directing a falling stream of freshly mixed concrete so as not to cause segregation
Combined Column
a column with structural steel encased in a concrete of at least 7 cm thick reinforced with wire mess surrounding the column at a distance of 3 cm inside the outer surface of the concrete covering
Fiber Cement Board
a combination of cement and reinforcing fibers formed into 4 foot by 8 foot sheets (or 3 foot by 5 foot sheets), 1/4 to 1/2 inch thick that are typically used as a tile backing board.
Concrete
a composite material composed of water, coarse granular material (the fine and coarse aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement or binder) that fills the space among the aggregate particles and glues them together
Spread Footing
a concrete footing extended laterally to distribute the foundation load over a wide enough area that the allowable bearing capacity of the supporting soil is not exceeded
Balanced section
a concrete section in which the tension reinforcement theoretically reaches its specified yield strength as the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain
Slurry Wall
a concrete wall cast in a trench to serve as a sheeting and often as a permanent foundation wall
Flat Slab
a flat plate thickened at its column supports with column capitals and drop panels to increase its shear strength and moment-resisting capacity: suitable for heavily loaded spans
Slip Form
a form that can be move slowly and continuously as concrete is being placed during the construction of concrete pavement or building
Cone Bolt
a form tie having cones at each end inside the forms which allow it to also serve as a spreader
Self-cleaning glass
a glass with photocatalytic coating that reacts with sunlight to break down and dislodge organic dirt.
Low Density Hardboard
a grade of hardboard has low density and used for lightweight application
Building Boards
a group of sheets of building materials often faced with paper or vinyl, suitable for use as a finished surface such as walls and ceiling.
Topping
a layer of high quality concrete or mortar placed to form a floor surface on a concrete base
Vehicle
a liquid in which pigment is dispersed before being applied to a surface in order to control consistency, adhesion, gloss and durability
Pile
a long slender column of wood, steel, or reinforced concrete, driven or hammered vertically into the earth to form part of a foundation system
Keyway
a longitudinal groove or channel formed in a concrete footing or other member that has set, providing a shear-resisting key for newly placed concrete
Small Power
a manual mixing rotating drum
raft foundation
a mat providing a footing on yielding soil, usually for an entire building, placed so that the weight of the displaced soil exceeds the weight of the construction
Form Tie
a metal tie for keeping wall forms from spreading under the fluid pressure of newly placed concrete
Laitance
a milky deposit containing cement and aggregate fines on the surface of new concrete, caused by the bleeding of excess mixing water, overworking of the mix, or improper finishing.
Waferboard
a non-veneered panel product composed of large, thin wood flakes bonded under heat and pressure with a waterproof adhesive.
Beam and Girder Slab
a one-way slab supported by secondary beams which in turn are supported by primary beams or girders
Friction Pile
a pile that depends principally on the frictional resistance of surrounding earth for support
C-Joist
a pre-cast, pre-stressed concrete product use for floor and roof slab system
L-beam
a precast, prestressed ledger beam having a cross section resembling the capital letter L.
Compressive Cylinder Test
a quasi-quality control test based on 7-28 days curing period to determine the compressive strength of a concrete specimen. A metal cast cylinder (12" high and 6" diameter) is poured with concrete and taken out within 24 hours while still wet and dated. Sent to laboratory check if it can support axial compression before fracturing
Open Caisson
a self-contained box structure made of timber, metal and concrete
Resultant force
a single force that represents the net effect of a force system
Sound transmission Class
a single number RATING OF SOUND INSULATION value of partition ,door
metal
a solid material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and features good electrical and thermal conductivity.
Plywood
a structural wood made of three or more layers of veneer joined by glue , bonded and laid with grain of each layer is at right angles to each adjacent layer
Concrete Tile
a surfacing unit of slate or of some other impervious composition
Formworks
a system of temporary boarding, sheathing or pans used to produce the desired shape and size of concrete mass
High Chair
a tall chair for supporting top bars in a concrete beam or slab
Bidding documents
a term used to describe the documents furnished to bidders.
