BT 1, BT 2, BT 3, BT 4, BT 5, BU 1, BU 2, BU 3, ES AUSAT

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Uniformly distributed load​

(Rectangular loading) uniform magnitude

Center of mass ​

(Section property) Point at which the entire mass is concentrated

Sheet glass

(Sometimes called window glass or drawn glass) was made by dipping a leader into a vat of molten glass then pulling that leader straight up while a film of glass hardened just out of the vat

Uniformly varying load​

(Triangular loading) distributed load which uniformly varies with the distance

Cantilever beam​

(beam) Supported by a fixed support at one end only

Bleeding

(emergence of excess mixing water on the surface of newly placed concrete caused by settlement of solids within the mass)

Laitance

(milky deposit containing cement and fine aggregate on the surface of new concrete combined with bleeding, overworking of mix or improper finishing).

Gypsum Board

(or plaster board or drywall or wall board) -a wall board having a gypsum core

Dutch Cone Penetration Method

- 60 degree cone with a base area of 100 sq. mm is used in this method - this is attached to the tip of a rod and protected by a casing - cone is pushed by the rod into the ground, cone is slightly larger than the pipe in order to minimize friction between the tool and the surrounding soil

Single Acting Steam Hammer

- steam is applied to raise the striking part of the hammer then allowed to fall by gravity - force of the blow depends on the length of the stroke and the movable weight - number of blows per minute depends on the steam pressure

ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS

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Cement Type: (...)

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Concrete Admixtures (...)

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Concrete Finishes (...)

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Concrete Mixture (...)

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Concrete Products (...)

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Different Processes of Mixing Concrete (...)

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Methods for Construction (Concrete) (...)

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Methods of Transporting Concrete (...)

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PAINT (...)

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PAINT CLASSFICATION (...)

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PAINT COMPOSITION (...)

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PAINT TYPES (...)

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Properties of Concrete (...)

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Qualities of Good Concrete (...)

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Synthetic adhesives

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skylight sizing principles

1 square foot of a skylight area for every 20 square feet of floor space; example: 100 square feet room area = 5 square feet skylight area

Types of supports​

1. Cable 2. Roller 3. Pin or hinge

Conditions of equilibrium​

1. Resultant is zero 2. The sum of moments about any point in system is zero

External effects

1. Shear 2. Moment 3. Torque

Class AA

1:1.5:3

Class A (mortar)

1:2

Class B

1:2.5:5

Class A

1:2:4

Class B (mortar)

1:3

Class C

1:3:6

Class C (mortar)

1:4

Class D (mortar)

1:5

Insulating Grade- for insulating decorative panels and ceiling tiles with V-notch plaster base Sheathing Grade-surfaces and edges are coated with asphalt and or with fibers impregnated with asphalt during manufacture

2 Basic Grades of Insulating Fiberboard

Structural board-2" thick used for non-bearing partitions, plaster base, insulator, exterior sheathing, roof decking, and inner form face for concrete basement wall. Insulation grade-2" thick, intended primarily for roof deck insulation.

2 Grades of Strawboard

Cane Fiberboard-shredded cane and processed into fibers. Mineral Fiberboard-made from asbestos fibers mixed with cementing agent ideal for fireproofing and acoustical purposes.

2 Types of Insulating Fiberboard

Running Bond- a masonry bond formed when all units are laid in stretcher position, with a half-unit overlap (Type of paneling) Stack Bond- a masonry bond formed when there is no overlapping of all units and all horizontal & vertical joints are aligned (Type of paneling)

2 Types of Paneling

Clear - no ambiguity Correct - technically Concise - no excessive verbiage

3 C's for Specification:

pre -finished paneling

3/16' -¼" ( paper overlaid, printed series, book matched and ribbon grained ) (TYPE OF PLYWOOD)

Sub-contractor's limits, Contractor Limits, Inspection and testing procedures (Quality Control), Design Criteria

4 Alternate Options

Cement

4 parts calcined limestone plus 1 part clay which are mixed, burned and pulverized, sold in 40 kilos per bags

Temperature

50°F and 60°F is the preferred temperature (physical characteristics)

DRYING

70-90% of the original moisture must be removed from the timber before this could be used for construction.....a reason why routine drying is importan

Standard Hook

90 degrees, 135 degrees, or 180° been made at the end of a reinforcing bar according to industry standards with a radius based on the bar diameter

Appliance Branch Circuit

A BRANCH CIRCUIT that supplies energy to ONE OR MORE outlets.

Air Circuit Breaker

A CIRCUIT BREAKER where interruption occurs in AIR.

Grounded Circuit

A CIRCUIT in which one conductor or point is INTENTIONALLY GROUNDED.

Octave

A Frequency band whose upper limit is twice the lower limit ;a division of audible frequency range

Soldier Pile

A H-section sheet pile driven vertically into the ground to support horizontal laggings

Hertz

A Measure of frequency

P trap/ 1/2 S trap/ Gooseneck

A P-shaped trap

Alternating Current

A PERIODIC CURRENT.

Flutter Echo

A RAPID SUCCESSION OF ECHOES caused by reflection of sound back and forth between two parallel walls.

Splay

A SLIGHT OFFSET in an angle from a flat plane such as walls or ceilings

Resonance

A STATE in which the forces OSCILLATION of a system occur at or near natural frequency of a system

Air Switch

A SWITCH where interruption occurs in AIR.

Alternator (Synchronous Generator)

A SYNCHRONOUS ALTERNATING-CURRENT machine that changes MECHANICAL power to ELECTRICAL

Emergency Light

A TEMPORARY source of light.

Phon

A Unit of loudness level

Door

A barrier that serves as an OPENING in a wall.

Half Bath

A bathroom with a water closet and a lavatory

Full bath

A bathroom with a water closet, lavatory and bathtub

Simple Beam

A beam having a single span supported at its end without a restraint at the support

Cantilever Beam

A beam supported on one end and the other end projecting beyond the support, beam or wall

Semi-continuous Beam

A beam with two spans with or without restraint at the two extreme ends

Hook

A bend or curve given to the end of a tension bar to develop an equivalent embedment length, used where there is sufficient room to develop an embedment length

Return Bend

A bend that provides a 180-degree change in direction

1/16 Bend

A bend that provides a 22 1/2-degree change in direction

1/8 Bend

A bend that provides a 45-degree change in direction

Elbow (1/4 Bend)

A bend that provides a 90-degree change in direction

concrete deck stiffened plate web stiff diaphragms

A box girder consists of:

Spreader/Spacer

A brace, usually of wood for spacing and keeping wall or footing forms apart

Circuit Vent

A branch vent that serves 2 or more traps and extends from in front of the last fixture connection of a branch to the vent stack

Joist band

A broad, shallow supporting beam for a ribbed slab that is economical to form since its depth is the same as that of the joists.

Socketed Caisson

A caisson that is drilled into a stratum of solid rock rather than belled

Pier

A cast-in-place concrete foundation formed by boring with a large auger or excavating by hand a shaft in the earth to a suitable bearing stratum and filling the shaft with concrete.

Bend Offset

A change in the direction of a pipeline (other than 90 degrees) by a combination of bends; brings one pipe section out of line but into a line parallel with another section

Conversion

A change in use of a building which has different requirements.

Ozonation

A chemical water treatment technique based on the infusion of ozone into water

Yoke

A clamping device for keeping column forms or the tops of wall from spreading under the fluid pressure of newly placed concrete

Chipboard

A class of building board made from wood and particles in a binder often faced with veneer; made by binding phenolic resin or urea formaldehyde glue

Short Column

A column having an unsupported height not greater than 10 times the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section

Drainage Fixture Unit (DFU)

A common measure of the probable discharge rate of various fixtures; = 7.5 gals (or 1 cu.ft) per minute

Project Manual

A complete set of bid and contract docs.

Harmonics

A component of sound containing More than one frequency which is an integral multiple of the lowest frequency

Cellular Mat

A composite structure if reinforced concrete slabs and basement walls serving as a mat foundation

Sewerage or Sewage Works

A comprehensive term, including all construction for collection transportation, pumping, treatment and final disposition of sewage.

Tied Column

A concrete column reinforced with vertical bars and individual lateral ties.

Spiral Column

A concrete column with spiral reinforcement enclosing a circular core reinforced with vertical bars.

Reinforced Concrete Column

A concrete designed to act together with vertical and lateral reinforcement in resisting applied forces.

Under reinforced Section

A concrete section in which the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength before the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain.

Precast Concrete Slabs

A concrete slab member or product that is cast and cured in a place other than where it is to be installed in a structure.

One-way Slab

A concrete slab of uniform thickness reinforced in one direction and cast integrally with parallel supporting beams

Two-way Slab

A concrete slab of uniform thickness reinforced in two directions and cast integrally with supporting edge beams or bearing walls on four sides

Flat Plate

A concrete slab or uniform thickness reinforced in two or more directions and supported directly by columns without beams and girders; suitable for short to medium spans with relatively light live loads; best for moderate spans

Insanitary

A condition contrary to sanitary principles or injurious to health

Jumper

A conductor used to MAKE A TEMPORARY CONNECTION between terminals around a break in a circuit.

Grounding Conductor

A conductor wire used to connect a system to a GROUNDING ELECTRODE or electrodes.

wall footing

A continuous type of footing intended to support as well as transmit the load imposed by the wall directly to the ground

Socket

A coupling with enlarged ends for more strength

Union

A coupling with internally threaded ends and a center piece, which is rotated; used to connect two pipes

Reducer/ Increaser

A coupling with one end larger than the other; used to connect pipes of different sizes

Sanitary Cross Tee

A cross with a slight curve in each of the 90-degree transitions

Pipe

A cylindrical conduit or conductor

Rigid body ​

A definite amount of matter whose parts are fixed in position relative to one another

Asbestos cement board

A dense, rigid board containing a high percentage of fibers bonded with Portland cement; characterized by its high resistance to fire, flame and weathering but has low resistance to heat flow

Garage Catch Basin

A device designed to convey waste from garage, wash rack, grease pits and repair floors into the house drain

Chair

A device supporting and holding steel reinforcement in proper disposition before and during the placing of concrete

Moisture Resistant

A device treated that EXPOSURE TO MOISTURE will not cause injuries.

Fitting

A device used to connect one or more pipes to each other

Water Meter

A device used to measure the volume of water that passes through the water service

Flushometer Valve

A device which discharges a predetermined amount of water to fixtures for flushing

Flush Valve

A device which flushes water closets and similar fixtures; located at the bottom of a flush tank

Backwater Valve

A device which prevents the reverse flow of storm water or sewage into the drainage system

Free body diagram​

A drawing of the structure/part of the structure under consideration

Lally Column

A fabricated post made of steel provided with a plain flat steel bar or plate which holds girder, girt or beam. The steel pipe is sometimes filled with concrete for additional strength and protection from rust or corrosion.

MELAMINE ADHESIVE

A fast setting adhesive specially formulated for room temperature bonding of porous substrate to difficult-to-bond synthetic materials such as melamine surfaces and highly impregnated papers. Product also shows success in bonding wood to metals such as stainless steel, copper and aluminum

Hose Bibb

A faucet to which a hose may be attached

Fiberboard

A fibrous felted homogenous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers and having a density of less than 490 kg/m3 but not more than 159 kg/m3

Gypsum wallboard

A fireproof sheathing used for interior and ceiling applications; this materials is also used for partitions that do not require framing

Trap

A fitting or device that provides a liquid seal which prevents backflow and foul gases without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it

Bend (Sweep)

A fitting used to change pipe direction

Wye (Wye Branch)

A fitting used to connect a branch pipe into a straight run at a 45-degree angle

Tee

A fitting used to connect a branch pipe into a straight run at a 90-degree angle

Cross

A fitting used to connect four straight pipes at 90-degree angles

Adapter

A fitting used to connect pipes of different materials

Bushing

A fitting which is both internally and externally threaded; used to connect pipes of different sizes

Flange

A fitting with a projecting collar along the edge

Cleanout

A fitting with a removable plate or plug for pipes to be cleaned and maintained

Cap

A fitting with an inside thread used to close the end of a pipe

Plug

A fitting with an outside thread with a square head, used to close the end of a pipe

Bidet

A fixture for washing the external genitals and posterior

Lavatory

A fixture for washing the hands and face

Flat Slab

A flat plate thickened at its column supports with column moment-resisting capacity.

High Tank

A flush tank is located high up behind the toilet bowl.

Rectangular Footing

A footing, rectangular in plan and supporting a load of unequal magnitudes in both axis

Pile Cap

A footing-like member, which joins the head of a cluster of piles in order to distribute the load from a column or grade beam equally among the piles

Snap Tie

A form tie having notches or crimps, which allow its ends to be snapped off below the concrete surface after stripping of the forms

Deep Foundation

A foundation system type employed when the soil underlying a foundation is unstable to transfer building loads to a mote appropriate bearing stratum

Shallow Foundation

A foundation system type, which is employed when stable soil of adequate bearing capacity occurs relatively near to the ground surface

Floating Foundation

A foundation used in yielding soil, having for its footing a raft placed deep enough that the weight of the excavated soil is equal to or greater than the weight of the construction supported

Grid Foundation

A framework of crossing beam for spreading heavy loads over large areas

HSLA (High-Strength Low-Alloy) Steel

A group of low-carbon steels containing less than 2% alloys in a chemical composition specifically developed for increase strength, ductility, & resistance to corrosion. Much stronger & tougher than ordinary carbon steel

Window Lift

A handle used to assist in LIFTING or LOWERING a window

CAST IRON

A hard, brittle, non-malleableiron-based alloy containing 2%-4.5% carbon and 0.5%-3% silicon

Tempered board

A hardboard impregnated with a drying oil or other oxidizing resin and baked to improve its hardness and moisture resistance

Strawboard

A hardboard made of compressed wheat straw and processed and covered with a tough kraft paper

Weathering Steel

A high-strength, low-alloy steel that forms an oxide coating when exposed to rain or moisture in the atmosphere. Best-known under the trademark COR-TEN steel

Expansion Joint

A joint or gap between adjacent parts of a building, structure, or concrete work which permits their relative movement due to temperature changes (or other conditions) without rupture or damage.

Construction Joint

A joint where two successive placement of concrete meet

Base Course

A layer of coarse granular materials place and compacted undisturbed soil or prepared fill to prevent the capillary rise of moisture to a ground slab

Fiber cement board

A lightweight _ made of fibers and portland cement, quartz sand and additives; a versatile and durable material used for exterior and interior application such as ceiling, partitions and siding

Bent Bar

A longitudinal bar bent to an angle of 30 or more with the axis of the concrete beam, perpendicular to and intersecting the cracking that could occur from diagonal tension

Pile Driver

A machine for driving piles, usually composed of a tall framework supporting machinery for lifting a pile in the position before driving, a driving hammer, and vertical rails or leads for guiding the hammer

Ribbed Mat

A mat foundation reinforced by a grid of ribs above or below the slab

Conductor of Sound

A material that carries or transmit sound energy

FERROUS METAL

A metal containing iron as a primary material

NON-FERROUS METAL

A metal containing little or no iron

Busbar

A metallic bar used to provide COMMON CONTACT/ TERMINATION for a GROUP OF WIRES

Compound Meter

A meter that unites a disk and turbine meter in one body

Damp proofing

A method of foundation system protection applied to a foundation wall when a subsoil conditions indicate that hydrostatic pressure from the groundwater table will not occur

Swale

A natural landscape feature or a human-created one. Artificial ones are often designed to manage water runoff, filter pollutants, and increase rainwater infiltration.

Plastic or Synthetic Pipes

A new concept in the field of plumbing. It was introduced in the Philippines in the 70's. It proven itself to be superior as sewer and cold water pipe line.

Open Nipple

A nipple having both ends externally threaded and the midsection unthreaded

Close Nipple

A nipple with the entire length externally threaded

Wood wool cement board

A non structural material in low cost housing constructions which may be used for heat insulation and sound absorption but not as fire retardant material

Particle board

A non-veneered composite wood panel product consisting of cellulosic particles made by bonding small wood particles with a synthetic resin under heat and pressure.

Waferboard

A non-veneered panel product composed of large, thin wood flakes bonded under heat and pressure with a waterproof adhesive.

Oriented strandboard

A non-veneered wood panel commonly used for sheathing and as sub-flooring, made by bonding three or five layers of long, thin wood strands under heat and pressure using waterproof adhesive.

Cesspool/ Seepage Pit/ Dry Well

A non-watertight excavation in the ground which receives the discharge of a sanitary drainage system, retaining solids but allowing liquids to seep through

Tapered endform

A pan to form thickened joist ends for a greater shear resistance in a ribbed slab.

Paperboard

A paper pulp pressed into boards 3/16", or ¼" thick, 4' wide, and 6-8' long. Usually one surface is primed for easier finishing A layer of stiff paper folded into corrugated form and faced on both sides with a thick paper backing, cemented to the core

Bulkhead

A partition closing the end form or preventing the passage of newly placed concrete at the construction joint.

Water Stain

A penetrating stain made by dissolving dye in a water vehicle

Spirit Stain

A penetrating stain made by dissolving dye in an alcohol or spirit vehicle.

Master Plumber

A person with knowledge of and experience in plumbing who employs journeymen plumbers or who conducts a plumbing business

Flashing

A piece of sheet metal fitted under another piece of flat metal or wood over which water is expected to run

Shore

A piece of timber to support a wall, usually set in a diagonal or oblique position, to hold the wall in place temporarily

Caisson

A pier especially when the boring is 2ft. (610mm) or larger in diameter to permit inspection of the bottom

Yoke Vent

A pipe connected upward from a soil or waste stack to a vent stack for preventing pressure changes

Soil Pipe

A pipe that conveys fecal matter

Drain

A pipe that conveys ground or surface water, storm water, or wastewater in a drainage system

Waste Pipe

A pipe that conveys liquid waste

Water Distributing Pipe

A pipe that conveys potable water from the building supply pipe to the plumbing fixtures and other outlets.

Vent Pipe

A pipe that provides air circulation in a drainage system and relieves negative pressure on traps

Ejector Vent

A pipe that provides air in a sump pit and prevents pressure buildup

Sewer

A pipe which conveys sewage and wastewater

Wet Vent

A pipe which functions as both a fixture branch and as a vent; usually oversized

Digestive Cesspool

A pit for the reception or detention of sewage

Bath Tub

A plumbing fixture used for bathing

Solid Flat Slab

A pre-cast, stressed concrete plank suitable for short spans and uniform distributed floor and roof loads.

Single Tee

A precast, pre-stressed concrete slab having a broad, T-shaped cross section. It is a Load-bearing structure with a T-shaped cross section.