Pneumatic Caisson
a type of caisson having opening at the bottom and closed at the top or it may be an inverted box into which compressed air is introduced to keep the water and mud from coming into the box enclosure and which forms part of the integral part of the foundation
Square Sloped Footing
a type of isolated footing having inclined top, sloping towards the edges
skylight
adds light, view, and in some cases ventilation, without affecting privacy or taking up wall space
Commercial Paints
air-drying or baking-cured materials applied by brush, spray, or magnetic agglomeration to kitchen and laundry appliances, automobile, machinery, and furniture and used as highway marking materials
SODIUM SILICATE ADHESIVE
also known as water glass or liquid glass, available in aqueous solution and in solid form, is a compound used in cements, passive fire protection, refractories, textile and lumber processing. Also used for automotive engine blocks and gaskets
ANIMAL GLUE
an adhesive that is created by prolonged boiling of animal connective tissue. was the most common woodworking glue for thousands of years (horse, rabbit, fish)
Water Reducing Admixture
an agent or super plasticizers that improves workability and maintain consistency of concrete
Structural Glued Laminated Timber
any member comprising an assembly of laminations of lumber in which the grain of all laminations are approximately parallel longitudinally, in which all parts are bonded with adhesive
cladding
application of one material over another to provide a skin or layer intended to control the infiltration of weather elements, or for aesthetic purposes
External
application of preservative coating
EPOXY RESIN
are a major part of the class of adhesives called "structural adhesives" or "engineering adhesives" (which also includes polyurethane, acrylic, cyanoacrylate, and other chemistries.)These high-performance adhesives are used in the construction of aircraft, automobiles, bicycles, boats, golf clubs, skis, snow boards, and other applications where high strength bonds are required
Architectural Paints
are air-drying materials applied by brush or spray to architectural and structural surfaces and forms for decorative and protective purposes
Primers
are basecoats applied to a surface to improve the adhesion of subsequent coats of paint or varnish
Sealers
are basecoats applied to a surface to reduce absorption of subsequent coats of paint or varnish, or to prevent bleeding through the finish coat
POLYURETHANE (as a sealant)
are commonly formulated as paints and varnishes for finishing coats to protect or seal wood. This use results in a hard, abrasion-resistant, and durable coating that is popular for hardwood floors, but considered by some to be difficult or unsuitable for finishing furniture or other detailed pieces. The longevity of stone can be extended if it is effectively sealed against the ingress of damaging liquids and minerals such as salts. The ancient Romans often used olive oil to seal their stone
Rust Inhibiting Paints & Primers
are esp. formulated with anti-corrosive pigments to prevent /reduce the corrosion of metal surfaces
Fire Retardant Paints
are especially formulated with silicone and polyvinyl chloride or other substance to reduce the flame spread of a combustible material.
Alternates
are established by the architect and owner for the deletion or addition of work.
Stick system
are installed piece by piece on site including the glazing
SILICONE
are largely inert compounds with a wide variety of forms and uses. Typically heat-resistant, nonstick, and rubberlike, they are frequently used in cookware, medical applications, aquariums, lubricants, and insulation. (Example. Bostik (brand name)
Coloring Agent
are pigments or dyes mixed into topping to render/alter color evenly to concrete surface
Heat Resistant Paints
are specially formulated w/ silicone resins to withstand high temperatures
Conditions of the Contract
are those portions of the contract documents which define, set forth, or relate to contract terminology.
I-Beams
are widely used in the construction industry and are available in a variety of standards sizes. It may be used both as beams and columns.
No bent bars
bars that are not bent; additional straight reinforcing bars which are placed on the top of the beam across the supports extended to the required length and other additional bars are also placed at the bottom center of the beam span where positive moment develops
Tempered Hardboard
brittle and stiff but resistant to water penetration, ideal for exterior. (Type of Hardboard)
Finish
broom, float, exposed aggregate, swirl, and bush hammered
Air -Entraining Agent
can be inter-ground during manufacturing of Type I, II and III cement. Enables the concrete to be highly resistant against corrosion
WIndow wall
can make it appear as continuous curtain wall
Uniform Quality
careful transportation and placement
Large-panel system
category of pre-cast concrete that refers to multistory structures composed of large wall and floor concrete panels connected in the vertical and horizontal directions so that the wall panels enclose appropriate spaces for the rooms within the building
local yield
caused by concentrated loads, such as at the beam's point of support
Plaster
cement + lime + sand + water
Grout
cement + sand + considerable amount of water
Mortar
cement + sand + water
Paste
cement + water
Hardener
chemical/fine metallic aggregate improve the density of concrete surface subject to impact and wear
Sandstone
class of rock of cemented silica grains with texture ranging from very fine to very coarse. Colors vary from buff, red and light brown. Porous where as 30% of volume composed of pores
Water
clean, potable & free from harmful substances
Low-emissivity glass
coatings are microscopically thin, virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide layers deposited on a window or skylight glazing surface primarily to reduce the U-factor by suppressing radioactive heat flow.