Double Tee

A precast, pre-stressed concrete slab having two stems and a broad cross section resembling the capital letters TT.

L-Beam

A precast, pre-stressed ledger beam having a cross section resembling the capital L. It is designed in a form of an L to provide bearing.

Inverted Tee

A precast, pre-stressed ledger beam having a cross-section resembling an inverted capital T.

Back Pressure

A pressure greater than atmospheric pressure (>14.7 psi)

Rotary Pump

A pump having a helical or spiral rotor- a turning vertical shaft within a rubber sleeve

Reciprocating Pump

A pump having a plunger moving back and forth in a cylinder equipped with check valves

Submersible Pump

A pump having a turbine and motor that can be submerged without damage

Jet Pump (Ejector Pump)

A pump having a venturi tube added to a centrifugal pump

Turbine Pump

A pump having a vertical turbine below groundwater level and a driving motor at grade level, with a long shaft between them; requires substantial head clearance

Centrifugal Pump

A pump having an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft; it is associated with distribution systems for tall buildings

Vector​

A quantity possessing both magnitude and direction represented by an arrow whose length is proportional to the magnitude. Force, velocity, acceleration, moment

Plumbing Fixture

A receptacle attached to a plumbing system other than a trap in which water or wastes may be collected or retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing system.

Yard Catch Basin

A receptacle used to catch surface water drained from the cemented courts, driveways and yards

Primary Consolidation

A reduction in volume of a soil mass under the action of a sustained load, due chiefly to a squeezing out of water from the voids within the mass and the transfer of the load from the soil water to the soil solids. Also called primary compression

Secondary Consolidation

A reduction in volume of a soil mass under the action of a sustained load, due chiefly to adjustment of the internal structure of the soil mass after most of the load has been transferred from the soil water to the soil solids

Tie Beam

A reinforced concrete beam distributing the horizontal forces from an eccentrically loaded pile cap or spread footing to other pile caps or footings

Continuous Footing

A reinforced concrete footing extended to support a row of columns

Combined Footing

A reinforced concrete footing for a perimeter column or foundation wall extended to support an interior column load

Ribbed slab

A reinforced concrete slab cast integrally with a series of closely spaced joists which in turn are supported by a parallel set of beams. It is designed as a series of parallel t-beams

Continuous Slab

A reinforced concrete slab extending as a structural unit over three or more supports in a given direction.

Gooseneck

A return bend of a small faucet

Pan

A reusable metal or fiberglass mold used in forming a ribbed slab, available in standard 20- and 30- inch

Distribution Rib

A rib formed perpendicular to the joists of a ribbed slab to distribute possible load concentrations over a larger area one required for spans between 20 and 30 ft. and two for spans over 30ft

Wallboard

A rigid sheet composed of wood pulp, gypsum or other materials

Wallboard

A rigid sheet composed of wood pulp, gypsum or other materials; may be fastened to the building to provide an interior surface finish; the long edges of the board usually tapered to provide easy treatment of joints when board is erected

Beam

A rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting elements

Relief Valve

A safety device that automatically provides protection against excessive temperatures and pressures; installed in water-heating equipment to prevent overheating and explosions

Private Sewage Disposal System

A septic tank with the effluent discharging into a subsurface disposal field, seepage pits of such other facilities or may be permitted by the plumbing code

Anaerobic Digestion

A series of processes in which micro-organisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen and is widely used to treat wastewater

Public Sewer

A sewer directly controlled by public authority to which all abutters have equal rights to connections

Sanitary Sewer

A sewer intended to receive sanitary sewage with or without industrial wastes and without the admixture of surface water, storm water, or drainage

Private Sewer

A sewer privately owned and not directly controlled by public authority.

Nipple

A short externally threaded pipe section, used to connect couplings or fittings

Coupling

A short internally threaded pipe section, used to connect two pipes

Noise Isolation Class

A single number rating derived in the same manner as sound transmission coefficient (STC) based on noise reduction (NR) Also known as (NIC)

Isolated Footing

A single spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier

Barn Door Stay

A small WHEEL which rolls along a horizontal track and GUIDES the movement of door.

Distribution Box

A small concrete receptacle between the septic tank and the drain field in which lines of drain tiles extends and which acts as surge tank to distribute the flow of sewage equally to each line of drain tiles

Cone

A small truncated cone of wood, steel or plastic attached to a form tie to space and spread wall forms, leaving a neatly finished depression in the concrete surface to be filled or left exposed

PAINT

A solution of a pigment in water, oil, or organic solvent, used to cover wood or metal articles either for protection or for appearance

Diffuse Sound Field

A sound Field that spread sounds equal in all directions

Urinal

A specialized toilet for urination only. It can take the form of a container or simply a wall, with drainage and automatic or manual flushing

Reference Specification

A specification that refers to a standard specification to indicate properties desired in a material or component and the methods of testing required to substantiate the performance of products.

Performance Specification

A specification that stipulates how a particular component or system must perform without giving means to be employed to achieve the results.

Descriptive Specification

A specification that stipulates the exact quantities and qualities or properties of materials to be furnished and how they are to be assembled in construction.

Proprietary Specification

A specification that stipulates the use of specific products, systems or processes without provision for substitution.

Dome

A square metal or fiberglass pan used in forming the ribs of a waffle slab

Split Face

A stone finish exhibiting the natural quarry texture resulting from splitting the stone

Sand Finish

A stone finish that is granular and moderately smooth, varying with the characteristics of the specific stone

Rock Face

A stone finish with emphasized face-plane shifts and rough corners, exaggerating the natural look of the stone

Cobble Stone

A stone used in paving. It may be rectangular, or naturally rounded

Workability

A stone's hardness and grain texture must allow it to be quarried, cut and shaped

Density

A stone's porosity affects its ability to withstand frost action and staining

Calorifier

A storage vessel, not open to the atmosphere, in which a supply of water is heated

Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)

A structural lumber product made by bonding long, narrow wood strands together under heat and pressure using a waterproof adhesive; used as beams and columns in post and beam construction

Siphonage

A suction caused by the liquid flow in pipes; a pressure less than the atmospheric pressure (<14.7 psi)

Sewage Disposal System

A system of collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of sewage

Reinforcement

A system of steel bars, strands or wires for absorbing tensile, shearing and sometimes compressive stresses in a concrete member or structure

Structural system​

A system of structural components that makes up a structure. It is interconnected as to provide rigidity and resist the effect of forces whether directly or indirectly

Scaffolding

A system of temporary platform to support workers and materials on the face of a structure and to provide access to work areas above ground

Ventilation System

A system that provides air circulation, preventing siphonage and backpressure

Drainage System

A system which conveys sewage, rainwater, or other liquid wastes to a point of disposal

Water Supply System

A system which provides and distributes water to the structure

Storm Drainage System

A system which removes storm water

Sump

A tank or pit below the normal grade of gravity that receives sewage, at which the sewage is pumped to a higher receiving point

Tapped Tee

A tee with a branch that is tapped to receive a threaded pipe

Sanitary Tee

A tee with a slight curve in the 90-degree transition

Straight Tee

A tee with all openings having the same size

Street Tee (Service Tee)

A tee with an outside thread on one end and an inside thread on the other end and on the branch

Cofferdam

A temporary enclosure in a river, lake, etc., to keep water from the enclosed area prior to the construction of a permanent structure/s

Staging

A temporary platform for workers and the materials that they use in the building structures

Sawn face

A term describing stone exhibiting the marks left by the saw used to cut it

Rusticated

A term describing stone masonry with a recessed cut margin, so a channel is formed when the blocks are aligned

Perc Test

A test to determine the absorption rate of soil for a septic drain filed

Mat Foundation

A thick, slab-like heavily reinforced concrete footing supporting a number of columns or an entire building

Diaphragm

A thin Body that separates two areas

Concrete Topping

A thin layer of high-quality concrete placed over a concrete to form a floor surface

Bonding Layer

A thin layer of mortar spread on a moistened in prepared existing concrete surface prior to laying a new concrete slab

Public Toilet

A toilet facility located at public places like markets, bus stations, buildings, etc. intended for public use

Water Closet (Flush Toilet)

A toilet that disposes of human waste by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to another location

Wrought Iron

A tough, malleable, readily soft iron that is easily forged & welded. Fatigue & corrosion resistant

Hollow Stem Auger Boring Method

A truck mounted driving rig turns the auger to a depth of more than 60 meters using continuous flights of auger with a hollow stem where samples of soil can be retrieved.

Sheath

A tube for encasing tendons in a post-tensioned member by tensioning the reinforcing tendons after the concrete has set.

Waffle Slab

A two-way concrete slab reinforced by ribs in two directions.

Footing Tie Beam

A type of beam-like footing placed underneath the ground in order to transmit and provide additional rigidity to two or more columns

Rectangular Combined Footing

A type of combined footing rectangular in plan and supporting two columns. Column loads are assumed to be of the same magnitude

Stepped Footing

A type of footing that changes levels in stages to accommodate a sloping grade and maintain the required depth at all points around a building with the center having the thickest part of the building

Concurrent force system​

A type of force system wherein the lines of action of forces meet at a common point

Pile Foundation

A type of foundation system used when foundation bed is too weak to support the raft or mat or any other type of footing

Standard Hardboard

A type of hardboard that is flexible and quite easily bent, light brown

Steam Pile Hammer

A type of pile driver that is automatically raised and dropped a short distance by the action of the steam cylinder and the piston supported in a frame, which follows the pile

Precast Socket Foundation

A type of precast footing provided with a socket to receive a precast column

Brand Name Specification

A type of specification where the desired product is specified by the name given by the manufacturer's name and model number.

Masterformat

A uniform classification System, for construction specifications that is divided into several sections, each of which is sequentially numbered and named.

Butterfly Valve

A valve in which the flow is controlled by a rotating disk

Ball Valve

A valve in which the flow is controlled by a rotating drilled ball that fits against a watertight seat

Gate Valve

A valve in which the flow is cut off by a circular disk against machine-smoothed surfaces

Globe Valve

A valve in which the flow is cut off by a circular disk that fits tightly against the seat.

Angle Valve

A valve in which the inlet and outlet openings are at right angles to one another

Foot Valve

A valve installed at the base of the suction line of a pump in a water cistern or reservoir

Faucet

A valve on the end of a water pipe which allows water to be drawn

Pressure Reducing Valve

A valve that automatically converts high, fluctuating inlet water pressure to a lower, constant pressure

Check Valve

A valve that closes automatically to prevent backflow; no handle

Hydrant Valve

A valve used for accessing water directly from the main; used for fire protection and suppression

Float Valve

A valve used to control the water level in a container; the flow is controlled by a floating ball

Loop Vent

A vent arrangement for a group of plumbing fixtures, consists of a vent pipe which is connected to the waste or soil branch immediately before the first fixture of the group.

Fixture Vent

A vent pipe which leads from the drainage pipe to another vent pipe or to the atmosphere

Branch Vent

A vent that connects one or more individual vents to a main vent

Individual Vent/Back Vent

A vent that connects to a single fixture trap

Duplex Vent

A vent that connects to dual fixture traps

Local Vent

A vent without connection with the plumbing system. It terminates at the roof and connected to the fixture at point below the seat.

King Post

A vertical member in a truss EXTENDING FROM THE APEX.

Shaft

A vertical opening through a building for elevators, dumb-waiter, ventilation or similar purpose.

Soil Stack

A vertical soil pipe that conveys the discharge from branches to the building drain or building sewer

Strongback

A vertical support for aligning and reinforcing wales

Vent Stack

A vertical vent pipe installed to provide air circulation to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system.

Main Vent (Vent Stack)

A vertical vent pipe that provides air circulation to/from any part of a drainage system

Riser

A vertical water supply pipe that conveys water to branches

Hardboard

A very dense felted, homogenous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot press to a density not less than 490 kg/m3

Gypsum board or plaster board

A wallboard having a gypsum core; sometimes referred to as plasterboard that is made typically made of layer of gypsum plaster pressed between two thick sheets of paper then kiln dried.m

Indirect Waste Pipe

A waste pipe that does not connect with the drainage system directly, but through an air break or gap into a trap, receptor or interceptor

Box Caisson

A watertight box made of timber and concrete, having a bottom , but no top

Septic Tank

A watertight receptacle which receives the discharge of a sanitary drainage system, retaining solids but allowing liquids to discharge into the soil through pipes

Composite Wood Panel

A wood panel consisting of two face veneers bonded to a reconstituted wood core.

Plywood

A wood panel product made by bonding veneers together under heat and pressure, usually at right angles to each other.

Grade Strip

A wood strip fixed to the inside face of a form to indicate the top of a concrete lift

Agreement

A written agreement between owner and contractor setting forth the work to be performed, the time of completion and the contract sum.

Specifications

A written doc. describing in detail the scope of wrok to be done, materials and equipment to be used, method of installation or application and the quality of workmanship.

Field orders

A written order effecting a minor change in work.

Inverted Wye Combination

A wye branch combined with a 1/8 bend, where the branch end is a spigot

Upright Wye Combination

A wye branch combined with a 1/8 bend, where the branch inlet is parallel to the straight run.

Combination Wye Branch

A wye branch combined with a 1/8 bend, where the branch inlet is perpendicular to the straight run.

Superstructure

ABOVE GROUND portion of building

Conduit Fittings

ACCESSORIES used to complete a conduit system

Window Subsill

ADDITIONAL SILL fitted to a window frame to case rain water to drip farther away.

Spandril

ANGLE formed by a stairwell

Concrete

ARTIFICIAL STONE made from mixture of cement, sand, gravel and water

Magnetism

ATTRACTIVE POWER of a magnet

Intensity

AVERAGE RATE OF SOUND ENERGY flow per unit area in a direction perpendicular to the area

Piezoelectricity

Ability of crystals to generate a voltage in response to APPLIED MECHANICAL STRESS.

Absorption

Ability of material to absorb acoustical energy measured in sabins

Ductility

Ability to be stretched without fracture (Characteristics of Pipe)

Conductivity

Ability to conduct electric current.

Electrical Conductance

Ability to conduct electricity (Characteristics of Pipe)

Weatherability

Ability to retain appearance and integrity after having exposed to the heat and rain (Characteristics of Pipe)

Heat Resistance

Ability to withstand the effects of heat (Characteristics of Pipe)

Toughness​

Absorb energy at high stress

Dessicant

Absorber of excess water vapor

Sound Diffraction

Acoustical phenomenon which CAUSE SOUND WAVES TO BE BENT OR SCATTERED AROUND

NEOPRENE

Adhesives based on Neoprene are available as either solvent or aqueous compositions. They can be low viscosity sprayable and roll coatable, intermediate viscosity brushable, or have high viscosity mastic-like consistencies.

Change orders

Adjustment in the contract sum.

Feeder

All circuit conductors between the service equipment and the final branch circuit over-current device; mga feeders in game, reason bakit natatalo ang team.

Collinear ​

All forces in a parallel system act along a single line of action

Construction

All on-site work done from site preparation, excavation, foundation, assembly of all components and installation of utilities and equipment of structures.

Allowable Slump

Allowable slump: 1. beams and columns (3") 2. slabs, walls parapets and tops (2") 3. side walls and arches (4") 4. heavy mass of concrete (2")

Elasticity

Allows to deform and recover its original shape (Characteristics of Pipe)

Steel

Alloys of iron and carbon Carbon content is no more than 2% An alloy element is composed of phosphorous, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, manganese, silicon, aluminum, copper, nickel, etc.

Pre-cast concrete

Also call Pre-fabricated. It is a from of construction, where concrete is cast in a reusable mould or form which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place; mass production

Glue laminated timber

Also called "gluelam"; type of a structural timber prodict composed of several layers of dimensional lumber glued together

Revent

Also called an Individual vent

Tankless DHW (Multi-point System)

Also called instantaneous water heaters, they are available as electrically-powered wall-mounted fixtures. Usually consists of fairly long coils through which water passes.

Unit and mullion system

Also called semi-unitized system, is a hybrid of the stick and unit system. Similar to mullion system, mullions are the first tube to be installed

Communication Acoustics

Also known as SPEECH considers transmission of speech

Gutter

Also known as eaves trough. It is a narrow channel, or trough, forming the component of a roof system which collects and diverts rainwater shed by the roof

Hollow-Core Slab

Also known as voided slab or hollow core plank. It is a pre-cast slab of pre-stressed concrete plank internally cored to reduce dead weight. It is suitable for medium to long spans and uniformly distributed floor and roof loads.

Rain Chains

Alternatives to a downspout. They are widely used in Japan. Their purpose is largely decorative, to make a water feature out of the transport of rainwater from the guttering downwards to a drain or to a storage container.

AWG

American Wire Gauge. Smaller the number, bigger the diameter and vice versa.

Air Column

An air space enclosed on at least five sides which produces sound wave characteristics. an example of which are the pipes of a pipe organ

stainless steel

An alloy steel containing a minimum of 12% chromium & additional nickel, manganese, and molybdenum alloy elements Resistance to heat, oxidation & corrosion

Tensile force​

An applied force which produce tension in an elastic material

Compressive force​

An applied force which produces compression in an elastic material

Auger Boring Method

An auger is used for this purpose where a hole is bored on the ground.

Circuit Breaker

An automatic device for STOPPING the flow of current in an electric circuit as a safety measure.

Straight Elbow

An elbow having both ends internally threaded

Union Elbow

An elbow with a union-type coupling on one end

Street Elbow (Service Elbow)

An elbow with an inside thread on one end and an outside thread on the other end

Coulomb

An electric charge of 6.28 x 10^18 electrons

Interceptors

An environmentally-friendly filtration system that captures large amounts of wet waste solids at the source before they can enter pipes, grease traps or the public sewage system

Major Excavation

An excavation which requires a wide or total extraction of the soil.

Individual Sewage Disposal System

An excreta disposal system serving a dwelling unit

Communal Excreta Disposal System

An excreta disposal system serving a group of dwelling units

Cord

An insulated wire that is FLEXIBLE.

Manhole

An opening in a plumbing system, of sufficient size for a person to access

Sound

An oscillation pressure of the atmosphere which is capable of being DETECTED BY THE HUMAN EAR

Privy or Outhouse

An outhouse or structure for the deposition of excrement

Cistern Tank

An underground water tank for storing rain water

Hub

Another term for bell

Bibb

Another term for faucet, cock, plug, tap, or spigot

Web Member

Any MEMBER of a truss which joins the top and bottom chord.

Renovation

Any Physical change made on a building to increase its values and utility.