urethane coatings
come in a wide range of colors and glosses; excellent chemical resistance; fades and chalks to a minor degree
polyester
comes in variety of colors as well as high glosses; good durability. widely used in high-quality architectural applications
Cast-In Place
concrete deposited, formed and cured and finished in its final position as a part of structure
Transit Mixed
concrete dry batch at a batch plant & mixed at the truck mixer en route to construction site
Traditional Forms
concrete forming technique uses temporary forms, typically made of aluminum; rigid foam insulation is placed inside the forms or between the forms and held in place with a system of non-conductive ties
Tunnel Forms
concrete forming technique wherein walls, floors and ceilings are cast at the same time. This technique is best suited to multi-family buildings and attached housing where room dimensions are repeated.
Reinforced Concrete
concrete in which steel reinforcement is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces
Fire Resistance
concrete is incombustible and somewhat insulative, but long exposure to fire can be damaging. Density of the concrete and type of aggregate affect fire resistance
Beton brut
concrete left in natural state after formwork is removed reflecting the texture, joints and fasteners of board form
Ready Mixed
concrete mixed at batch plant for delivery by an agitator to construction site
Shrink Mixed
concrete partially mixed at the batch plant then mixed completely in a truck mixed en route to construction site
Flat Plate
concrete slab of uniform thickness reiforced in two or more direction in the board that directly by columns without beams or girders
Construction Documents
consist of contract documents and bidding requirements
metal-faced composite panels
consist of metal facings adhered to a thin thermoplastic core then may be bent to the desired profile; not as impact resistant as flat plates
Tieback
consist of steel cables or tendons that reinserted into holes pre-drilled through the sheet piling and into the rock or a suitable stratum of soil
Rubble
consists of rough fragments of broken stone that have at least one good face for exposure in a wall.
Environmental Load
consists of wind pressure and suctions, earthquake load, rainwater on flat roof, and forces caused by temperature differentials
Ferrocement
constructed of cement mortar over wire mesh that gas been pre-shaped over a mold
Spectext
copyrighted by the Construction Sciences research foundation and published by Construction specification institute.
Durable
correct proportion and mixing process
aluminum
corrosion-resistant and comes with a variety of finishes in a wide range of colors
Wind/Cup Shake
cracks/breaks across annual rings of timber
Type III: High Early Strength (HES)
cures faster (3 -7 days) and gains earlier strength
Retarder
delays or extend the setting time of concrete especially during hot weather condition (hydration accelerates curing) allowing more time to place, consolidate and finish the concrete
Asbestos Cement Board
dense, rigid, board containing high proportion of asbestos fibers bonded with Portland cement. Resistant to fire, flame and weathering but low resistance of heat flow
thermal performance
derived from the amount of insulation placed in the cavity within the backup wall
Gas Forming Agent
develops the potential strength of a concrete
Paternoster
device which consists of open frotned two person car suspended by HOISTING CHAINS
Solvent
dissolves the paint to make it usable at normal room temperatures
Moment arm
distance between the axis of rotation and the perpendicular of the line of action of a force
Batter Pile
driven at an inclination to resist forces that are not vertical
Transmission Loss
drop in voltage due to TRANSMISSION of electricity in wires
thermoset acrylics
durable and come in a wide range of colors and glosses; cannot be postformed
Bonding Agent
either metallic aggregate (bonding thru oxidation and expansion) or synthetic latex emulsion (sprayed or painted to coalesce and bond) to improve the bond between old and new concrete.
round skylight
emerges from the roof as a half-sphere bubble
Bagger Mixer
equipped with diesel engine and pump operated mechanical mixing drum (1 or 2bags) or rotating mixing drum at the back of a truck.
flat plate metal wall panels
fabricated out of 1/8 inch thick metal plate then bent to the desire profile; very high impact resistance and durability compared to other types of panels
Appearance
factors include color, grain, and texture
Manual
flat surface with shovels and buggy
buckling or yielding of components
for ex., of stiffeners used to provide stability to the I-beam's web
YES
form plywood (TYPE OF PLYWOOD)
Argillite
formed from clay, dark blue with faint shades of green.
lap-seam metal panels
formed out of metal sheets; typically ship-lapped with adjacent panels; gutters or sealant tape are typically included as part of the system
Type IV: Low Heat
generates less heat hydration where heat build-up can significantly damage the structure and used for massive concrete structures
Source
generator
Pigment
gives the paint a colour, but also plays a role in its consistency, ease of application, drying ability, durability and hardness
Strawboard
hardboard made of compressed wheat straw, processed at 350°F -400°F with tough Kraft paper
Tinted or heat-absorbing glass
has a color added to the glass during manufacture to add colour and light or heat-reducing capabilities. Has a transmittance of 14-85% depending on thickness and degree of tinting.