Noise

Any UNWANTED SOUND,It is annoying and interferes with speech and hearing or intense enough to cause hearing damage

Distortion

Any change in the transmitted sound signal . sound received is not a faithful replica of the original sound source

Cross Connection

Any connection or arrangement pipes between two separate building water supply systems, through which water supply may flow from one system to the other

Overcurrent.

Any current in EXCESS.

Battery (of Fixtures)

Any group of 2 or more similar adjacent fixtures connected to a common soil or waste branch

Sewage

Any liquid waste containing animal or vegetable matter; it may also include chemicals

Addition

Any new construction which increases the height or area of an existing building.

Wedge

Any of a variety of slotted devices for tightening formworks and transferring the force in a form tie to wales

Stirrup

Any of the U-shaped or closed-loop bars placed perpendicular to the longitudinal reinforcement of a concrete beam to resist the vertical component of diagonal tension.

Bottom Bar

Any of the longitudinal bar serving as tension reinforcement in the section of a concrete beam or slab subject to a positive moment

Top Bar

Any of the longitudinal bar serving as tension reinforcement in the section of the concrete beam or slab subject to a negative moment

Branch

Any pipe other than the main, riser, or stack

Floor Drain

Any pipe which carries water or waterborne wastes in a building drainage system

Stack

Any vertical pipe for soil, waste or ventilation

Dishwasher

Appliance for washing dishes

Support and Hangers

Appurtenances for holding, fastening pipes for the proper alignment

Dissolved Minerals

Are calcium, magnesium sodium, iron and manganese and other carbonates and silicates, alkyl benzene sulfate from detergents and synthetic organic from insecticides and pesticides

Entrained Gases

Are carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide methane, oxygen and nitrogenous and organic compounds

Closed Specification

Are generally brand name specifications where material is required to match existing material in terms of quality and type.

Engineering Drawing Documents

Are technical in nature, used to fully define requirements for engineering work and is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions and details.

Addenda

Are written or graphic instruments that supplement the bidding documents for the purpose of clarifying, correcting or adding specs.

Square mil

Area of a square having its side equal to 1 mil.

Series-Parallel Circuit

Arrangement where several devices are connected in SERIES groups and PARALLEL to each other.

POLYVINYL RESIN (PVA)

As an emulsion in water, PVA is sold as an adhesive for porous materials, particularly wood, paper, and cloth. It is the most commonly used wood glue, both as "white glue" and the yellow "carpenter's glue." Ex. Elmers Glue

Underwater Acoustics

Aspects of Sound in the sea

Inverse Square Law

At a distance from a source, under free-field conditions.sound intensity varies INVERSELY with the SQUARE of the distance from the source, resulting in a decrease in sound pressure level of 6 db for each doubling of distance.

Pitch

Attribute of an auditory sensation which enables us to ORDER SOUND ON A SCALE EXTENDING FROM LOW TO HIGH FREQUENCY

Trap Seal Loss

Attributed to inadequate ventilation of the trap and the subsequent minus and plus pressure which occur

Limit Switches

Automatic devices that stop the car within overtravel

Interval/ Lobby Dispatch time

Average TIME between departure of cars from the lobby

Round trip time

Average time required for car to make a ROUND TRIP.

Fillet

BAND FASTENED to the face of a front string

Geometric Acoustics

BEHAVIOR OF SOUND WAVES likened to that of light rays.

Full Mortise Hinge

BOTH leaves are FULLY MORTISED into the abutting surface so that KNUCKLE is visible.

Deformed Bars

Bars with SURFACE DEFORMATIONS to provide anchorage

Mechanical refrigeration

Based on alternate liquefying and evaporating of a volatile liquid refrigerant

Master Specifications

Basis for their project specifications. Include items of work normally encountered by the organization.

Ready-Mixed Concrete

Batched in a stationary plant then hauled to site

Shower Bath

Bathing water is showered on the user's body from above

Cantilever beam

Beam which is supported ONLY AT ONE END.

Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe

Better in quality than the steel pipe for plumbing installation. More resistant to acid waste than the steel pipe

Fascia Board

Board nailed horizontally to the ends of a rafter USED TO SUPPORT GUTTER.

String Board

Board next to the well hole that RECEIVES THE END OF THE STEPS.

Wall String

Board placed against the wall to RECEIVE THE END OF STEPS

Angle Board

Board whose surface is cut at a desirable angle, a guide for cutting

Form

Boarding and sheeting of wood, metal, plastic fiberglass for containing and giving a desired shape to newly placed concrete until it sets and gains sufficient strength to be self-supporting

Utility Box

Box intended for RECEPTACLE OUTLET or switch plate installation

Pullbox

Box with blank cover which is inserted to facilitate PULLING of wires

Junction Box

Box with blank cover which serves the purpose of JOINING DIFFERENT RUNS OF RACEWAY OR CABLE.

Strut

Brace which RESISTS TRUSS in the direction of its own. Maybe upright, diagonal or horizontal.

Bridging

Braces placed between joists to stiffen them

Individual Branch Circuit

Branch Circuit that supplies only ONE equipment.

General Purpose Branch Circuit

Branch circuit that supplies a NUMBER OF OUTLETS for lighting and appliances.

Electrostatics

Branch of electrical science dealing with the LAWS of electricity at REST.

Photoelectric

By LIGHT falling upon a photosynthetic material such as cesium or selenium.

Lever Switch

By Lever like action switch.

Radioactive Materials

By entrainment of radioactive substances from mining or processing ores, by wastes from industrial use of radioactive materials

Piezoelectric

By mechanical pressure of crystals.

Newel

CENTRAL COLUMN where the steps wind

Raceway

CHANNEL for holding wires or cables.

Ampere

CHARGE OF FLOW of one coulomb per second

Curve Out

CONCAVE CURVE on the face of a front string

Focusing

CONCENTRATION of reflected acoustic energy within a limited location in a room as the result of reflections from concave surfaces.

Service Conductors

CONDUCTORS from the SERVICE POINT

Receptacle

CONTACT DEVICE installed at the outlet for the connection of a PLUG

Tread Return

CONTINUATION of a horizontal rounded edge of the tread beyond the stair stringer.

Stair Knee

CONVEX BEND at the back of the handrail

Downspout

CONVEYS WATER from the gutter DOWN to the storm drain

Roof

COVERING of a building for protection against weather.

Part 1 - General Part 2 - Products Part 3 - Execution

CSI Three-Part Section Format

Appliance

CURRENT CONSUMING equipment.

Underground Cable

Cable designed for use BELOW GRADE APPLICATION

Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable

Cable having an outer sheath of MOISTURE RESISTANCE, FLAME-RETARDANT, NONMETALLIC material.

Travelling Cable

Cable made up of electrical conductors which provides electrical connection between dumbwaiter car, or material lift and a fixed outlet in the hoist way or machine room.

Armored Cable

Cable provided with a WRAPPING OF METAL for the purpose of mechanical protection.

Service Entrance Cable

Cable used for services.

Integrated Gas Spacer Cable

Cables individually insulated and enclosed in a loose fit nonmetallic flexible conduit as an INTEGRATED GAS SPACER CABLE.

Taste and Odor

Can be caused by organic compounds, inorganic salts or dissolved gases. (physical characteristics)

Nitrates

Can cause blue baby disease (toxic substances)

Zinc

Can cause undesirable taste at high concentration (toxic substances)

Sulfates

Can enter from groundwater through deposits of salts (toxic substances)

Manganese

Can pose a psychological threat (toxic substances)

Motor Circuit Switch

Capable of interrupting the maximum current of the MOTOR.

Fire Resistance

Capacity to withstand fire (Characteristics of Pipe)

Door Trim

Casing of MOLDING around a door frame to conceal CRACKS or JOINTS

Alkalinity

Caused by bicarbonate, carbonate, or hydroxide components (physical characteristics)

Foamability

Caused by concentration of detergents (physical characteristics)

Grout

Cement + Considerable amount of water

Section properties centroid​

Center of one or two-dimensional figure about which the sum of the displacements of all points is zero

Color

Change in color through dissolved organic matter (physical characteristics)

Thermal Expansion

Change in length or volume of a material when exposed to heat (Characteristics of Pipe)

Latent Heat Vaporization

Change is from liquid to gas

Latent Heat Fusion

Change is from liquid to solid state

Flow Resistance

Characteristic that causes resistance to liquid flow (Characteristics of Pipe)

Overvoltage

Characterized by short circuiting, voltage in excess.

Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe

Cheapest among sewer pipes. Recommended for house sewer and for septic tank installation

Branch Circuit

Circuit conductor between the final overcrrent device PROTECTING THE CIRCUIT AND OUTLETS.

Snap Switch

Circuit is made BROKEN by QUICK MOTION

Stair Headroom

Clear OVERHEAD height of a riser to a certain obstruction

Modulus of rigidity ​

Coefficient of elasticity expressing the ratio between shearing stress and strain produced by stress

Electromagnet

Coil of wire where magnetic circuit is COMPLETED through a magnetic material such as iron.

Trapezoidal Combined Footing

Column loads on this type are assumed to be of unequal magnitude

Hip and Valley Roof

Combination of Hip roof and intersecting gable roof.

Truss

Combination of MEMBERS to constitute a rigid framework

Grid Foundation

Combined footing with a number of INTERSECTING CONTINUOUS FOOTING.

Direct Siphonage/Self Siphonage

Common in unventilated traps which serve oval shaped fixtures

4"x8"x16" -non load-bearing 6"x8"x16" -load bearing

Common size for concrete brick

Saw Tooth Roof

Commonly used on FACTORIES where extra light is needed.

Glass

Commonsense refers to a hard, brittle, transparent solid, such as that used for windows, many bottles, or eyewear In the technical sense, ______ is an inorganic product of fusion which has been cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing

Partials

Component of high frequencies

Tension Sheave

Component that gives stability to a governor rope

Metal-Clad

Components are enclosed in a METAL casing or enclosure.

Insulating fiberboard

Components used for the manufacture of this type of board are wood, sugar cane, asbestos and binder

Split type airconditioner`

Composed of two separate sections, one installed inside and one installed outside.

Medium density fiberboard (MDF)

Composite panel product generally consisting cellulosic fibers mixed with a synthetic resin or other alternative bonding element and joined together under heat and pressure

Stop and Waste Valve

Compression valve with a side port into the valve body

Bearing stress​

Compressive stress exerted on an external surface of a body

Compression

Concentration of the conductor molecules to produce a HIGH PITCHED LAYER OF SOUND

Applied mechanics​

Concerns mainly on the applications of the principles of mechanics to the solution of problems commonly encountered

Reinforced concrete beam

Concrete beam design to act together with longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied forces

Reinforced Concrete

Concrete containing steel reinforcements

Cast-in-place concrete

Concrete deposited, formed, cured and finished in its final position on site as part of a structure ; material of choice for slab-on ground and foundations because of its long term durability and structural support

Plain concrete

Concrete having no reinforcement, or reinforced only for drying shrinkage or thermal stresses.

1. Cement 2. Aggregates (sand and gravel) 3. Admixtures 4. Water

Concrete is made by mixing

Control of Concrete Mixes:

Concrete is normally specified according to the compressive strength it develops depending on the type of cement used

Pre-stressed concrete

Concrete reinforced by pre-tensioning high strength steel tendons within their elastic limit to actively resist a service load.

over reinforced section

Concrete section in which the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain before the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength

Cast-in-Place Concrete

Concrete which is deposited in the place where it is required to harden as part of the structure as opposed to precast concrete

Pile

Concrete, steel or wood column less than 2ft driven into the soil to provide lateral support

Static equilibrium​

Condition in which forces in a state of rest are acting in opposite direction of the same magnitude

Coplanar ​

Condition where all forces lie on one plane

Covered Conductor

Conductor encased within a material NOT RECOGNIZED BY CODE as insulation

Insulated Conductor

Conductor encased within a material RECOGNIZED BY CODE as insulation.

Bare Conductor

Conductor having NO COVERING.

Branch Conductor

Conductor that BRANCHES OFF at an angle from a continuous run of conductor

Grounding electrode conductor

Conductor used to CONNECT the grounding electrode to the equipment GROUNDING CONDUCTOR.

Copper-clad aluminum conductor

Conductors drawn from a COPPER_CLAD ALUMINUM ROD with the copper bonded to an ALUMINUM CORE.

Riveted Joints

Connection between two members which are RIVETED together.

Web member​

Connects upper and lower chord

Deep Well Plunger Pump

Consist of a cylinder installed below the water level and connected to the driving mechanism at or near the ground level by a wood or steel wood

Lift Pump

Consist of a piston travelling up and down within a cylinder which is connected with a pipe extending down into the source.

Dial Switch

Consist of movable contact mounted on an arm that can be ROTATED.

Area Drain

Consists of a running trap installed under the basement floor to protect it from freezing.

Drum Switch

Consists of a set of contact segments mounted on a movable DRUM.

Weatherproof

Constructed so that EXPOSURE TO WEATHER will NOT INTERFERE successful operation.

Watertight

Constructed so that MOISTURE WILL NOT ENTER.

Alteration

Construction in a building involving changes in the materials used, partitioning, size of openings, structural parts etc

BatchBox

Container used to MEASURE and mix the constituents of batch of concrete

Step assembly

Continuous assembly of steps that supports passengers

Endless Belt

Continuous belt attached to the handrail and indirectly connected to the steps

Pendant Swtich

Control of lamps which are mounted or OVERHEAD

Environmental Acoustics

Control of noise pollution, environmental noise

Car Top Inspection

Control panel on TOP of an elevator car.

Thermoelectricity

Conversion from the TEMPERATRE differentials to electricity or vice cersa

Windpower

Conversion of WIND energy into more useful forms.

Rectifier

Converts AC to DC

Legal Consideration

Courts generally held on the event of conflict between drawings and specs.

Insurance

Coverage that may be necessary to safeguard the interest of all parties to the contract.

Ampacity

Current in AMPERES that a conductor can carry on continuous use without EXCEEDING TEMPERATURE rating.

Continuous Direct Current

Current remains steady or uniform

Callback

Customer request which requires a check of an elevator

Common Wire Nail

Cut or wire steel nail used where FINISH is not important.

Thermoelectric cooling

DC is passed through the circuit of a thermocouple then heat is given off at one junction and absorbed by the other

Span of Supports

DISTANCE between posts, columns and supporting walls.

Stair Run

DISTANCE from first to the last riser

Voltage Drop

DROP in ELECTRIC PRESSURE due to RESISTANCE.

Statics​

Deals with forces and effect on rigid bodies at rest

Dynamics​

Deals with motion and with the effects forces acting on rigid bodies in motion

Musical Acoustics

Deals with the physics of musical intruments

Theory of structures​

Deals with the principles and methods by which the direct stress, shear and bonding moment and the deflection art any section of each constituent member in the structure may be calculated

Acid Resistance

Degree of which a surface will resist attack by acids (Characteristics of Pipe)

Penetration

Depth from the original surface to the base metal to the point at which FUSION CEASES.

Surface Switch

Designed for MOUNTING ON THE SURFACE of the wall

Woman's Urinal

Designed for women where the user is in straddled position when using this fixture

Flush Type

Designed to be EMBEDDED on a surface.

Service Elevator

Designed to carry materials and cargo.

Sound Conditioning

Designing and equipping a space for effective retention of desirable sound and maximum relief from undesirablle acoustical effects.

Acoustical Analysis

Detailed study of all sound pertinent sound sources, sound transmission paths and sound receptors in the contect of particular acoustical problem

Plug

Device INSERTED into a RECEPTACLE for connection.

Disconnecting Means

Device by which conductors CAN BE DISCONNECTED from their source of supply.

Relay

Device designed to interpret input conditions in a prescribed manner.

Switch

Device for MAKING, BREAKING or REARRANGING the connections of a circuit

Transfer Switch

Device for TRANSFERRING one or more load connection from one power source to another.

Electric Motor

Device for converting ELECTRICAL to MECHANICAL energy

Anchor or Anchorage

Device for fixing one object to another.

Safety Switch

Device incorporated in the bottom beam of the car frame and counterweight, exerts retarding force in case of overspeed.

Buffer

Device installed at the bottom or pit of an elevator used to absorb impact

Ground Fault Circuit interrupter

Device installed in circuits where leakage can be especially dangerous such as bathrooms, etc.

Door Stop

Device placed behind wall to prevent opening of door TOO WIDE.

Lightning arrestor

Device providing a path which lightning disturbances are passed through.

Auxillary

Device that AIDS the main device or equipment.

Air Conditioner

Device that PROVIDES air conditioning

Governor

Device that causes car and counterweight to stop in case of emergency

Ballast

Device that provides the necessary circuit condition for STARTING AND OPERATING A LAMP.

Thermostat

Device that responds to changes in temperature

Automatic Transfer Equipment

Device used to TRANSFER LOAD from one power source to another.

Transformer

Device used to change voltage by INCREASING OR REDUCING IT.

Brush

Device used to connect a circuit with a DC motor. Carries current to and from the car.

Inverter

Device used to convert DC to AC power.

Generator

Device used to increase the pressure of the refrigerant

Humidistat

Device used to measure changes in humidity

Filter

Device used to seperate solids and particles from the air

Damper

Device used to vary the volume of air passing through

Controller

Device which serves to control.

Tread Length

Dimension of TREAD

Tread Width

Dimension of a thread

Rheostatic Control

Direct current system of control by varying resistance and reactance in the field circuit of hoisting across the line

Throw

Direction from a given position in which THE CONTACT IS MADE.

Direct Placement

Discharging of freshly mixed concrete into a form from a mixer, buggy or crane

Flashover

Disruptive ELECTRICAL CHARGE around or over an insulator.

Span​

Distance between supports

Radius of gyration​

Distance from its moment of inertia axis at which the entire area is considered concentrated without changing the numerical value of its moment of inertia

WaveLength

Distance of crest to crest

15m - 45m

Distance of water-tight and gas-tight septic tank away from water sources

Window Pane

Division of a window consisting of a SINGLE UNIT OF GLASS.

Submittal

Docs or material provided to Architect/engineer for review or acceptance.

Double Acting Door

Door equipped with hardware that permits it to SWING ON BOTH SIDES.

Acoustical Door

Door especially constructed to REDUCE NOISE transmission through it.

Aluminum Door

Door having ALUMINUM stiles and rails.

Flush Door

Door having faces which are PLANE and CONCEALS rails and stiles or other structures. (Hollow core door)

Full Glass Door

Door having glass IN THE ENTIRE AREA between rails and stiles.

Panel Door

Door having stiles and rails which form ONE OR MORE FRAMES around recessed panel.