galvanume (zinccalume - TM)
has a hop-dip zinc and aluminum coating and is produced by major steel manufacturers; offers better corrosion resistance than just galvanized steel
Sheathing Grade
has both surfaces and all edges coated with asphalt and other fibers impregnated with asphalt during manufacture
POLYSULFIDE
has excellent adhesiveness and highly flexible and can be applied either manual brush or by spray. (Example. 3m(brand name)
honeycomb core metal wall panels
has metal facings bonded to a honeycomb core
laminated-insulation core wall panels
has metal facings laminated to preformed insulation boards' can have tongue-in-groove joints for interface with adjacent panels or framed edges where perimeter extrusions attach the panels
Metamorphic Rock
has undergone a change in structure, texture, or composition due to the natural agencies, as heat and pressure, especially when the rock becomes harder and more crystalline, as marble and slate
Epoxy Paints
have an epoxy resin as a binder for increased resistance to corrosion, abrasion and chemicals. They can be used for protecting materials such as steel, aluminum and fiber glass.
Latex Paints
have as a binder an acrylic resin that coalesces as water evaporates from the emulsion. are quick‐drying, low in odor and thinned with water. No special primer is required for interior applications except over bare metal or wood, or over highly alkaline surfaces.
Alkyd Paints
have as a binder an alkyd resin, such as chemically modified soy or linseed oil. Alkyd flats can often be applied to painted walls and ceilings, metal, fully cured plaster, wallboard and woodwork without a priming.
foamed-insulation core metal wall panels
have metal facings with insulation foamed into place during fabrication
20,000 hertz
highest audible sound to man
Receiver
humans
Granite
igneous origin, hard, strong, durable and capable of taking high pressure polish. Red, pink, yellow, green, blue, white and brown.
Serpentine
igneous with mineral serpentine, typically olive green to greenish black but impurities may color the rock
material/finish durability
important for system performance; most common finishes applied include flouropolymer, powder and anodized coatings
PHENOLIC RESIN
in dry and liquid form, excellent bond to wood and paper requiring hot press used to manufacture plywood.
Set Inhibiting Agent
in liquid form (applied immediately before pouring of concrete) or powder form (applied directly after pouring). Inhibits the setting of cement paste avoiding bonding to surface aggregates and left exposed for architectural effect
frame-in-place skylight
installed flush with the plane of the structure, much like a vertical window; held in place with L-shaped brackets
Special Provisions
instructions which may be issued to the bidding to supplement or modify drawings, specs, and gen. conditions of the contract.
Contract Modifications
instructions written after execution of the contract
Waterproofing
integrated type in powder form added during mixing. Render surface in decks, basements and pools water impervious
Welding
is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the work pieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material
pyramid skylight
is a four-traingle pyramid which juts out of the roof
Brazing
is a joining process whereby a filler metal or alloy is heated to melting temperature above 450°C (842°F), or, by the traditional definition that has been used in the United States, above 800°F (425°C) and distributed between two or more close-fitting parts by capillary action.
VARNISH
is a liquid preparation of a resin dissolved in oil or in alcohol that when spread and allowed to dry forms a hard, lustrous and transparent coating. Oil based are oil varnish while alcohol based are spirit stain.
hip ridge skylight
is a long rectangular skylight which peaks up above the roof surface to a central ridge, with a sloping triangular piece of glass on either short end
Masterspec
is a master specification for the construction industry developed by the production systems.
rivet
is a mechanical fastener. Before it is installed it consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite the head is called the buck-tail.
Iron
is a metal extracted mainly from the iron ore hematite. It oxidizes readily in air and water to form Fe2O3 and is rarely found as a free element. is believed to be the sixth most abundant element in the universe
Sherardising
is a method of galvanizing also called vapor galvanizing
barrel vault skylight
is a more complex form of the lean-to, which consist of a half-sphere against an upper wall often seen in large arboretums.
Soldering
is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a relatively low melting point. (below 840deg F)
Caulking
is a process used to seal the seams in wooden boats or ships, and riveted iron or steel ships, in order to make them watertight.
Laminated glass
is a sealed, double-panel glass unit with a vacuum or gas in the space between the panels.