Knob Lock

Door lock with SPRING BOLT controlled by one or two KNOBS and a DEADBOLT controlled by a key.

Full Flush Door

Door of hollow-metal construction formed from TWO SHEETS OF STEEL.

Pocket Sliding Door

Door slides on overhead track and enters a RECESS within the width of the WALL.

Double Acting Hinge

Doorframe that does not have door stops therefore allowing DOUBLE SWINGING

Bypass Sliding Door

Doors that SLIDES on an OVERHEAD TRACK along guides on a track.

Architectural Drawing Documents

Drawing docs prepared by an architect for a construction project.

Working Drawings

Drawings intended for the contractor which form a part of the contract docs of the building project.

Ductility​

Drawn permanently through great change

Fender Pile

Driven at wharves or in front of a large masonry structure to protect them from sudden blows

Copper

Ductile, malleable and bright reddish brown color with high thermal and electrical conductivity. Used as electrical wiring, piping, flashing and roofing material. Care must be taken in fastening, attaching or supported only by selected brass fittings.

Overcurrent

Due to mechanical OVERLOAD.

Copper Pipe

Durable and extremely corrosive resistance material. Easy to install compared to other types of pipes.

FELLING

During this period, the quantity of sap is at its greatest & the state of swelling, acidity, etc. are very much unfavorable

Power Outlet.

ENCLOSED ASSEMBLY includes receptacles, circuit breakers, fuseholders, fused switches, buses and watthour meter.

20 cm to 30 cm

END LAPPING of GI sheet

Service Equipment

EQUIPMENT connected to the load end of service conductors to a building or other structure.

BackHoe

EXCAVATING MACHINE for cutting trenches

Open Wiring on insulators

EXPOSED wiring method using cleats, knobs and tubes. It is NOT CONCEALED

Chord​

Either of the 2 principal members extending end to end

Garbage Disposal

Electric grinding device used to grind food

Wires

Electrical conductors which are 8mm^2

Photoelectricity

Electricity induced by ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION.

Hydroelectricity

Electricity obtained from HYDROPOWER, from the potential energy of damned water driving a water turbine and generator.

Dynamic Electricity

Electricity that FLOWS through a substance or over its surface in the form of electric current.

Brake

Electro-mechanical device used to prevent the elevator from moving when the car motion is applied to the hoist motor.

Electric elevator

Elevator consisting of a car that is mounted on guide rails, suspended by tension cables and operated by ELECTRIC HOISTING MACHINERY

Passenger elevator

Elevator used to transport people from floor to floor.

Winding Drum Machine

Elevator with cables fastened to wound around a drum.

Uninterruptible Power Supply

Emergency System designed to PROVIDE POWER automatically upon FAILURE of the normal power supply.

Rotary Drilling

Employed as one of the most efficient and convenient method and used for soil structure characterized by high resistant materials such as rocks, clay as well as sand.

Abrasion Resistance

Enables it to resist being worn away by friction (Characteristics of Pipe)

Cutout Box

Enclosure that is SURFACE MOUNTED that has SWINGING DOORS that are secured directly to the wall

Damping

Energy Dissipation in an oscillating system. A damped system cannot oscillate freely

Electromotive force

Energy per unit charge AVAILABLE for CONVERSION from other forms of energy.

Electromagnetic Force (EMF)

Energy-charge relation that RESULTS IN ELECTRIC PRESSURE which produces charge flow

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

Engineered wood product that uses multiple layers of thin wood assembled with adhesives under heat and pressure using a waterproof adhesive; it is stronger, straighter and more uniform in size and shape

Infiltration and ventilation load

Entry of outside air into the space to be conditioned

Utilization Equipment

Equipment which UTILIZES ELECTRIC ENERGY for different purposes.

Control Equipment

Equipments necessary to controlling the car

Air Conditioning Machinery

Equipments used in airconditioning system

Expansion Coil

Evaporator constructed with a pipe or tubing

Minor Excavation

Excavation characterized as having independent and hollow block wall footing where the digging of the soil for the footing extend to depth from .0 to 5 meters and about 0.5 meter for wall footing

Wind load​

Exerted by the kinetic energy of a moving mass of air

Resorcinol-phenol formaldehyde

Expensive but have qualities necessary for durability and water resistance

Casing

Exposed TRIM MOLDING around a door. May be flat or molded.

Strength of materials​

Extends the study of forces that was begun in mechanics. Deals with relations between externally applied loads and their internal effects on bodies

Axial stress​

External stress acting on a member parallel to its major axis and member is of constant cross section

Partial Penetration

FAILURE of the weld metal and base metal to FUSE

Purlin Cleat

FASTENER used to SECURE PURLIN to its support

Curtail Step

FIRST STEP by which a stair is ascended.

Metal Clad Cable

Factory assembled, each INDIVIDUALLY INSULATED AND ENCLOSED IN A METALLIC SHEATH of interlocking metal tape.

Mineral Insulated, Metal Sheathed Cable

Factory assembled, insulated with a highly compressed refractory MINERAL and enclosed in continuous copper or steel sheathe.

Window Catch

Fastening device fixed to window sash to PREVENT BEING OPENED in the other side.

Insulation board syrocowood homasote masonite medium density fiberboard hardboard

Fiberboard

Coursed Rubble

Fieldstone or roughly dressed stone, with or without mortar, assembled to give an effect of courses

Window Casing

Finished FRAME SURROUNDING a window.

Plumbing Valve

Fitting installed by plumbers on a piping system to control the flow of liquid

Laundry Tray

Fixed tub installed in the laundry area

Baseboard

Flat projection from an interior wall or partition COVERING the joing of floor and wall.

Geometrical Stair

Flight of stair supported by WALLS at the end of each step.

Close Coupled

Flush tank is attached at the back of the closet bowl.

Combined Footing

Footing that supports MORE THAN ONE COLUMN

Valves

For control at certain points

Air washers

For humidifying and for cleaning the air

Acting force​

Force acting directly on a body

Couple​

Force system of 2 equal, parallel forces acting in opposite directions and tending to produce rotation

Non coplanar ​

Forces do not lie on one plane

Applied or contacting forces​

Forces that refers to the push or pull produced by mechanical effort

Static Electricity

Form of electricity that appears to REMAIN on the surface of a body as a charge.

Cooling by absorption

Form of water chiller developed by absorption

She Bolt

Form tie consisting of WATER RODS which are inserted through the form and threaded onto the ends of an inner rod.

Pyramid Roof

Four straight sides are sloping towards the center termination of a point.

Absorption Coefficient

Fraction of sound energy that is absorbed by that surface, usually denoted by a

Stair Nosing

Front EDGE of a step that project beyond the riser.

Controlled Vented Power Fuse

Fuse with provision for controlling discharge circuit interruption SUCH THAT NO SOLID MATERIAL MAY BE EXHAUSTED into the atmosphere.

Vented Power Fuse

Fuse with the provision of ESCAPE OF ARCE GASES during circuit interruption

Components of a force​

Fx-F x cos and Fy- Fx sin refers to the _____

Standby Generator

GENERATOR providing emergency power.

Systems Description

Generally applicable to mechanical, electrical, elevators and process equipment and specified in those sections.

Hardwoods

Generally broad-leaved deciduous trees

Solar DHW System

Generally composed of solar thermal collectors, a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to its point of usage.

Softwoods

Generally needle-leaved coniferous trees that bear their seed in cones

Reacting force​

Generated by the action of one body to another

AC Generator

Generator that produces Alternating Current.

DC Generator

Generator that produces Direct Current

...

Glass (...)

Insulating Grade Sheathing Grade

Grades of Fiberboard

Standard Hardboard Tempered hardboard Low Density Hardboard

Grades of Hardboard

Structural Board Insulation grade

Grades of strawboard

Triangle method​

Graphic technique for finding the vector sum of 2 concurrent forces by displacing one force vector parallel to itself completing the triangle with a vector that represents the resultant force

Polygon method ​

Graphic technique for finding the vector sum of a coplanar force system of several concurrent forces by drawing to scale each force vector in succession with the tall of each of the head of one preceding it and completing the polygon with a vector that represents the resultant force

Non applied or non contacting force​

Gravitational pull, magnetic force or inertia force

Grease Trap

Grease traps of adequate capacity must be installed wherever greasy wastes from kitchen sinks

Ultimate stress​

Greatest unit stress a material can withstand

Drive Sheave

Grooved wheel of traction type hoisting machine over which the hoist rope motion is imparted to the car and counterweight.

Stranded Wire

Group of Wires TWISTED to form metallic string.

Bus

Group of conductors that serve as a COMMON CONNECTION for THREE OR MORE CIRCUITS in a switchgear assembly.

Zone

Group of floors

Gypsum Lath

Gypsum board with a gypsum core and heavy paper on both sides

Substructure

HABITABLE BELOW GROUND portion of the building

Barn Door Hanger

HANGER for an exterior sliding door.

Stair Rise

HEIGHT of stairs from LANDING TO LANDING

Interrupting Rating

HIGHEST CURRENT RATING a device is intended to interrupt.

Rivet Holes

HOLE to which a rivet is driven.

Window Stool

HORIZONTAL BOARD on a window sill fitted against a bottom rail of the lower sash.

Tread Run

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE between two consecutive risers.

Stair Landing

HORIZONTAL FLOOR as resting place in flight.

Window Rails

HORIZONTAL MEMBER of a window SASH

Stair Tread

HORIZONTAL PART OF A STEP including the nosing

Door Roller

Hardware accessory consisting of WHEELS on tracks that supports sliding doors.

Sodium

Harmful to people with heart, kidney or circulatory diseases (toxic substances)

Precast Concrete Pile

Has a round, square or polygonal cross section and sometimes an open core; often pre-stressed

Corner Toilet

Has a triangular shaped tank; good for small bathroom,

Half Mortise Hinge

Have ONE leaf that is MORTISED into the edge of the door and other is surface mounted in the door frame.

Parliament Hinges

Have T SHAPED leaves and PROTRUDING knuckles so that door can stand away from wall when opened.

Full Surface Hinge

Have TWO LEAVES surface mounted to adjacent surface of a door and frame.

Olive Knuckle Hinge

Have a single pivoting joint and has an OVAL SHAPED knuckle

Surface Hinge

Have one leaf MORTISED into a door frame and the other SURFACE MOUNTED to FACE of door.

Intumescent Coatings

Heat Resistant Paints when exposed to the heat of a fire, swell to form a thick insulating layer of inert foam that retards flame spread and combustion

Convection

Heat Transmission, either natural or forced

Solar Load

Heat gained due to the heat energy incident on the surface.

Sensible Heat

Heat in BTU absorbed by a substance without changing its state.

Thermal Transmission load

Heat transferring from walls, doors, floors and ceilings

Latent Heat

Heat which is absorbed and evolved without changing its temperature

Condenser

Heat-exchange device in the refrigeration system.

Thermoelectric

Heating the junction of two dissimilar metals .

Pipe Pile

Heavy steel pipe driven with the lower end either open or close by a heavy steel plate or point and filled with concrete. and open end pipe pile requires inspection and excavation before being filled with concrete

Dome

Hemispherical form of roof.

Oakum

Hemp or old hemp rope soaked in oil to make it waterproof

Crest

Highest part of a sound wave

Spring Hinge

Hinge that contains coiled SPRING for closing door automatically

Invisible Hinge

Hinge that is CONCEALED when doors are closed.

Accordion Door

Hinged door consisting of a SYSTEM OF PANELS which are HUNG from an OVERHEAD TRACK.

Folding Door.

Hinged door panel that FOLD flat against one another when opened.

Elevator

Hoisting and Lowering mechanism with a CAR which moves from floor to floor.

Wells

Holes in earth where liquid is drawn

Concrete Block

Hollow load-bearing -concrete hollow blocks40-50 lbs. Solid load-bearing block -core area not more than 25% of gross sectional cross area Hollow non-load bearing block -core area more than 25% of gross-sectional cross area

Cellular Metal Floor Raceway

Hollow spaces of CELLULAR metal floors together with suitable fittings.

Passive Soil Pressure

Horizontal component of resistance developed by a soil mass against the horizontal movement of a vertical structure through the soil

Window Sill

Horizontal member beneath a window opening SLOPED to shed rainwater.

Pitching Piece

Horizontal member where one end is wedged into the wall that SUPPORTS THE END OF THE STRINGER.

Roof Beam

Horizontal structure member that CARRIES the load of the ROOF

Wale

Horizontal timber or steel beam for reinforcing various vertical members.

Door Closer

Hydraulic device that AUTOMATICALY CLOSES door quickly.

Stair Head

INITIAL STAIR at the top of a flight of stair.

Fixed Transom

INOPERABLE panel of glass over a door.

Window Back

INSIDE FACE of the portion of the wall between window and rail

Tripping

INTERRUPTION or DISCONNECTION of contact in devices

Half Space

INTERVAL between two steps

Force law of equilibrium ​

Implies a balance of opposing forces within a system

Alastair Building

In England, _ was one of the contributors to the development of contemporary glass curtain walls.

glazing

In curtain wall construction, _ is the most common.

House Tank or Roof Tank

In elevated position for down feed gravity. Sediment in tank is drawn off through clean-out pipe and is prevented to enter the house supply by pipe projection.

Annealing

In the cases of copper, steel, and brass this process is performed by substantially heating the material (until glowing) for a while and allowing it to cool slowly. The metal is softened and prepared for further work such as shaping, stamping, or forming

Certificates

Include certificates of compliance and certificates of compliance with applicable laws and regulations.

Balustrade assembly

Includes all enclosure for the safety of the passenger.

Plumbing System

Includes the water supply distributing pipes, fixtures, traps, soil pipes, waste pipes, vent pipes, building drain, building sewer, and storm water drainage

Thermal Resistivity

Index of heat resistance (Characteristics of Pipe)

Induction

Influence exerted by a magnet or magnetic field upon conductors

Force​

Influence on a body producing a change in shape or movement

Hardness

Inhibits the cleansing action of soap and detergents, deposits scale on the inside of pipes and utensils (physical characteristics)

Scratch coat

Initial SCORED LAYER of a concrete wall.

Cement

Initially used by the ancient Egyptians &was developed not later the late 19th century, open a new era for modern architecture particularly of the Brutalist period

Erection

Installation in place of components of a building.

Wet Location

Installations UNDERGROUND or in concrete slabs subject to water saturation.

Curb Stop

Installed between the curb and sidewalk line, accessible through a cast-iron stop box or that portion of the service between the curb and the building, becomes a control valve if basement become flooded

General Snap Switch

Installed in flush device boxes or on outlet box cover.

Sillcock

Installed on the outside of a building so that a garden hose may be attached

Drip Cock

Installed to release water in times of repair and cleaning

Ammeter

Instrument for measuring ELECTRIC CURRENT

Galvanometer

Instrument for measuring comparatively SMALL CURRENTS.

Ohmmeter

Instrument for measuring resistance.

Kilowatt hour Meter

Instrument used to MEASURE power consumption.

Insurance consideration

Insurance requirements governing owner's and contractor's liability and fire insurance.

Fresh-Air Inlet

Intended to admit fresh air to the drainage system so that there will be free circulation without compression throughout the house drain and stacks discharging above the roof

Dry Wall Finish

Interior covering such as GYPSUM BOARD or PLYWOOD.

Adiabatic Saturation

Introduction of water into an unsaturated air to increase humidity ratio

1959, float glass

Introduction to _. It was in full production, high quality glass became economical.

GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)

Iron coated with zinc to prevent rust. The process is achieved thru hot-dip galvanizing

Plug and Slot Welds

Iron connecting two OVERLAPPING plates by welding

Natural Magnet

Iron ores called MAGNETITE.

Guide Specification

Is a Standardized document intended to provide guidance to the specifier in preparing a portion of the contract docs.

Roof Drain

Is a receptacle designed to collect surface or rain water from an open area and discharge to a catch basin

Overhead Storm Drain

Is adopted when the street drainage is higher in elevation than the basement floor of the building. The purpose is to avail of the gravity flow of water. The pipe is well fitted and suspended inside the ceiling by suitable hangers spaced at closer intervals

Specification

Is an explicit set of requirements to be satisfied by a material, product, or service.

SPECsystem

Is an interactive expert system for writing specifications.

Catch Basin

Is designed to drain excess rain and ground water from paved streets, parking lots, sidewalks, and roofs. It is a part of a storm drain or sewer system which is designed to trap debris so that it cannot enter the drainage pipes.

Secondary Treatment

Is designed to substantially degrade the biological content of the sewage such as are derived from human waste, food waste, soaps, detergent. The majority of municipal plants treat the settled sewage liquor using aerobic biological processes.

Method System

Is employed when the specifier describes in detail the materials, workmanship, installation and erection procedures to be used by the contractor in the conduct of their work operations.

Outside Storm Drain

Is installed outside the foundation wall of the building. This type of drainage is possible on location where the lot is not totally occupied by the building

Roof Leader

Is popularly known as the water conductor or downspout either concealed or exposed type. It connects the roof terminal to the storm drain.

Inside Storm Drain

Is sometimes located under the basement floor or within the walls of the building. This type of storm drain is commonly found in buildings constructed along congested business districts, or buildings that occupy the entire frontage of the lot. The drainpipe is located under the floor or walls of the structures

Imperative Mode

Is the recommended method for instructions covering installation of products and equipment.

Double Tee

It forms a structural suspended floor concrete floor for use where large column open spaces are required.

Common Seal

It has 5 centimeters deep water seal between the overflow and the dip, which will offer resistance against abnormal conditions. 2 inches between the overflow and top dip

Composite wood or man made wood

It includes a range of wood derivative products which are manufactured by binding together strands, particles, fibers or veneers of wood.

Splash Pin

It is a collector of water coming down from the downspout leading the accumulated water away from the house at a relatively low rate of flow.

Structural Glass or Bolt-fixed glass

It is a series of glass units held together with patches or bolted connections that support the glass by direct bearing and friction.

Unit panel system

It is a series of prefabricated units, the interlock with the adjacent frame and is often pre-glazed.

Float glass

It is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten tin. This method gives the sheet uniform thickness and very flat surfaces

Chemically strengthened glass

It is a type of glass that has increased strength. The glass is chemically strengthened by submerging the glass in a bath containing a potassium salt (typically potassium nitrate) at 450 °C. 6-8x the strength of annealed glass.

Laminated glass (safety glass)

It is a type of safety glass that holds together when shattered. In the event of breakage, it is held in place by an interlayer, typically of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), between its two or more layers of glass. ______________windows have a protective vinyl layer of material inside of two pieces of glass

Drum Trap

It is also classified as a water seal device. The name was derived from its size being large in diameter.