Float glass
is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten tin. Clearest among the glazing options, having a transmittance of 75-92% visible light, depending on the thickness and composition.
lean-to skylight
is a simple slope which rises from the roof of the one story and ends by leaning against an upper wall of the next story
ridge skylight
is a simpler version, with two long traingles sloping in towards one another, and a straight triangles closing off eiither end.
Lead
is a soft, malleable poor metal, also considered to be one of the heavy metals. has a bluish white color when freshly cut, but tarnishes to a dull grayish color when it is exposed to air and is shiny chrome silver when melted into a liquid.
STAIN
is a solution of dye or suspension of pigment in a vehicle, applied to penetrate and color a wood surface without obscuring the grain
Tempered glass
is a strong, break-resistant type of safety glass that if broken, shatters into small pieces
Alclad
is a trademark of Alcoa used as a generic term to describe corrosion resistant Aluminum sheet formed from high-purity aluminum surface layers metallurgically bonded to high strength Aluminum Alloy core material.
Glazing
is a transparent part of a wall, usually made of glass or plastic (acrylic and polycarbonate).
Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)
is a type of hardboard, which is made from wood fibers glued under heat and pressure.
Toughened glass (Tempered Class)
is a type of safety glass that has increased strength and will usually shatter in small, square pieces when broken. _________ is typically four to six times the strength of annealed glass.
Enamel Paint
is a varnish with pigments added. has the same basic durability and toughness of a good varnish. It produces an easy to-clean surface, and in the proper formulation, can be used for interior and exterior applications. For the highest quality interior work, an undercoat is required.
tubular skylight
is a very small skylight, intended mainly for hallways and small rooms where a traditional skylight wouldn't easily fit.
Stone
is an aggregate or combination of minerals, each of which is composed of inorganic chemical substances.
Curtain Wall
is an external, lightweight, non-loadbearing wall (either glazing or cladding) that is hung from a metal frame rather than built up from the ground like a brick wall; the framework it shields is usually of concrete or steel.
Brass
is any alloy of copper and zinc. It has a muted yellow color, somewhat similar to gold. It is relatively resistant to tarnishing, and is often used as decoration and for coins. In antiquity, polished brass was often used as a mirror.
fixed skylight
is any type of skylight which doesn't open .this type of skylight is intended solely to allow light to pass into the house.
Igneous Rock
is formed by the crystallization of molten magma, as granite, obsidian and malachite
Sedimentary rock
is formed by the deposition of sediment by glacial action, as limestone, sandstone and shale
Aluminum Paint
is formulated with varnish as the vehicle for aluminum flake pigment. As the paint dries, the aluminum flakes float to the surface, providing a reflective coating. Highly resistant to weathering. Also suitable for interior use on wood, metal or masonry
Hardness
is important when stone is used for flooring, paving, and stair treads.
Glass brick
is often used as an architectural element in underground parking garages, washrooms, municipal swimming baths, and other areas where privacy or visual obscuration is desired, while admitting light
flat skylight
is probably the most common, consisting of a square or rectangular piece of flat glass or acrylic, which may be fixed or ventilating
Dimension Stone
is quarried and squared stone 2' or more in length and width and of specified thickness, used commonly for wall panels, cornices, copings, lintels and flooring
dome skylight
is similar to a flat skylight, except that the glass rounds up past the surface of the roof
Heartwood
is the central core of the log tree which is composed of inactive cells and serves only as a mechanical support
CYANOACRYLATE
is the generic name for cyanoacrylate based fast-acting glues such as ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate (commonly sold under trade names like Superglueand Krazy Glue)Cyanoacrylate is a tenacious adhesive, particularlywhen used to bond non-porous materials or those that contain minute traces of water. Ex: Mighty Bond or Super Glu
Pig Iron
is the intermediate product of smelting iron ore with coke and resin
Crushed Stone
is used as aggregate in concrete products
Shadow box
it creates the illusion of opacity with a dark metal pan or insulation board that is held back from the glass.
Tensile stress
it is a type of stress that refers to "Pull"
metal stud framing
its design needs to be integrated with the panel design and fastening system
Spiral Reinforcement
lateral reinforcement consisting of an evenly spaced continuous spiral held firmly in place by vertical spacers
Standard
light, bendable; light brown and not suitable for exteriors (Type of Hardboard)
Surface Sealing Agents
liquid waxes sprayed over the surface that is easily removed after curing. Prevents evaporation of water into a new concrete allowing hydration and seal the pores of concrete surface after it has hardened
Creep
long duration stress produces stress over time and consequently causes permanent deformation. This phenomenon can be reduced through the use of reinforcement in the compression zone
stainless steel
long-lasting and comes in a number of finishes including high reflectivity, smooth, brushed, embossed
20 hertz
lowest audible sound to man
0.002 dyne/cm2
lowest value that the ear can hear
Internal
lumber is subjected to pressure & injected with chemical such as zinc chloride solution/salt
Tempered hardboard
made by impregnated standard board with tempering compounds of oils and resin baking it to polymerize the tempering material
Particle Board
made from hardboard from relatively small particles, graduated from coarse at the center of the board to fine at the surface to produce a smooth dense surface
Hardboard
made from processed wood chips or fibers subjected to high pressure steam in pressure vessels, released and exploded forming into filtered cellulose.