Annealed glass

It is glass without internal stresses caused by heat treatment (ie by rapid cooling, or by toughening or heat strengthening). Glass becomes annealed if it is heated above a transition point then allowed to cool slowly, without being quenched.

Corporation Stop

It is inserted to the water main. It serves as a control stop for the water service, or shutoff for the service should the use of the building be discontinued.

Device

It is intended to CARRY but NOT UTILIZE electrical energy

Channel Beam

It is used for floors in the intermediate spans. Can be used for one way slabs and is being used on a large scale in construction of low cost housing.

Relief Vent

It ventilates the soil and waste pipe and connecting branches rather than the fixture trap

Unit Vent

It ventilates two fixture traps that discharge into a sanitary cross with deflectors. It is used on two fixtures of similar design installed on opposite sides of the partition.

Primary Treatment

Its objective is to separate settleable and floatable materials in the waste stream

Panel point​

Joint between 2 or more members of a truss

Control Joint

Joint that creates lines of weakness so that cracking that may result from tensile stress occurs along predetermined lines

Ceiling Joist

Joist to which CEILING is attached

Moving load​

Kinetic load of a short duration due to moving vehicles

Maximum Demand

LARGEST of all the DEMANDS which have occurred during the period of time

Eaves

LOWER EDGE of a sloping roof

Bioswales

Landscape elements designed to remove silt and pollution from surface runoff water

Switchboard

Large single panel or frame assembly where switches and other devices are mounted.

Ohm's Law

Law stating that current is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to the applied voltage and INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to resistance.

Base Coarse

Layer of COARSE granular materials that PREVENTS THE CAPILLARY RISE OF MOISTURE to a concrete ground slab

Embedment Length

Length of embedded reinforcement, provide beyond a critical section

End anchorage

Length of reinforcement or mechanical anchor or hook or combination thereof beyond point of zero stress in reinforcement

Attenuation

Lessening or reduction ex. from 80db to 70db

Sound Attenuation

Lesseninng or reduction ex. from 80db to 70db

Cellular Concrete Blocks

Lightweight block with outstanding thermal & sound insulation qualities. Made from silica rich sand & lime water mixed with aluminum powder

Magnetic Attraction and Repulsion

Like poles REPEL and unlike poles ATTRACT.

Non concurrent​

Lines do not intersect at a common point

Effluent

Liquid discharge

Industrial Waste

Liquid waste resulting from the processes employed in industrial establishments and is free from fecal matter

Occupancy load​

Live on structure resulting from the weight of people, etc.

Concentrated load​

Load acting on a particular point

Transverse load ​

Load applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis

Car

Load carrying unit of an elevator

Dry Location

Location not normally subject to DAMPNESS OR WETNESS. :^)

Timber Pile

Log driven usually as a friction pile, often filled with a steel shoe and a drive band to prevent from their shafts from splitting or shattering

Column

Long Slender structural member subject to COMPRESSION.

Piano Hinge

Long narrow hinge that run the FULL LENGTH of the two surface to which the leaves are joined.

Plank

Long wide square sawn thick PIECE OF LUMBER.

Truss Bar

Longitudinal Bar bent UP OR DOWN at points of MOMENT REVERSAL in a reinforced concrete beam.

Vertical Reinforcement

Longitudinal reinforcement placed in concrete column to absorb compressive stresses, resist bending stresses and reduce the effects of creep and shrinkage in the column

Through

Lowest part of a sound wave

1.5 hours

MAXIMUM duration time for concrete to be discharged from the truck

Tread Plate

METAL FABRICATED floor PLATE

Natural

METHODS OF DRYING TIMBER: Air-drying

Artificial

METHODS OF DRYING TIMBER: Forced air drying -used of fans to booster the circulation of air

Kiln-drying

METHODS OF DRYING TIMBER: drying in a large airtight structure, heated by steam pipes

Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying

METHODS OF DRYING TIMBER: using radio frequency dielectric heat

Threshold of Pain

MINIMUM SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL of which STIMULATES the EAR TO THE POINT at which DISCOMFORTS gives way to DEFINITE PAIN

Threshold of audibility

MINIMUM SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL that is capable of evoking AUDITORY SENSATION

Window Apron

MOLDED WOOD STRIP that COVERS the edge of the plastering below a window stool.

Live Load

MOVABLE LOADS such as people, furniture and the like.

Compressor

Machine for drawing refrigerant from the evaporator

Generator

Machine that converts MECHANICAL to ELECTRICAL energy.

Concrete Pump

Machine that pumps CONCRETE

Elevator Machine

Machine that turns the sheave and lifts or lowers the car.

Vibrator ;^)

Machine used to AGITATE fresh concrete to eliminate voids

Oil Stain

Made by dissolving dye or suspending pigment in a drying oil or oil varnish vehicle

Chipboard

Made from building board particles & a binder (phenolic resin/urea formaldehyde glue) often faced with veneer.

Corkboard

Made from cork granules and mixed with synthetic resin

Insulating Fiberboard

Made from fibrous material like wood & sugarcane formed into board using asbestos as binder. Woods fibers made from sheared 5/8" chips then pressured and softened into live steam

Asbestos Pipe

Made of asbestos fibers and Portland cement. The thickness of the pipe is twice of that of the standard cast iron pipe

Galvanized Steel Pipe

Made out of mild steel. It is easily corroded by alkaline and acid water.

Hysteresis

Magnetic property that results from RESIDUAL MAGNETISM

Decibel

Magnitude of sound

Characteristics of a force​

Magnitude, Line of action, Point of application, Direction

French Roof

Mansard roof where the sides are concave

Door Bolt

Manually operated sliding rod attached to door for LOCKING IT.

Spar

Marine varnish is a durable, weather resistant varnish made from durable resins and linseed or tung oil.

People Mover

Mass transit used for shuttling people around airports.

Resilience​

Material Property: Absorbs

Insulator

Material or substance that DOES NOT ALLOW the flow of electricity

Admixture

Material used as an ingredient mixture for concrete

Coarse Aggregate

Materials over 9mm

Fine Aggregate

Materials smaller than 9mm

Absorbing Materials

Materials that dissipate acoustic energy for the purpose of absorbing acoustic energy

Sound Absorbers

Materials that have the capacity to absorb sound such as acoustical tile and panels

Holding Capacity

Maximum NUMBER of PASSENGERS that can be handled in a given period.

6

Maximum number of storeys for up-feed system

Combinations Specification

Maybe a combo of performance, description and reference specs but never a combo of close and open specs.

Conductance

Measure of PERMISSIVENESS TO CHARGE FLOW; reciprocal of RESISTANCE.

Capacitance

Measure of the electric energy STORAGE capacity.

Moment of a force​

Measure of the: tendency to rotate at a point force, moment arm rotation, and moment center

Car Levelling Device

Mechanism or control which will move the car within a limited zone and stop it at the landing

PAth

Medium

...

Metal Joinery (...)

...

Metal Protection (...)

Jamb Anchor

Metal device inserted in the BACK of the JAMB to SECURE the frame to the wall.

Pull Box

Metal or Plastic box with BLANK COVER which FACILITATES THE DRAWING OF CONDUCTORS.

Ridge Roll

Metal or tile covering the CAPS of the RIDGE of the roof.

Fibercement board fibercement siding gypsum board papercrete

Mineral bonded particle board and fiberboard

1.20m

Minimum depth of septic tank

30m

Minimum distance of cesspool from any domestic water supply

100ft

Minimum distance of cleanouts within building sewers

15m

Minimum distance of public water supply from concrete sanitary sewers

25m

Minimum distance of septic tank from any well, cistern or other sources of drinking water supply

1.50m

Minimum distance of septic tank from commercial, industrial and institutional buildings

2"

Minimum outlet size of a floor drain

45m

Minimum radius distance of public water supply from outdoor privy, cesspools, septic tank or drain fields

100m

Minimum radius distance of wells for supplying water for public use from residential areas

0.2m

Minimum vertical distance of the air gap in a septic tank

Supplemental Instruction

Minor instructions not involving change orders.

Sash

Mixed or MOVABLE FRAMEWORK in window which GLASS ARE SET.

Mortar

Mixture of sand, cement and water.

Double Gable Roof

Modification of gable or hip and valley roof

Gambrel Roof

Modification of the gable roof with each side having TWO SLOPES.

Supplementary Conditions

Modified provisions of the general conditions.

Template Hinges

Mortise hinges manufactured to fit the RECESS and MATCH the arrangement of holes of hollow metal doors and frames.

Solar-reflective glass and low-emissivity glass

Most common coatings used for reflection, absorption and radiation of solar energy

extruded aluminum

Most common curtain wall frames are _

Cast Iron Pipe

Most popular pipe material for decades

Strength

Most types of stone have more than adequate compressive strength. The shear strength of stone, however, is usually about 1/10 of its compressive strength

Door Operator

Motor device which opens and closes the door

Hydraulic Elevator

Movement is dependent on the pressure applied through a system of retractable tubes containing oil that is pumped through a reservoir

Traction Machine

Movement of a car is derived by means of direct contact between the traction sheave and hoisting cables.

Live load ​

Moving load on a structure, acts downward

Brake Shoe

Moving mechanism that holds the elevator when power is applied on the hoist motor.

Flexible Conduit

NON-RIGID CONDUIT where conductors may be drawn.

Stair Housing

NOTCHES in the string board for the RECEPTION of stairs.

Frequency

NUMBER OF PERIODS occuring in a time of a periodic process.

Plug Valve

Named for the tapered, cylindrical closure member, which has a port through it that seals tightly on a resilient seat. Body types include straight through and angle configurations. Used primarily for throttling service, they have a high resistance to flow because of the diverted passage of fluid around the seat

NATURAL RUBBER ADHESIVE

Natural rubber is often vulcanized, a process by which the rubber is heated and sulfur, peroxide or bisphenol are added to improve resilience and elasticity, and to prevent it from perishing.

Stain

No binder

Varnish

No pigment

Infrasound

Noise of frequency less than 20 cyclesper second below the normal lower audible limit of the human ear.

Parallel force system ​

Non-concurrent forces having parallel lines of action

Scum

Non-soluble organic matter that floats on the surface

Frequency

Number of COMPLETE OSCILLATION CYCLES per Unit of time.Unit is hertz

Window

OPENING in a wall to admit LIGHT and AIR

Well Hole

OPENING in the floor at the top of a flight of stairs

Sash

OUTER EDGE OF A DOOR FRAME.

Receptacle outlet

OUTLET where one or more RECEPTACLES are INSTALLED

Service Drop

OVERHEAD service conductors from the last pole connected to the structure.

Roller type support​

Offers resistance in a direction normal to the surface beneath the roller, does not resist movement parallel to the supporting surface

Link type support ​

Offers resistance in the direction along the link and through 2 pins

Isolation Joint

Often called as Expansion Joint, allows movement between concrete slab and adjoining columns and walls of a building

Dynamic load ​

Often with rapid change in magnitude and location

Yoke or By-Pass Ventilation

On a long vertical soil pipe, a relief vent is installed at 3 to 5 floor intervals. In this case, the relief vent is referred to as the Yoke or by-pass ventilation

Fixture Unit

One fixture unit is equivalent to a flow rate of one cubic foot of water per minute or 7 1/2 gallons of water per minute

Rafters

One of a series of inclined members where ROOF COVERING IS FIXED

Stile

One of the UPRIGHT structural member of a frame; Outer edge of door or a window sash.

Brass Pipe

One of the most expensive types of pipe. Superior material for waste and water supply

Vitrified Clay Pipe

One of the oldest materials used for sewer line. Durable material for underground like the sewer, house sewer or storm drain

Lead Pipe

One of the oldest plumbing materials used by the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Roman builders as soil and waste pipes. It is highly resistant to acid and is suitable for underground installation. It is never used to convey potable water since Lead is poisonous and injurious to human health.

Conductor

One that PERMITS THE FLOW OF CHARGE when EMF is applied.

Fuse wire

Open wire of low melting point commonly used in the safety power switch

Door Louver

Opening in a door with a series of SLATS which permits passage of air.

Hollow Newel

Opening in the MIDDLE of the staircase

Single Pole Switch

Opens and closes only on ONE SIDE.

Key Cock

Operate by means of a round, tapering plug, perforated in one direction perpendicular to its axis and ground to fit a metal seat

Compression Cock

Operate by the compression of soft packing upon a metal seat. They close against the flow of water and can be used upon high pressure pipes without causing water hammer.

Tumbler Switch

Operated in a manner that blades are activated by a LEVER instead of a button.

Overload

Operation of equipment in EXCESS of normal, full load rating, in EXCESS rated ampacity, may be dangerous and can cause fire.

Brittleness​

Opposite of ductility. Fail without warning

Impedance

Opposition to AC current by a combination of RESISTANCE and REACTANCE.

Insulated glazing

Or double glazing is a piece of glazing consisting of two or more layers of glazing separated by a spacer along the edge and sealed to create a dead air space between the layers. This type of glazing has functions of thermal insulation and noise reduction

Pigmented Stain

Or opaque stain is an oil stain containing pigments capable of obscuring the grain and texture of a wood surface

Tempered glass

Ordinary glass is placed in an oven and removed at near melting point then chilled almost at once. This procedure causes a skin to form on the glass making it 4 to 5 times tougher than normal glass.

Magnet

Ore which had the property of ATTRACTING pieces of iron, steel or metals.

Sludge

Organic matter that settles at the base of the septic tank

Box Girder

Originally constructed of riveted wrought iron, they are now found in rolled or welded steel, aluminum extrusions or pre-stressed concrete.

Cylinder

Outermost lining of a hydraulic jack or plunger

Convenience Outlet

Outlet that RECEIVES the plug with flexible cord of electrical appliances

Lighting outlet

Outlet used for the direct connection of LIGHTING FIXTURE.

1. Brush 2. Spray 3. Roller

PAINTS CAN BE APPLIED BY

Damp Location

PARTIALLY PROTECTED locations under canopies, marquees, roofed open porches and the like.

Acoustical Design

PLANING shaping finishing and furnishing of an enclosed space

Floor Framing

PLATFORM suspended by posts, columns, walls and beams.

Service Point

POINT OF CONNECTION between facilities of the serving utility and the premises wiring.

Magnetic Poles

POLE of a magnet that will point toward the geomagnetic poles of the earth.

Chord

PRINCIPAL MEMBER OF A TRUSS which extends from one end to the other.

Fuse

PROTECTIVE DEVICE with fusible element that opens the circuit by MELTING when subjected to excessive current.

Ogee Roof

PYRAMID FORM having steep sides sloping to the center.

Car Operation Station

Panel mounted in car containing CAR OPERATION CONTROLS

Panelboard

Panel unit designed for ASSEMBLY in the form of a single panel;

Folding Door

Panels which are HINGED together so that they can open and FOLD in a confined space.

Shearing stress​

Parallel

Stair String

Part of a flight of stair that FORMS its CEILING OR SOFFIT

T-beam

Part of the floor and beam unit when poured simultaneously thereby producing a monolithic structure where portion of the slab at both sides of the beam serves as flanges of such beam

Foundation Wall

Part of the foundation system, which provides support for the superstructure above and enclose a basement or crawl space partly or wholly grade

Conductor or Leader

Part of the roofing and/or area gutter system that takes water from a roof above surface area to a storm drain or other disposal area or system

Pole

Part of the switch for MAKING OR BREAKING a connection

Evaporator

Part where refrigerant is vaporized

Oriented strandboard laminated strand lumber waferboard particle board

Particle-Based

Duch

Passageway used to transfer air from one location to another

Moving Walk

Passenger carrying device on which passengers stand or walk. It is parallel to its direction of motion

Electric Circuit

Path composed of a CONDUCTOR and conducting electrical devices joined together.

Short Circuit

Path of low resistance connection across a voltage. Resistance is zero; too much current.

Gypsum Precast Roof Decking

Perfect gypsum containing various types of fibers for additional strength; made with either square plank or edged plank

Malleability

Permits mechanical deformation by extrusion, forging, hammering without fracturing (Characteristics of Pipe)

Moment arm ​

Perpendicular distance from the line of action of a force to the point or line about which a moment occurs

Normal stress ​

Perpendicular to stressed surface

Electricity

Physical entity associated with the atomic structure of matter that occurs IN POLAR FORMS (positive and negative)

Spacer

Piece of concrete that holds or SUPPORTS steel reinforcements

Purlin

Piece of timber or steel laid horizontally on rafters where roofing is LAID.

Uncased Pile

Pile constructed by driving a concrete plug into the ground along with a steel casing until it meets the required resistance, and then ramming concrete into place as the casing is withdrawn

End bearing pile

Pile depending principally on the bearing resistance of soil or rock beneath its foot for support. the surroundings of soil mass provide a degree of lateral stability for a long compression member. also called point bearing pile

Sanitary Drainage Pipes

Pipes which remove wastewater and water-borne wastes from the fixtures

Stair Well

Place occupied by the flight of stairs

Switch Bank

Place where GROUP OF SWITCHES may be located

Meter Center

Place where all meters in a building may be located

Meter Stop

Placed at the water service on the street side of the house meter, a controlling stop for service installation

.9 x 2.4

Plan GI sheet dimension

Plastics

Plastic is in 2 types; polycarbonate or acrylic. Acrylics are over 10 times stronger when compared to glass with a similar thickness. There are referred to as plexiglass.

Gusset Plate

Plate usually in triangular shape used to CONNECT two or more members to add strength to framework.

Inclined Lift

Platform installed on STEEL GUIDE RAIL and driven by motor for raising or lowering a person.

Caulking/ Calking/ Cogging

Plugging an opening with oakum, lead or other materials that are pounded into an annular space; also refers to the actual materials that are pounded into the annular space

Distribution Center

Point at which energy is DIVIDED among feeders, branch combination or both.

Moment center ​

Point at which the axis of a moment intersects the plane of the forces causing the moment

Center of gravity​

Point at which the entire weight is considered concentrated

Outlet

Point from which current is TAKEN for supply.

Plastic foam boards

Polystyrene & polyurethane plastics are formed by a patented process to about 40x their original volume. Used for perimeter insulation for concrete slabs, for wall and roof-deck insulation, and for roof decks when properly supported.

Sanitary Ware

Porcelain enamel ware, such as bathtubs, sewer pipes, toilet bowls, wash basins, etc.

Elevator Pit

Portion extending below the level of the bottom landing to provide for over travel and clearance or parts.

Footing

Portion of foundation that TRANSMITS LOAD DIRECTLY to the soil.