Binder
makes the coat of paint retain its structure, and binds it to the surface to which it is applied
Soil Test
making a reasonably accurate conception of the physical properties and arrangement of this underlying soil
Formliner
material for lining the inner face of a form, specially selected to impart a smooth or patterned finish to the concrete surface
Engineered wood
materials engineered to precise design specifications which are tested to meet certain construction standards: ex. Plywood
ventilating skylight
may be opened to allow air to pass through. It is ideal for bathrooms and kitchens for it helps relieve moisture
air and moisture barrier
may include building papers, house wraps, elastomeric coatings, or peel-and-stick waterproofing membranes
dissimilar metals
may result to: water runoff staining or galvanic corrosion
impact resistance
metals can be damaged or dented by impact loading
acoustics
metals don't offer much sound insulation
pitting
metals exposed to weather and pollution results to this. it detracts from the appearance of the panel and the building
Fire Safety
metals may need to include fire-stopping at floor levels
Marble
metamorphic rock, are crystallized limestone forming into carrara, parian, onyx and vermont.
Slate Rock
metamorphosis of clays and shale's deposited in layers. May be separated into thin, tough sheets called slates. Colors are black, green red, grey, or purple
Polyester and silicone films and paints
methods of creating an opaque glass
Pozzolan
named after a natural cement from Puzzuolli, an ancient Roman town near Mt. Vesuvius
Portland cement
named after it resembles a unique limestone found in the Isle of Portland, England (hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay and limestone in rotary kiln resulting into clinker, further pulverized into very fine powder)
Background sound
noise from all sources in an environment exclusive of a specific sound of interest.
Low Density
not as strong and durable as 1 & 2, for decorative boards and often used as blackboard (Type of Hardboard)
galvanic corrosion
occurs when one type of metal is in physical contact with another metal
steel with various finishes
offers lower cost alternatives but it need protection against corrosion, generally by sacrificial zinc coating
cycle
one complete displacement of sound wave
Gunite
or "shotcrete" for lightweight construction, where concrete mix is pumped through a hose and sprayed at high velocity over reinforcement until desired thickness is reached
Admixture
or additive as required by situations, ingredients added to concrete or mortar modify its properties immediately before or after mixing
Gravel
or course aggregates, crushed stone or blast furnace slags with size from ¼ inch -1 ½ inches (6.4mm -37.5mm)
Sand
or fine aggregates, natural sand or crushed stone well graded with size from 0.003-¼ inch (0.076 -6.4mm
Shrinkage
ordinary concrete shrinks amount during curing process. This may account for potential movement over 100ºF temperature differential causing cracks. This must be controlled by providing expansion joints and steel reinforcements
Acoustical Environment
overall environment ,interior and exterior that affects the acoustic condition of the space or structure under consideration
polygon skylight
peaks up out of the roof with a number of glass or acrylic polygons -- these skylights are considerably more expensive than simpler models but are also very aesthetically impressive
Cased Pile
pile constructed by driving a steel pipe or casing into the ground until it meets the required resistance and then filling it with concrete
oil canning
pillowing or waviness of the metal panel
titanium
popular but a costly metal; Frank Gehry's Guggenheim. low coefficient of thermal expansion; fourth most abundant metal o earth
Pre-Stressing
pre-tensioning and post-tensioning
Solid Flat Slab
precast , prestressed concrete plank suitable for short span and uniformly distributed floor and roof loads
Single Tee
precast, prestressed concrete slab having a broad ,T shaped cross section
Inverted Tee
precast, prestressed ledger beam having a cross section resembling an inverted capital T;
Double Tee
precast,prestressed concrete slab having two stamps in a broad cross section resembling the capital letter TT
Dispersal Agents
prevents bleeding of concrete from concrete
Potential Difference
produced when 1 unit of work is done in seperating unit charges through unit distance.