Elevator Landing

Portion of the floor for loading or discharging passengers

Allowable stress​

Portion of the ultimate strength which may safely be used in design

Foundation

Portion that CARRY or SUPPORT the superstructure

Stringer

Portion that SUPPORTS THE STEPS of stairs

Type I: Normal

Portland cement for general construction

Unbonded posttensioning

Posttensioning in which the annular spaces around the reinforcing tendons are not grouted, allowing the tendons to move relative to the surrounding concrete.

Bonded posttensioning

Posttensioning in which the reinforcing tendons are bonded to the surrounding concrete by injecting grout in the annular spaces around the strands.

Voltage

Potential Difference or electromotive force expressed in volts.

Escalator

Power driven inclined continuous stairway for raising or lowering passenger

Drive Machine

Power unit to raise and lower an elevator

Inverted Tee

Precast Concrete structural _ beams are used in conjunction with double tees anywhere that a buildings construction requires a larger span than a standard double tee can accomplish such as parking slots, event centers and industrial buildings.

Frame Systems

Precast frames can be constructed using either linear elements or spatial beam-column sub assemblages.

Hollow Core Slab

Precast, prestressed concrete plank internally cored to reduce the dead weight. Suitable for medium to long span and uniformly distributed floor and roof loads

4

Preferred number of storeys for up-feed system when city main pressure is 50psi

Turbidity

Presence of suspended materials (physical characteristics)

Hinge type support​

Prevents movement along the horizontal and vertical directions but does not resist rotation about the hinge

Girder

Principal beam extending from WALL to WALL SUPPORTING THE FLOOR JOIST

General Conditions

Printed documents stipulating the procedural and administrative aspects of the contract

Electromagnetic Induction

Process of EMF GENERATION induced by the movement of magnetic flux

Sound Absorption

Process of dissipating sound energy by CONVERTING it to HEAT

Ventilation

Process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means

Radiation

Process of transmitting rays of heat through air..

Electrostatic by Friction

Produced when certain materials are RUBBED together.

Sealants

Products used to seal surface of different materials against water penetration or other liquids or prevent seepage. Its adhesive qualities plus the ability to fill the surface pores to form a continuous skin on a surface are important

Corbel

Projection anchored at wall to support OVERHANGING MEMBER.

Resistance

Property that OPPOSES current and dissipates real power in the form of HEAT.

Corrosion Resistance

Property that makes it resistant to corrosion (Characteristics of Pipe)

Creep ​

Property which causes some materials under constant stress to deform slowly over a period of time

Ready mixed concrete

Proportioned and mixed off the site

Series Circuit

Provides a complete PATH for current and components are connected END TO END.

Secondary Sheave

Provides double wrap of ropes for traction and leads rope over to counterweight

Driving machine

Provides the motive power of the unit.

Piston Pump

Pump used for smaller water distribution system

Dewatering

Pumping or removal of water from construction site to maintain a relatively dry and stable condition during construction

Compressive stress​

Push

Room Acoustics

Qualities or characteristics of a room that DETERMINES THE AUDIBILITY of SPEECH of musical sounds in it.

Scalar​

Quantity having magnitude only. Ft, kg, newton

Enthalpy

Quantity of heat in BTU.

Sound Power

RATE at which ACOUSTIC ENERGY is RADIATED. Usually measured in WATTS.

Current

RATE of CHARGE FLOW

Sound Reflection

REFLECTION OF SOUND energy

Buna

RUBBER INSULATION used on wires, cables and other electrical appliances

Underfloor Raceway

Raceway Suitable for use under floor.

Service Raceways

Raceways that ENCLOSES THE SERVICE ENTRANCE CONDUCTORS

Handrail

Rail running parallel to the inclination that holds the balusters

Power

Rate of doing WORK.

Thermal Conductivity

Rate of heat transfer by conduction (Characteristics of Pipe)

Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency

Ratio of annual fuel output to annual input energy

Energy Efficient Ratio

Ratio of net equipment cooling capacity in BTU to the total rate of electric input in watts

Demand Factor

Ratio of the MAXIMUM DEMAND of a system to the total connected load of a system.

Relative Humidity

Ratio of the water vapor in humid air and weight of water vapor that air could contain

Machinability​

Readiness with which a material yields to shaping with cutting tools

Admittance

Reciprocal of IMPEDANCE

Sound Absorption

Reciprocal of Sound Reflection

Counterweight

Rectangular blocks of cast iron stacked in a frame which is supported at the opposite ends of the cables to which the car is fastened. Balances the weight of the car.

Floor Set/ Floor mounted

Refers to a plumbing fixture that rests on the floor.

Wall Hung

Refers to a plumbing fixture which is supported from the wall.

Tools Steel

Refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels that are particularly suited to be made into tools. Distinctively hard, resistance to abrasion and deformation, and has ability to hold a cutting edge

Lacquer

Refers to any of various clear or colored synthetic coatings consisting of nitrocellulose or other cellulose derivative dissolved in a solvent that dries by evaporation to form a high gloss film

Wet Ventilation

Refers to the vertical pipe of the plumbing system used as ventilation of the plumbing, installation and fixture traps which at the same time receives and convey liquid waste discharge from the fixtures. Widely used for small groups of bathroom fixtures particularly on a one or two-storey residential houses.

Live load

Refers to those movable loads imposed on the floor such as people, furniture and the like

Ton of Refrigeration

Refrigerating effect equal to 211 KJ

Control Panel

Register calls and governs response to elevator

Grade Beam

Reinforced concrete beam supporting a bearing wall at or near the ground level and transferring the load to isolated footings, piers or piles

Cantilever Footing

Reinforced concrete footing connected by tie beam to another footing in order to balance the asymmetrically impulse load, as at the perimeter of a building site. also called strap footing

Web Reinforcement

Reinforcement consisting of bent bars or stirrups, placed in a concrete beam to resist diagonal tension

Compression Reinforcement

Reinforcement designed to absorb compressive stresses

Principal Reinforcement

Reinforcement designed to absorb the stresses from applied loads and moments

Bundled Reinforcement

Reinforcement employed consisting of two to four bars tied in direct contact with each other to serve or act as one unit reinforcement placed at the corner of lateral ties

Longitudinal Reinforcement

Reinforcement essentially parallel to the horizontal surface of a slab or to the long axis of the concrete beam or column

Shrinkage Reinforcement

Reinforcement placed perpendicular to the principal reinforcement in a one-way slab to absorb the stresses resulting from shrinkage or changes in temperature. Also called Temperature Reinforcement

Stirrup

Reinforcement tie bars used in BEAMS

Tie Bars

Reinforcement tie bars used in COLUMNS

Wall Footing

Reinforcements placed at right angle perpendicular to the wall which are uniformly spaced

Deformed bar

Reinforcing bar hot rolled with surface deformations to develop greater bond with concrete

Bend Reinforcing Bars

Reinforcing bars that are bent up on or near the inflection point and are extended at the top of the beam across the support towards the adjacent span

Subjective

Related to conditions of the brain and sense organs rather than DIRECT PHYSICAL ACTIONS

Electromagnetism

Relative motion of a conductor with respect to a magnetic field.

Repair

Remedial work done on any damaged of deteriorated portions of a building to restore its original condition.

Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin glue

Requires high-temperature for curing; water resistant

Stiffness​

Resist deformation

Hardness​

Resist indentation or abrasion

Strength ​

Resist stress without failure

Impact Resistance

Resistance of a surface to shock (Characteristics of Pipe)

Hardness

Resistance to deformation by compression (Characteristics of Pipe)

Stress​

Resistance to external forces

Pressure Resistance

Resistance to rupture by overpressure (Characteristics of Pipe)

Durability

Resistance to the weathering effects of rain, wind, heat, and frost action is necessary for exterior stonework

Elasticity​

Returns to original size

Hip Roof

Roof having four straight sides

Penthouse

Room above the hoistway in which the elevator machine is housed.

Transformer Vault

Room containing a TRANSFORMER and auxiliary equipment.

Compenesator

Ropes or chains that hang from the bottom of car to the bottom of counterweight.

Durex Blocks

Roughly cubed, usually granite blocks used for paving

smooth on two sides

S2s

smooth on four sides

S4s

Face Mould

SECTION PRODUCED in any inclined plane

Balustrade

SERIES or row of BALUSTERS

Service Cable

SERVICE conductors made up in the form of a CABLE

1 1/2 and 2 1/2

SIDE LAPPING of CORRUGATED GI SHEET

Threshold

SILL of a doorway covering the joint between two flooring materials

Backfill

SOIL which is REPLACED in an area that was previously excavated

Direct Sound Field

SOUND FIELD Without any contribution from reflection

Structureborne sound

SOUND TRANSMISSION through SOLID MATERIAL by means of vibration of waves in the materials

Dead Load

STATIC LOAD such as the weight of the construction materials

Rebars

STEEL BAR having RIBS to provide greater bond. Used to reinforce members.

Front String

STRING on the SIDE of stairs where handrail is placed

Bearers

SUPPORT FOR WINDERS wedged into walls secured by stringers.

Mechanics​

Science of mechanics treats on forces, motion and the effects of forces on the bodies which they act

Acoustics

Science of sound including its generation, transmission and effects of sound waves.

Kiln Dried

Seasoned artificially in a KILN

Unitary Airconditioner

Self contained unit which houses all necessary air conditioning components

Insulated

Separated from other conducting surface, offering high resistance to the passage of the current.

Floor Joist

Series of parallel timber used to SUPPORT FLOOR

Stair

Series of steps that connects FLOORS.

Service Entrance Conductors (Underground)

Service conductor located underground

Service Entrance Conductors (Overhead)

Service conductors between the TERMINALS of a service equipment to a point OUTSIDE THE BUILDING joined by a splice to the service drop

Gutter

Shallow CHANNEL of metal used to catch and carry RAINWATER

Auxillary Gutter

Sheet METAL ENCLOSURE for conductors and wires (Channel)

Flashing

Sheet of metal between a ROOF AND WALL to prevent water penetration

Kick Rail

Short RAIL mounted on door, used to KICK the door open.

Rivet

Short pin of malleable metal to UNITE TWO PLATES TOGETHER through its hole.

Dowel

Short reinforcing bar of steel that INCREASES the strenght of JOINTS

SPLITTING/SAWING

Should take place while the trees is still very damp

Balustrade

Side of an escalator extending above the steps.

Surface Sliding Door

Similar to bypass sliding door but provided access through FULL WIDTH OF DOORWAY.

Pump

Simple mechanism that produces a vacuum within itself and permits the lifting of water from the source of supply by atmospheric pressure

Shed or Lean-to Roof

Simplest form of roof consisting of ONE SLOPE

Air conditioning

Simultaneous control of temperature, humidity, motion and purity of air.

Integrated Part Load Value

Single number figure of merit based on part load EER or COP.

Isolated Footing

Single spread footing supporting FREE STANDING column or pier

Hallidie Building

Situated in San Francisco, California, the _ designed by James Polk was one of the first buildings with pure glass curtain wall in 1918

Porosity

Sizes of pores left during hydration process or created by excessive evaporation and shrinkage cracks affecting the water tightness of concrete. Apply compaction techniques.

Window Lead

Slender bar of LEAD which RECEIVES the glass in a window

Ramp

Slope surface that rises and twists simultaneously.

Baluster

Small POST SUPPORTING the handrail

Canopy Switch

Small compact switch for mounting in CANOPIES .

S2S

Smooth of two sides

S4S

Smooth on four sides

Rock Caisson

Socketed caisson having steel h-section core within a concrete-filled pipe casing

Electromagnets

Soft iron core wound with a coil or insulated wire.

Aluminum

Soft, non-magnetic, ductile and malleable silvery white metal with thermal and electrical conductivity. is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and the third most abundant element therein, after oxygen and silicon

Foundation Bed

Soil or rock directly BENEATH THE FOOTING

soldering vs brazing

Soldering is distinguished from brazing by use of a lower melting-temperature filler meta

Substratum

Something that underlies or serves as a base or foundation

Ultrasonic

Sound above the AUDIBLE RANGE Greater Than 20,000hertz

Reverberation Sound Field

Sound that is reflected from the boundaries of and furnishing within an enclosed space

Airborne Sound

Sound that is transmitted through air by a series of oscillating pressure fluctuations

echo

Sound waves that have been reflected back to a listener with sufficient magnitude and TIME DELAY

Panel​

Space between any 2 panel points on a chord and joint

Panel length​

Space on the chord of a truss between 2 adjacent joints made of principal web members

Accelerator

Speeds up the setting of concrete to reduce the whole curing period or for early removal of forms.

Knob

Spherical handle usually for OPERATING A LOCK.

Shellac

Spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac flakes in denatured alcohol

Elliptical Stair

Stair of ELLIPTICAL plan.

Circular Stair

Staircase with steps that wind in a CIRCLE or CYLINDER

Owner-architect, Owner-General Contractor, Owner-Specialty Trade Contractor, General Contractor-Specialty Trade Contractor, Owner-Project Management, Owner,construction management

Standard Contract Document (Agreement)

4 ft. x 8 ft. (1.20 x 2.40 meters).

Standard Size of Plywood

1.5 to 3.6

Standard length of GI sheet

.8

Standard width of GI sheet

Dead load​

Static load, downward

Anchor Bolt

Steel BOLT FIXED in a building structure which is threaded portion

Open Web Steel Joist

Steel Truss having an open web whose components are either hot-rolled structural shapes or cold-formed light gauge shape.

Sag Rod

Steel bar attached at CENTER or END POINTS of the span of the purlins

Cable

Steel wire ropes used for the suspension of a car and counterweight

Conical Roof

Steep roof of circular section that tapers uniformly

Winder

Steps not PARALLEL to each other

...

Stone Construction (...)

...

Stone Finish (...)

Fieldstone

Stone found on the ground (i.e., not quarried) that is a suitable size and shape for use as drywall or rubble masonry

...

Stones in Building Construction (...)

Emergency Stop Button

Stops the driving machine to apply the break.

Pulsating/Fluctuating Direct Current

Strength of current varies at different periods

Steel Window

Stronger and thinner than aluminum

Truss​

Structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle and composed of linear members subject to axial tension and compression

Beam

Structural member whose purpose is to CARRY TRANSVERSE LOADS

Shop Weld

Structural members are WELDED ON SHOP

Channel

Structural rolled steel in C SHAPE used mainly for roofing frame as PURLINS

Truss ​

Structure consisting of straight members connected together in such a way as to resist change in shape, thus a rigid structure.

Conduit

Structure containing ONE OR MORE DUCTS. (Piping or channel)

Cooling Tower

Structure located on top of a building where water is circulated so as to cool it evaporatively.

Kinetics ​

Study of forces acting on rigid bodies in motion and their effect in changing such motion

Kinematics​

Study of motion without consideration of forces causing the motion

Plain-unsanded, sanded on one side and sanded on two sides. Patterned-one grooved surface either evenly or random

Sub Types of Chipboard

Strain​

Subjected to an external force

Refrigerant

Substance which produces refrigerating effect

Electrical Conductors

Substances that ALLOW THE FLOW of electric current

Suspended and Colloidal Materials

Such as bacteria, algae, fungi, silt, protozoa, and other colloidal matters making the water colored and acidic

Moment of inertia​

Sum of the products obtained by multiplying an element of mass by the square of its distance from the axis

Motor Generator

Supplies direct current to motor.

Simple beam or simply supported beam​

Supported by a roller and a hinge at both ends

Overhanging beam​

Supported by a roller and a hinge with one or both extending beyond supports

Truss

Supports the moving stairway equipment

Push Button Switch

Switch blade is operated by a ROCKING ACTION through a spring.

Rotary Switch

Switch blades move in ROTARY MOTION.

Isolating Switch

Switch intended for ISOLATING an electric circuit from the source power.

General Use Switch

Switch intended for use in GENERAL distribution and branch circuits.

Double Pole Switch

Switch that has two contacts or connections.

Four Way Switch

Switch to control light from THREE OR MORE LOCATIONS.

Three Way Switch

Switch to control light from TWO DIFFERENT LOCATIONS.

Multi-Circuit Switch

Switch used for control of light in a MULTI LAMP FIXTURE.

Momentary Contact Switch

Switch when user desires to open or close a circuit for a SHORT LENGTH OF TIME.

Knife Switch

Switch where circuit is closed by a MOVING A BLADE engaging contact clips.

Askarel

Synthethic non flammable insulating liquid used in transformers as INSULATORS

Freon

Synthetic chemical refrigerant

Grounded Conductor

System of CONDUCTORS that is intentionally grounded

Parallelogram law ​

System of determining the resultant force of 2 concurrent forces obtained from the diagonal at a parallelogram having adjacent sides which represent the 2 force vectors being added

Board Measure

System of measure LUMBER.

Code

System of regulations pertaining to the design and operation of elevators

Collar plate

TIES between RAFTERS on opposite sides of roof.

Average Lobby Time

TIME SPENT BY PASSENGER between arriving in the lobby and leaving the lobby

Engineering Acoustics

Technology of sound production and recording

Dew Point

Temperature at which vapor will become saturated and begins to yield drops of condensed water

Dry Bulb Temperature

Temperature shown by a thermometer in a normal way

Wet Bulb Temperature

Temperature shown by a thermometer with a wetted bulb

Falsework

Temporary bracing for supporting work under construction, which cannot yet support itself

Intensity Level

Ten times the logarithm of the ration of sound INTENSITY to a refence SOUND INTENSITY

Moment​

Tendency of a force to produce rotation of a body about a point or line, equal in magnitude to the product of the force and the moment arm acting in a clockwise/counter direction

Moment of a force​

Tendency to produce a rotation of the body on which it acts about an axis

Axial load​

Tensile acting along the longitudinal axis

Function of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete

Tensile strength for bending members Resistance to shrinkage Ductility

Switchgear

Term for switching and interrupting devices or apparatus

Cockel Stair

Term given to a WINDING staircase

Superstructure

That part of a building or structure, which is above the level of the adjoining ground or the level of the foundation

Footing

That part of the foundation bearing directly upon the supporting soil, set below the natural grade line and enlarged to distribute its load over a great area

Basement Supply Mains

That portion of the piping system which is suspended from the basement ceiling and which are connected to the branches that serves the fixture risers

Sound Transmission Loss

The DIFFERENCE in DECIBEL of the SOUND PRESSURE level on the RECEIVER side of a barrier from that on the source side

Electrical System

The ENTIRE SYSTEM of conductors, equipment and devices that are interconnected to different sources.

Sound Pressure

The FLUCTUATION of pressure about atmospheric pressure Usually measure in MicroPascals ( uPa)

Amplitude

The Maximum displacement of the conductor molecules during each cycle of sound wave.

Sound Propagation

The ORIGINATION OF TRANSMISSION of Sound Energy

Open specification

The Opposite of close specification.

Velocity of Sound

The RATE OF TRAVEL of sound in a given medium

Noise Reduction

The REDUCTION in Level of UNWANTED SOUND by any several Means like distance boundary barriers etc.

Volt

The SI unit of electromotive force, the difference of potential that would drive one ampere of current against one ohm resistance.

Wavefront

The SPHERICAL SURFACE OF THE WAVE as it travels out in all directions from the source

Tone

The Subjective response of the ear to the pitch of sound

Demolition

The Systematic dismantling or destruction of a building in whole or in part.

Soffit

The UNDERNEATH of an arch or moulding.

DWV

The abbreviation for drainage, waste and vent

Capillarity

The ability of water to climb up a surface against the pull of gravity

Surface Tension

The ability of water to stick itself and pull itself together.

Heat Capacity

The ability to absorb heat without becoming much warmer itself

Dissolving Ability

The ability to dissolve almost any substance.

Soil Pressure

The actual pressure developed between the footing and the supporting soil mass

Bond

The adhesion between two substances, as concrete and reinforcing bars

Bond Stress

The adhesive for per unit area of contact between reinforcing bar and the surrounding concrete developed at any section of a flexural member.

Performance bond

The approved form of security furnished by the contractor and his surety as a guarantee of good faith on the part of the contractor to execute the work in accordance with the terms of the contract

Payment Bond

The approved form of security furnished by the contractor and his surety as a guarantee of good faith on the part of the contractor to pay obligations arising from the contract.

Plumbing

The art and science of creating and maintaining sanitary conditions in building used by humans.

Bar spacing

The center to center spacing of parallel reinforcing bar, resulting clear distance between the bar being regulated by bar diameter, maximum size of coarse aggregate, and thickness of the concrete section

Deadend

The closed extension of a pipe, permitting stagnation of wastewater or air therein

Strip Footing

The continuous spread footing of a foundation wall

Agreement

The contract between the owner and the contractor undertaking the project described in the contract documents including all supplemental agreements.

Effective Depth of Section

The depth of concrete section measured from the compression face to the centroid of the tension reinforcement.

Free fall

The descent of freshly mixed concrete into a form without the aid of a drop chute

Pile Eccentricity

The deviation of a pile from its plan location or from the vertical, resulting in reduction of its allowable load

Excavation

The digging and removal of earth from its natural position, or the cavity resulting from such removal

WaveLength

The distance sound wave travels during each cycle of vibraion

Fixture Drain

The drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of the drain with any other drain pipe

California and England

The earliest contributors and forms of curtain walls are in _ and _

Figure rolled glass

The elaborate patterns found on ___________ are produced in a similar fashion to the rolled plate glass process except that the plate is cast between two rollers, one of which carries a pattern.

Circuit Homerun

The electrical cable that CARRIES POWER from the main circuit breaker panel to the first electrical box, plug, or switch in the circuit.

Spigot

The end of a pipe that fits into a bell; Another term for faucet or bibb

Bell

The end of a pipe which is enlarged to connect to another, bigger pipe

Work

The entire construction or separately identifiable parts thereof required to be furnished under contract documents.

Ambient

The existing surrounding conditions such as air or surface

Soil and Waste Vent (Stack Vent)

The extension (to the open air) of a soil or waste stack above the highest branch connected to the stack.

Building Supply Pipe

The first part of the water supply system after the water meter

Water Service Pipe

The first part of the water supply system before the water meter

Backflow

The flow of water or wastewater in pipes in a reverse direction

Back Siphonage

The flowing by negative pressure of contaminated or polluted water from a fixture to a potable water system

Self-cleaning glass

The glass cleans itself in two stages. The 'photo catalytic' stage of the process breaks down the organic dirt on the glass using ultraviolet in sunlight (even on overcast days) and makes the glass hydrophilic (normally glass is hydrophobic).

Rolled plate glass

The glass is taken from the furnace in large iron ladles, which are carried upon slings running on overhead rails; from the ladle the glass is thrown upon the cast-iron bed of a rolling-table; and is rolled into sheet by an iron roller, the process being similar to that employed in making plate-glass, buton a smaller scale.

Consolidation

The gradual reduction in the volume of a soil mass resulting from the application of a sustained load and an increase in compressive stress

Branch Interval

The height of a soil or waste stack, where the branches from one storey of the structure are connected

Crown Weir

The highest point of the bottom surface of the crown

Active Soil Pressure

The horizontal component of pressure that a soil mass exerts on a vertical retaining wall

House Drain

The horizontal main into which the vertical soil and waste stacks discharge. It connects directly to the house sewer

Floor System

The horizontal planes that support both live loads and dead loads and transfer their loads horizontally across to a beam column or to load-bearing walls

Diameter

The inside width of a pipe; used as the nominal commercial designation

Roughing-in

The installation of parts of a plumbing system prior to the installation of fixtures

50mm

The invert of the inlet pipe shall be at least not less than ____ above the invert of the outlet pipe

Fitting Ledge Installation Self-Rimming

The lavatory fittings are installed in a hole provided within the lavatory itself

Built-In Installation Self-Rimming

The lavatory fittings are installed through a hole drilled at the counter top.

Under the Counter

The lavatory is placed below the built-in counter top

Developed Length

The length along the center of pipes and fittings

Developmental Length

The length of the embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section

Flood Level

The level in a fixture at which water overflows

Foundation

The lowest division of a building, its substructure, or other construction partly or wholly below the surface of the ground; designed to support and anchor the superstructure above and directly to the earth

Building Drain

The lowest horizontal piping which receives the discharge from the drainage pipes of a structure and conveys it to the building sewer

Dip

The lowest point of the inside top surface of the channel through a trap

Allowable Bearing Pressure

The maximum unit pressure of foundation is permitted to impose vertically or laterally on a supporting soil mass

Masking

The obscuring or COVERING up of one sound by another

Statics​

The part of mechanics that considers the effects of and the distribution of forces on rigid bodies which are and remain at rest

Building Sewer

The part of the drainage system that extends from the building drain and conveys its discharge to the appropriate sewer (or other point of disposal)

Air Break

The physical separation between a waste pipe and an indirect waste receptor

Service Pipe

The pipe from the water main or source of water supply to the building served

Distribution Line of a Leaching Tile System

The pipe from within the distribution box to the drainfield.

ASPHALT CEMENT

The primary use of asphalt (Bitumen) is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder for the aggregate particles

Main

The principal pipe where branches may be connected

Consolidation of Concrete

The process of eliminating voids other than entrained air within newly placed concrete and ensuring close contact of the concrete with form surfaces and embedded steel reinforcement

Agitation

The process of providing gentle motion in mixed concrete, just sufficient to prevent segregation or loss of plasticity

Cable Sheath

The protective COVERING applied over a cable which is non-metallic

Decay Rate

The rate which Sound Pressure Level (db ) decreases when the source of sound is eliminated

Percentage Reinforcement

The ratio of effective area of reinforcement effective area of concrete at any section of a reinforced concrete member, expressed as a percentage

Modulus of elasticity ​

The ratio of the shearing stress to the shearing strain

Ground

The reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the Earth.

Differential Settlement

The relative moment of parts of a structure caused by uneven settlement underlying soil or failure of its foundation

Brine

The remaining liquid from water desalination; contains a large amount of salt, processed for minerals

Acoustical Impedence

The resistance of flow of acoustical energy

Indirect Siphonage

The result of a minus pressure in the waste piping caused by discharge of water from a fixture installed on a line which serves a fixture placed at a lower elevation

Retardation of Flow

The result of improper atmospheric conditions, because of insufficient ventilation or incorrect installation of fittings.

Architectural Acoustics

The science and technology of controlling sound in and around buildings

Engineering mechanics​

The science that considers the effects of forces on rigid bodies

Stratification

The separation of an excessively wet or over vibrated concrete mix into horizontal layers with increasingly lighter material migrating toward the top

Segregation

The separation of coarse aggregate from the mortar of water from the other ingredients of freshly mixed concrete, resulting from excessive horizontal movement or free fall of the mix, or from over vibration after placement

Sanitary Sewage

The sewage containing human excrement and liquid household waste; also called domestic sewage.

Domestic Sewage

The sewage containing human excrement and other liquid household waste. Also called sanitary sewage.

Double Acting Steam Hammer

The steam pressure raises the hammer and also reinforces the action of gravity during descent.

Hearing

The subjective RESPONSE TO SOUND. TRANSLATE THE PHYSICAL stimuli into meaningful signals.

Fixture Branch

The supply pipe between the fixture and the water distributing pipe

Reverberation Time

The time in seconds required for a sound to decay

Fixture Unit Flow Rate

The total discharge flow (gpm) of a single unit divided by 7.5 which provides the flow rate of that particular fixture

Moving

The transfer of any building or portion from its original location to another.

Substructure

The underlying structure forming the foundation of a building or other construction

Air Gap

The unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between a faucet outlet and the rim of a fixture

Acoustical Treatment

The use of acoustical absorbing of reflecting materials or sound isolating structures to improve acoustical environment

Sound Insulation

The use of structures and materials DESIGN TO REDUCE the TRANSMISSION of SOUND from one area to another

Sound Isolation

The use of structures and materials DESIGN TO REDUCE the TRANSMISSION of SOUND from one area to another

Vane Shear Test

The vane device for shearing testing of clay soil in place consists of four vertical rectangular blades at right angles to vertical shaft

Trap Seal

The vertical distance between the dip and crown weir of a trap; also the water between the dip and crown weir of a trap

Downspout

The vertical portion of a rainwater conductor

Flow Rate

The volume of water used by a fixture in a given amount of time; measured in gallons per minute (gpm)

Plumbing Fixture Trim

The water supply and drainage fittings which are installed on the fixture to control the flow of water into the fixture and the flow of waste water from the fixture to the sanitary drainage system

Ground Water

The water that is standing in or passing through the ground

Physiological

The way we hear things

Will

The word is used in connection with acts and actions required of the owner or architect/engineer.

Shall

The word is used with reference to the work required to be done by a contractor or supplier.

Waffle Slab

These are able to carry heavier loads and span longer distances than flat slabs. It is a monolithic poured concrete slab

Supplementary Specifications

These are additional information which may be issued as an addition or amendment to the provisions of the specification.

Permanent Magnets

These are bars of hardened steel which have been PERMANENTLY magnetized.

Shear force​

These are components of the total resistance to sliding the portion to one side of the exploration section

Drawing

These are graphical presentations of the work involved in the project.

Structural system component​s

These are structural elements such as beams, girders, columns, trusses, etc

Bending moments​

These components measure the resistance to bending the member about the Y or Z axes

Slab-column systems with walls

These systems rely on shear walls to sustain lateral load effects, whereas the slab-column structure resists mainly gravity loads.

Spanstress Floor System

They are also known as spanstress pre-cast connectors. Precast fabrications are made out of rebars and concrete as specified on its particular usage by computing the span of the posts and its load. Used for earthquake-proofing

Waffle Slab

They are appropriate for most floor situations and also for irregular column layouts, curved floor shape, ramps etc.

Mineral fiberboard

Thick mats of mineral fibers (glass/rock wool) covered with a backing of stiff paper on one or both sides to form rigid boards, ranging in thickness from ½" to 1"

Wood Frames

Thicker than aluminum and Steel but more effective as thermal insulation

Gauge

Thickness standard of metals

L-Beam

This and inverted T-beams are typical floor beams because of the reduced overall structural depth.

Axial force​

This component measures the pulling or pushing action over the section

Torque​

This component measures the resistance to twisting the members

Penetrometer

This is a device used to investigate the consistency of cohesive deposit or relative density of cohesion less strata without the necessity of drilling and obtaining samples

Coated glass

This is a type of glass with a chemical film applied to one surface.

Grease Basin

This is more prevalent in large kitchens serving hotels, dining rooms, clubhouses, and restaurants

Wash Boring Method

This method employs the use of a piece of metal tube 50mm to 100mm in diameter, used to bore hole with depths ranging from 1.50m to 3.0m.

CASEIN GLUE

This product is made by dissolving casein, a protein obtained from milk. In wood bonding, casein glues generally are superior to true animal glues in moisture resistance and aging characteristics.

Filter System

This system makes use of a siphon dosing chamber that discharges the effluent in large doses to turn the automatic rotary as it drops on to the sand

Deep Seal

This trap may be used under normal condition, but it's purposely designed for abnormal situations; 4 inches deep

Shallow Foundation

Those that transfer load to the earth at the BASE of the column or wall of the substructure.

STORAGE

Timber stored in water after felling reduces the risks of molds & insect damage

Average Trip Time

Time spent by passenger in the lobby to leaving the car at an upper floor.

Plumber

Title given to a person skilled in the field of sanitation

House Trap

To furnish water seal against entrance of gases from the sewer to the piping system

Prestress

To introduce internal stresses to a concrete member in order to counteract the stresses that will result from an applied load

Tertiary Treatment

To provide a final treatment stage to raise the effluent quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment (sea, river, lake, f=ground, etc.) It is also called "effluent polishing".

Tear Resistance

To resist being torn apart to pieces (Characteristics of Pipe)

Freestanding

Toilet has a tank sitting on top of bowl; bowl is mounted on bathroom floor.

One Piece

Toilet is similar to freestanding model, except that the tank and bowl are single piece.

Combplate

Toothed portion of the threshold plate at both ends of an escalator or moving walk.

Sprocket assemblies

Top and Bottom sprocket wheel where the endless belt of steps pass.

Window Space

Total WINDOW AREA in a room or building

Seasonal Energy efficiency ratio

Total cooling output of an airconditioner during its normal annual usage.

Sonotube

Trademark for a brand of cylindrical column form made of compressed, resin-impregnated paper.

Peg Board/ Perforated Board

Trademark for a brand of tempered hardboard having regularly spaced perforations into which hooks may be inserted for the storage or display of articles.

Indicative Mode

Traditional language of specs using SHALL in nearly every statement. ahaha

Deep Foundation

Transfer load at a point FAR BELOW THE SUBSTRUCTURE

Convection

Transfer of heat by motion of the particles

Conduction

Transfer of heat from one place of higher temperature to a place of lower temperature

Air Blast Transformer

Transformer COOLED BY FORCE CIRCULATION of air through cores and coils

Step-down Transformer

Transformer for decreasing voltage

Step-up Transformer

Transformer for increasing voltage

Autotransformer

Transformer where output VOLTAGE ADJUSTS AUTOMATICALLY depending on the required voltage of the equipment.

Capillary Attraction

Trap seal is caused by suspension of foreign object (rag, string, lint, hair) into the trap seal extending over the outlet arm of the trap

Rainproof

Treated as to prevent RAIN from INTERFERING with the operation of the apparatus.

Raintight

Treated so that exposure to BEATING RAIN will not result in the ENTRY of water into the apparatus.

Swinging Door

Turns on HINGES about a side jamb when pushed or pulled.

Hinge

Two PLATES joined together by PINS that enables door to SWING.

Shielded Nonmetallic-Sheated Cable

Two or more conductors with insulation with an extruded core of nonmetallic material coverd in spiral metal tape and wire shield.

Butt Hinges

Two plates joined by a pin and secured to the abutting surface of wood.

Butterfly

Two shed roof where slopes meet at the center of the building.

Mansard Roof

Two sides of the roof SLOPE STEEPLY forming a FLAT DECK on top

Gable or Pitch Roof

Two slopes meeting at the center of the ridge

Unit Air Conditioner

Type of airconditioner used for small installations

Fixed or restrained beam​

Type of beam having fixed support at both ends

Internal effects​

Type of effect; Refers to stress

Door Lock

Type of mechanical lock designed to prevent the opening of a hoist way door from being opened.

Fixed end type support​

Type of support that resists rotation about the support and to movements along the horizontal and vertical directions

Coursed Ashlar- Ashlar masonry laid out in courses of equal height; blocks of various sizes may be combined to make up the height of the course Random Ashlar- Ashlar masonry laid without regular courses but with an overall effect of horizontal orientation

Types of Ashlar

...

Types of Building Stones (...)

General Conditions, Supplementary Conditions

Types of Contract conditions:

...

Types of Glass (...)

Ordinary Marine Form Fancy Pre-finished plywood panelling (DANARRA)

Types of Plywood

Agreement, Performance bond, Payment Bond, Certificate

Types of contract documents:

...

Types of steel (...)

Service Lateral

UNDERGROUND service conductors between the street main and the first point of connection to the service entrance conductors.

Direct Current

UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT with a constant value

Farad

UNIT OF CAPACITANCE.

Slab

UPPER PART of a concrete floor which is CARRIED ON BEAMS

Window Head

UPPERMOST MEMBER of a WINDOW frame.

Door Head

UPPERMOST MEMBER of a door frame.

Window Stiles

UPRIGHT MEMBER of a WINDOW SASH

Door Stile

UPRIGHT STRUCTURAL MEMBER of a door FRAME.

Stud

UPRIGHT post which supports elements in a wall or partition.

Carbon Steel

Unalloyed steel in which the residual element as carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur and silicon are controlled

Malleability​

Undergoes great change in shape without rupture

Hertz

Unit for frequency

Circular Mil

Unit for measuring the cross- sectional AREA of a conductor.

Mho

Unit of CONDUCTANCE; reciprocal of ohm.

Watt

Unit of ELECTRICAL POWER

Henry

Unit of INDUCTANCE

Weber

Unit of MAGNETIC FLUX

Tesla

Unit of MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY and MAGNETIC INDUCTION

Ohm

Unit of RESISTANCE

Joule

Unit of electrical energy

Kilowatt-hour

Unit of energy equal to ENERGY TRANSFERRED in an hour. Standard for measuring energy by commercial providers.

Stress ​

Unit strength of a material

Welded Joints

United joints through welding such as metal parts.