Strong
proper selection of materials
Surge Arrester
protective device for LIMITING SURGE VOLTAGE on equipment.
insulation
provided by batt insulation set within the stud wall behind the metal panel cladding
Composite Construction Method
provides a method of using two materials together so as to utilize each material to its best advantage.
Heart shake
radial cracks originating at the heart of the trees
curb-mounted skylight
raised above the plane of the roof; either sets on a wood frame curb of the curb is an integral part of the unit
Rubblework
random & no attempt to produce an orderly course either horizontal or vertical, small spaces are filled with smaller stones.
Sound Reinforcement
refer to the beneficial reinforcement of a sound signal provided
Stained glass
refers either to the material of colored glass or to the art and craft of working with it. As a material the term __________ refers to glass that has been colored by adding metallic salts during its manufacture
Flagstone
refers to flat stone slabs used for flooring and horizontal surfacing
Lagging
refers to the heavy timber planks joined together side by side tp retain the face of an excavation
Dead Load
refers to the static load such as the weight of the construction materials which generally carry the live load
Tension Reinforcement
reinforcement designed to absorb tensile stresses
Hardness
relative to durability and appearance, accomplished thru troweled or floated finish to draw more paste to the surface. But harder superficial layer has a tendency to spall, use gas forming agent
tilt-up construction
requires significant organization and collaboration on the building site cost-effective, fast, safety, aesthetics, durable, fire safety, ease of maintenance, security etc.
Kynar 500
resist fading and chalking and are "superior" to all other coatings in weatherability; comes in earth tones
Reinforced Concrete Slab
rigid planar structure of concrete designed to act together with principal and secondary reinforcement in resisting applied forces
Limestone
sedimentary rock like dolomite, no cleavage lines, low in absorption, smooth, uniform in structure & composition. High compressive &tensile strength
Travertine
sedimentary rock, pleasing texture with small natural pockets on a cut surface
Star Shake
series of heart shakes thus forming a star-like manner
Concrete Brick
solid or hollow masonry unit of clay or shale molded into rectangular shape while plastic & burn in a KILN
Liquidborne sound
sound caused by pulsation of LIQUID pressure about the mean static pressure
Complex tone
sound sensation characterized by more than one frequency.
Project/Site Conditions
specification subparagraphs dealing with the physical environmental conditions under which the work is to be performed.
Lateral Reinforcement
spiral reinforcement or lateral ties placed in a concrete column to laterally restrain the vertical reinforcement and prevent buckling
sprayed sheet metals or coil-coated
sprayed with paint as individual pieces
Equilibrium
state or condition in a body wherein resultant is zero
H-Pile
steel H-section, sometimes encased in concrete to a point below the water table to prevent corrosion
Trim
stones cut for specific purposes like - jambssillscopingscorniceslintelsstepsarch stone (voussoirs)
light shafts
straight, angled or splayed
Tilt-Up Construction
structural members are custom pre-casted on site then hoisted into final position
Lift Slab Construction
structural members are sequentially lifted into final position
Glued Built up member
structural members, the sections of which are composed of built-up member, plywood or plywood in combination with lumber, all parts are bonded with adhesive
Industrial Paints
subdivided by their intended service: corrosion-resistant coatings, high temperature coatings, and coatings for immersion service
Type II: Moderate
sulfate resistant, where heat build-up can damage the structure
Gang Nail system
system of wood construction that uses spiked metal plates to assemble members as in a truss.
Wet Dry
takes place sometimes in the growth of the tree caused by water saturation
Lumbering
term applied to the operations performed in preparing wood for commercial purpose
Sound Absorption Coefficient
the FRACTION of SOUND ENERGY ABSORBED otherwise reflected by a surface
Fundamental Frequency
the LOWEST FREQUENCY in a COMPLEX TONE
Sound Transmission
the PROPAGATION of sound Energy through VARIOS MEDIA
Waveform
the Shape of the GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION of a SOUND WAVE
stiffness and mass
the _ and _ are chosen to prevent unacceptable vibrations
stiffness
the _ of the I-beam will be chosen to minimise deflection
moisture protection
the design of metal panel joints is critical for the watertight performance of the panel system
Bleeding/ Water Gain
the emergence of excess mixing water on the surface of newly placed concrete caused by settlement of solids within the mass. Also called water gain
Settlement
the gradual subsiding of the structure as the soil beneath its foundation consolidates under loading
Reverberation
the persistence of sound in an ENCLOSED SPACE as a result of REPEATED REFLECTION or SCATTERING OF SOUND
Dry Rot
the presence of moisture caused by fungi in seasoned wood
Placement
the process of depositing and consolidating freshly mixed concrete in a form or in the final position where it is to harden
Shoring
the process of providing temporary supports to the structure or ground during the excavation
Underpinning
the process of rebuilding, strengthening or stabilizing the foundation of an existing building
Reflected Sound
the resultant SOUND ENERGY RETURNED FROM A SURFACE that is not absorbed
Blind rivets
the rivet assembly is inserted into a hole drilled through the parts to be joined and a specially designed tool used to draw the mandrel into the rivet
Annealed glass, annealing
the standard float glass. _ is a process of slowly cooling glass to relieve internal stresses after it was formed. It is not a safety glass, it breaks into large pieces.
Loudness
the subjective ATTRIBUTE of an auditory sensation
Point Loaded Structural Glazing System
the vertical framing member can be comprised of stick, cable or another custom structure behind the glass. Glass is supported by a system of four-point brackets, and joints are sealed with silicone.
Psychological
the way we interpret sound
Paneling
thin slabs of stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover back up walls and provide finished exterior
weathering steel
this kind of steel, in plate form, has been used for cladding
Contract documents
those printed documents that comprise a contract which include owner-architect agreement or contract form, drawings or plans, specifications, general conditions etc.
Thoroughly Sound
timed curing and provision for protection
Splice
to CONNECT two similar members
Slump Test
to measure the consistency of freshly mixed concrete including mortar and stucco. Where a concrete is placed at a slump cone (12" high with a respective top diameter and bottom is 4" and 8") and tamped in a prescribed manner then lifted to determine the decrease in height expressed by vertical settling in inches
Post-Tension
to prestress a concrete member by tensioning the reinforcing tendons AFTER the concrete is cast
Pre-Tension
to prestress a concrete member by tensioning the reinforcing tendons BEFORE the concrete is cast
Creep
transmission of sound along a curve surface
glass and acrylic
two main materials used to construct a skylight
composite metal wall panels
two sheets of metal adhered to a core material; stronger than lap-seam panels and provide built-in insulation to the wall system; often ship-lapped with adjacent panels
Continuous beam
type of beam with three or more supports
tilt-up or tilt-slab
type of building and a construction technique using concrete. resembles barn raising specifically and wood platform framing generally. cost-effective for low buildings
Composite Column
type of column where structural steel column is embedded into the concrete core of a spiral column
Drop Hammer
type of pile driver which is raised by means of a rope and then allowed to be dropped
Structural Board
type of strawboard which is used as non load bearing partition, as plaster base for insulating purposes
Cycles per second
unit of frequency
Sabins
unit of measure of sound absorption Named after Wallace Clement Sabine
Non-Skid Surfaces
use abrasive material in topping to produced unslippery surface for pavement construction
Bioacoustics and medical acoustics
use of sound for Medical diagnosis
Insulating Grade
used as an insulating, decorative panels, decorative coeiling tile, V-notch plaster base and roof insulation with standard thickness ranging form 1/2", 5/8", 3/4" and 1 inch.
Pozzolanic Admixture
used as substitute for cement (35%) for structures in high temperatures and seawater installation or as additives to decrease the weight of a concrete per cubic foot
Bearing Pile
used in foundation construction and carries superimposed loads
Insulation grade
used primarily for roof deck insulation
Ceramic frit
used to create an opaque or spandrel glass
Type V: Sulfate Resistant
used where resistance to severe sulfate action is required that damage the structure when it leach out from the soil
Amplification
usually the increase in intensity level of audible signal produced by means of loud speakers and associated electronic amplification apparatus
Oil Paints
utilize a drying oil that oxidizes and hardens to form a tough elastic film when exposed to thin layer of air. are used inside and outside and are regarded as the traditional house paint.
shadowing
weld or stiffener is visible on the panel face
zinc
well-known for its high corrosion resistance; comes in preweathered finishes to avoid transition phase
bending failure by local buckling
where the flange or web is so slender as to buckle locally
bending failure by yielding
where the stress in the cross section exceeds yield stress
shear failure
where the web fails. Slender webs will fail by buckling, rippling in a phenomenon termed tension field action, but _ is also resisted by the stiffness of the flanges
Ashlars
work requires the use of cut stone that includes broken ashlars, regularly / irregularly coursed
ordinary
¼ -¾" (TYPE OF PLYWOOD)
fancy
¼' -1" (panelings and cabinets) (TYPE OF PLYWOOD)
marine
½" -¼"(waterproof for exterior facing) (TYPE OF PLYWOOD)
Method of joints
Finding the reactions at each support