Pre -Cast Facing Slabs

Units' custom made to any size to fit a particular structure. Made from lightweight aggregates and are hoist over the building. Fixed by pins or dowels to a steel frame or metal strap anchors to a concrete back up wall

Pedestal

Upright compression member that does not exceed three times the height of its lateral dimension

Geothermal Power

Use of GEOTHERMAL HEAT for electricity generation

Decorative Blocks

Used for fences, sun baffles, tiles, pipes, balusters and trellises

Centralized Type Airconditioning

Used for large installations with the use of ducts

Disk Type Water Meter

Used for measuring the flow of water through the small water services

Utility Vent

Used for underground public restrooms

Turbine Meter

Used in buildings in which water is used

Condensing Unit

Used in central air conditioning systems typically has a heat exchanger section to cool down and condense incoming refrigerant vapor into liquid

Guide Pile

Used in cofferdam construction to support the horizontal wall that in turn supports vertical sheet piling

Casein glue

Used in dry location but not exposed directly to rain or water

Looped Vent

Used on fixtures which are located in the room away from partitions that might be utilized to conceal the waste and vent

Kicker Plate

Used to ANCHOR STAIR TO CONCRETE

Force Pump

Used to deliver water at a point higher than the position of the pump itself

Guide Shoes

Used to guide the rails

Sheet Pile

Used to resist lateral pressure of the earth and to form a wall that is intended to be watertight

Cast Stone

Used to simulate stone from concrete methods by splitting solid concrete block to expose two rough surfaces with either 1. High quality silica mortar cast in mold with face shaped to imitate chipped sand stone, shale or slate mixed with color additives 2. White cement mortar cast in mold with hard and smooth surface ground off to expose some stone on a surface mixed with granite or marble chips

Floor Hinge

Used with mortise pivot at door head to enable door to SWING IN EITHER DIRECTION

Centralized DHW System

Uses a water-heater storage tank which uses natural gas in heating water

Generator Field Control

Uses an individual generator for each elevator

Messenger supported wiring

Using MESSENGER wire to support insulated conductors.

Method of sections​

Utilizes the principle of moments and the resolution of a force into its components

Setting

VALUE of the current at which the circuit breaker is SET TO TRIP

Stair Riser

VERTICAL FACE of a stair step

Door Jamb

VERTICAL MEMBER on each side of the door.

Muntins

VERTICAL MEMBERS holding the edges of WINDOW PANES.

Honey Comb

VOIDS left in concrete

Boiler Drain

Valve that is installed on a tank for draining and flushing

Mixing Valve

Valve which mixes fluid

Polyurethane

Varnish of exceptionally hard, abrasion resistant and chemical resistant varnish made from plastic resin of the same name.

Plywood, laminated veneer lumber parallel strand lumber stamina wood parallam

Veneer-based

Expulsion Fuse Unit

Vented fuse unit where EXPULSION of gases extinguishes the arc.

Power Fuse unit

Vented fuse which the arc is extinguished by being DRAWN through solid material.

Guide Rails

Vertical Tracks that guide the car

Mullion

Vertical member SEPARATING a series of WINDOWS.

Shaft or Hoistway

Vertical passageway for the car and counterweight

Pure Tone

Vibration produced at a single frequency

Electrical Units

Volt, Ampere, OHM, watt, watt-hour, coulomb, henry, farad, joule.

Rated Voltage

Voltage to which OPERATING and PERFORMANCE characteristics are referred

SOUND DIFFUSION

WHEN SOUND TRAVELS IN ALL DIRECTION

Staircase

WHOLE SET of stairs

Wreath

WHOLE of a helically curved handrail.

Registration Time

Waiting time at an upper after registering a call.

Rough Opening

Wall OPENING to which a door frame is FITTED.

Load Bearing Wall

Wall capable of supporting a LOAD

Material Deterioration

Wastes create chemical compounds of an acid nature which deteriorates the piping system. Objectionable gases should be eliminated by proper ventilation

Chemical Treatment

Water are given chemical treatments to kill the harmful bacteria present and to cure the turbid taste or mud taste, remove clay, salts, iron etc. commonly used chemical is chlorine

Gray Water

Water from laundries, wash basins, sinks, showers, and bathtubs

Direct Pressure System (Up-feed System)

Water is distributed from normal water pressure coming from public water main for use in low rise buildings

Downfeed System

Water is pumped to the roof storage tank wherein it uses gravity instead of pumps for constant water pressure supply

Indirect Pressure System (Pneumatic Tank)

Water pressure is distributed from air pressure coming from suction tank for use in all tall buildings which cannot be reached by normal water pressure

Natural Water

Water readily found in nature, from precipitation; contains impurities

Storm Water

Water that includes rain, surface run-off, and underground seepage resulting from precipitation

Potable Water

Water that is used for culinary, domestic, and drinking purposes

Nuisance Control

Water treatment where Copper Sulfate (CU2SO4) is applied to reduce algae growth

Fluoridation

Water treatment where Fluoride (F−) is added to lower rates of tooth decay in children (not adults), and must be carefully monitored; toxic in large amounts

Coagulation (Flocculation)

Water treatment where a chemical like Alum (Hydrated Aluminum Sulfate) is added to turbulent water

Aeration (Oxidation)

Water treatment where as much of the water surface as possible is exposed to air for aesthetics

Disinfection

Water treatment where chemicals like Chlorine (Cl) are used to remove harmful organisms

Filtration

Water treatment where fine substances like sand are used to remove suspended particles, bacteria, and color

Distillation

Water treatment where heat evaporates the polluted water into gas and cooler surfaces condense it back to pure water

Ultraviolet Irradiation

Water treatment where momentary exposure to UV radiation kill the remaining bacteria in filtered water

Adsorption

Water treatment where porous materials attract contaminants to their surfaces, removing them from the water

Water Desalination

Water treatment where saltwater is heated and then pumped into a low pressure tank, where it is vaporized and condensed and removed as pure water; the process is repeated many times

Corrosion Control

Water treatment where the concentration of hazardous materials is prevented from increasing by limiting the degradation of metals in water

Sedimentation

Water treatment where time and inactivity settle out the heavier suspended particles from water

Humidity

Water vapor within a confined space

Purified Water

Water which undergoes treatment to improve its quality

Hard Water

Water with Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), and Aluminum (Al); characterized by difficulty of producing lather from detergents and presence of scale deposits in pipes, heaters, or boilers

Polluted Water

Water with any foreign substance which degrades its quality so as to be constituted as a health hazard and impairs water potability

Contaminated Water

Water with any material or substance that affects its quality and an individual's health

Black Water

Water with human waste, from toilets and urinals

Soft Water

Water without Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), and Aluminum (Al); characterized by easiness of producing lather from detergents and absence of scale formation in pipes, heaters, or boilers

Humidity Ratio

Weight of water vapor in a mixture per pound of dry air

Field Welding

Welding is done during the erection of the members

Force​

What exchanges or tends to change the state of motion of a body

Artificial Magnets

When a bar of hardened steel is rubbed with a natural magnet.

Closed Circuit

When the conducting elements are in contact to form a continuous path

Open Circuit

When the conducting elements are not in contact to form a continuous path.

Long Column

When unsupported HEIGHT is MORE THAN its shortest lateral dimension.

Concurrent​

Where the lines of action of all the forces intersect at a common point

Zoned Downfeed System

Where the number of floors are divided into zones and each zone is provided with a tank

Column Cover and Spandrel System

While _ are similar to unit and mullion system, they differ in that the building frame is emphasized with column covers, which act as sticks.

Wind Effects

Wind of high velocity passing over the top of the soil pipe roof terminal affects trap seal

Awning Window

Window consisting of a number of TOP HINGED horizontal sashes one above the other.

Jalousie Window

Window consisting of a series of OVERLAPPING horizontal GLASS LOUVERS.

Double Hung Window

Window having TWO VERTICAL SLIDING SASHES

Pivoted Window

Window having a sash that rotates about a fixed VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL PIVOT.

Aluminum Window

Window having the principal material of ALUMINUM

Fixed Window

Window that DOES NOT OPEN.

Casement Window

Window which swing open ALONG ITS ENTIRE LENGTH; Hinges fixed on SIDE of the opening.

Wired glass

Wire is put in between rather thick glass making it difficult for a burglar to break though as he or she will have to deal with the thick glass then cut the wire within

Concealed Knob and Tube

Wiring method using knobs, tubes and flexible tubing that is CONCEALED.

Plywood

Wood made of three or more layers of veneer joined with glue

Batten Door (Unframed Door)

Wooden door without STILES held together by vertical BATTENS.

1950s, extruded aluminum frames

_ for the ethereal walls was introduced

Box Girder

_ is in box or tubular form that forms an enclosed tube with multiple walls, rather than an I or H beam.

Today, Glass curtain wall

_ is the ever-present cladding of the office tower and the source of invention on projects around the globe.

Mid 1850's, Pilkington

_ was one of the three companies who manufactured glass in England

1960s, Bolting glass wall with small metal patches

_, known as structural glass came in.

Lift slab

____ structures are one of the most efficient and economic ways of construction. This is considered a marketable and economical technique. It is the most used method due to its flexibility and ease of assemblage. Are cast on ground level and, using jacks are lifted into position

Slip form

______ construction is a method for building large towers or bridges from concrete. Application is Skylon Tower in Niagara Falls Ontario 1965

1952, ALastair Pilkington

_began his experiment using molten tin to support or float the molten glass

Free Field

a FIELD FREE from boundaries that would otherwise tend to reflect sound

Electrical Surge

a TRANSIENT WAVE of current, potential or power in the electric circuit

Continuous Beam

a beam that rests on more than two supports

Drop Chute

a chute for containing and directing a falling stream of freshly mixed concrete so as not to cause segregation

Combined Column

a column with structural steel encased in a concrete of at least 7 cm thick reinforced with wire mess surrounding the column at a distance of 3 cm inside the outer surface of the concrete covering

Fiber Cement Board

a combination of cement and reinforcing fibers formed into 4 foot by 8 foot sheets (or 3 foot by 5 foot sheets), 1/4 to 1/2 inch thick that are typically used as a tile backing board.

Concrete

a composite material composed of water, coarse granular material (the fine and coarse aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement or binder) that fills the space among the aggregate particles and glues them together

Spread Footing

a concrete footing extended laterally to distribute the foundation load over a wide enough area that the allowable bearing capacity of the supporting soil is not exceeded

Balanced section

a concrete section in which the tension reinforcement theoretically reaches its specified yield strength as the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain

Slurry Wall

a concrete wall cast in a trench to serve as a sheeting and often as a permanent foundation wall

Flat Slab

a flat plate thickened at its column supports with column capitals and drop panels to increase its shear strength and moment-resisting capacity: suitable for heavily loaded spans

Slip Form

a form that can be move slowly and continuously as concrete is being placed during the construction of concrete pavement or building

Cone Bolt

a form tie having cones at each end inside the forms which allow it to also serve as a spreader

Self-cleaning glass

a glass with photocatalytic coating that reacts with sunlight to break down and dislodge organic dirt.

Low Density Hardboard

a grade of hardboard has low density and used for lightweight application

Building Boards

a group of sheets of building materials often faced with paper or vinyl, suitable for use as a finished surface such as walls and ceiling.

Topping

a layer of high quality concrete or mortar placed to form a floor surface on a concrete base

Vehicle

a liquid in which pigment is dispersed before being applied to a surface in order to control consistency, adhesion, gloss and durability

Pile

a long slender column of wood, steel, or reinforced concrete, driven or hammered vertically into the earth to form part of a foundation system

Keyway

a longitudinal groove or channel formed in a concrete footing or other member that has set, providing a shear-resisting key for newly placed concrete

Small Power

a manual mixing rotating drum

raft foundation

a mat providing a footing on yielding soil, usually for an entire building, placed so that the weight of the displaced soil exceeds the weight of the construction

Form Tie

a metal tie for keeping wall forms from spreading under the fluid pressure of newly placed concrete

Laitance

a milky deposit containing cement and aggregate fines on the surface of new concrete, caused by the bleeding of excess mixing water, overworking of the mix, or improper finishing.

Waferboard

a non-veneered panel product composed of large, thin wood flakes bonded under heat and pressure with a waterproof adhesive.

Beam and Girder Slab

a one-way slab supported by secondary beams which in turn are supported by primary beams or girders

Friction Pile

a pile that depends principally on the frictional resistance of surrounding earth for support

C-Joist

a pre-cast, pre-stressed concrete product use for floor and roof slab system

L-beam

a precast, prestressed ledger beam having a cross section resembling the capital letter L.

Compressive Cylinder Test

a quasi-quality control test based on 7-28 days curing period to determine the compressive strength of a concrete specimen. A metal cast cylinder (12" high and 6" diameter) is poured with concrete and taken out within 24 hours while still wet and dated. Sent to laboratory check if it can support axial compression before fracturing

Open Caisson

a self-contained box structure made of timber, metal and concrete

Resultant force​

a single force that represents the net effect of a force system

Sound transmission Class

a single number RATING OF SOUND INSULATION value of partition ,door

metal

a solid material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and features good electrical and thermal conductivity.

Plywood

a structural wood made of three or more layers of veneer joined by glue , bonded and laid with grain of each layer is at right angles to each adjacent layer

Concrete Tile

a surfacing unit of slate or of some other impervious composition

Formworks

a system of temporary boarding, sheathing or pans used to produce the desired shape and size of concrete mass

High Chair

a tall chair for supporting top bars in a concrete beam or slab

Bidding documents

a term used to describe the documents furnished to bidders.

Pneumatic Caisson

a type of caisson having opening at the bottom and closed at the top or it may be an inverted box into which compressed air is introduced to keep the water and mud from coming into the box enclosure and which forms part of the integral part of the foundation

Square Sloped Footing

a type of isolated footing having inclined top, sloping towards the edges

skylight

adds light, view, and in some cases ventilation, without affecting privacy or taking up wall space

Commercial Paints

air-drying or baking-cured materials applied by brush, spray, or magnetic agglomeration to kitchen and laundry appliances, automobile, machinery, and furniture and used as highway marking materials

SODIUM SILICATE ADHESIVE

also known as water glass or liquid glass, available in aqueous solution and in solid form, is a compound used in cements, passive fire protection, refractories, textile and lumber processing. Also used for automotive engine blocks and gaskets

ANIMAL GLUE

an adhesive that is created by prolonged boiling of animal connective tissue. was the most common woodworking glue for thousands of years (horse, rabbit, fish)

Water Reducing Admixture

an agent or super plasticizers that improves workability and maintain consistency of concrete

Structural Glued Laminated Timber

any member comprising an assembly of laminations of lumber in which the grain of all laminations are approximately parallel longitudinally, in which all parts are bonded with adhesive

cladding

application of one material over another to provide a skin or layer intended to control the infiltration of weather elements, or for aesthetic purposes

External

application of preservative coating

EPOXY RESIN

are a major part of the class of adhesives called "structural adhesives" or "engineering adhesives" (which also includes polyurethane, acrylic, cyanoacrylate, and other chemistries.)These high-performance adhesives are used in the construction of aircraft, automobiles, bicycles, boats, golf clubs, skis, snow boards, and other applications where high strength bonds are required

Architectural Paints

are air-drying materials applied by brush or spray to architectural and structural surfaces and forms for decorative and protective purposes

Primers

are basecoats applied to a surface to improve the adhesion of subsequent coats of paint or varnish

Sealers

are basecoats applied to a surface to reduce absorption of subsequent coats of paint or varnish, or to prevent bleeding through the finish coat

POLYURETHANE (as a sealant)

are commonly formulated as paints and varnishes for finishing coats to protect or seal wood. This use results in a hard, abrasion-resistant, and durable coating that is popular for hardwood floors, but considered by some to be difficult or unsuitable for finishing furniture or other detailed pieces. The longevity of stone can be extended if it is effectively sealed against the ingress of damaging liquids and minerals such as salts. The ancient Romans often used olive oil to seal their stone

Rust Inhibiting Paints & Primers

are esp. formulated with anti-corrosive pigments to prevent /reduce the corrosion of metal surfaces

Fire Retardant Paints

are especially formulated with silicone and polyvinyl chloride or other substance to reduce the flame spread of a combustible material.

Alternates

are established by the architect and owner for the deletion or addition of work.

Stick system

are installed piece by piece on site including the glazing

SILICONE

are largely inert compounds with a wide variety of forms and uses. Typically heat-resistant, nonstick, and rubberlike, they are frequently used in cookware, medical applications, aquariums, lubricants, and insulation. (Example. Bostik (brand name)

Coloring Agent

are pigments or dyes mixed into topping to render/alter color evenly to concrete surface

Heat Resistant Paints

are specially formulated w/ silicone resins to withstand high temperatures

Conditions of the Contract

are those portions of the contract documents which define, set forth, or relate to contract terminology.

I-Beams

are widely used in the construction industry and are available in a variety of standards sizes. It may be used both as beams and columns.

No bent bars

bars that are not bent; additional straight reinforcing bars which are placed on the top of the beam across the supports extended to the required length and other additional bars are also placed at the bottom center of the beam span where positive moment develops

Tempered Hardboard

brittle and stiff but resistant to water penetration, ideal for exterior. (Type of Hardboard)

Finish

broom, float, exposed aggregate, swirl, and bush hammered

Air -Entraining Agent

can be inter-ground during manufacturing of Type I, II and III cement. Enables the concrete to be highly resistant against corrosion

WIndow wall

can make it appear as continuous curtain wall

Uniform Quality

careful transportation and placement

Large-panel system

category of pre-cast concrete that refers to multistory structures composed of large wall and floor concrete panels connected in the vertical and horizontal directions so that the wall panels enclose appropriate spaces for the rooms within the building

local yield

caused by concentrated loads, such as at the beam's point of support

Plaster

cement + lime + sand + water

Grout

cement + sand + considerable amount of water

Mortar

cement + sand + water

Paste

cement + water

Hardener

chemical/fine metallic aggregate improve the density of concrete surface subject to impact and wear

Sandstone

class of rock of cemented silica grains with texture ranging from very fine to very coarse. Colors vary from buff, red and light brown. Porous where as 30% of volume composed of pores

Water

clean, potable & free from harmful substances

Low-emissivity glass

coatings are microscopically thin, virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide layers deposited on a window or skylight glazing surface primarily to reduce the U-factor by suppressing radioactive heat flow.

urethane coatings

come in a wide range of colors and glosses; excellent chemical resistance; fades and chalks to a minor degree

polyester

comes in variety of colors as well as high glosses; good durability. widely used in high-quality architectural applications

Cast-In Place

concrete deposited, formed and cured and finished in its final position as a part of structure

Transit Mixed

concrete dry batch at a batch plant & mixed at the truck mixer en route to construction site

Traditional Forms

concrete forming technique uses temporary forms, typically made of aluminum; rigid foam insulation is placed inside the forms or between the forms and held in place with a system of non-conductive ties

Tunnel Forms

concrete forming technique wherein walls, floors and ceilings are cast at the same time. This technique is best suited to multi-family buildings and attached housing where room dimensions are repeated.

Reinforced Concrete

concrete in which steel reinforcement is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces

Fire Resistance

concrete is incombustible and somewhat insulative, but long exposure to fire can be damaging. Density of the concrete and type of aggregate affect fire resistance

Beton brut

concrete left in natural state after formwork is removed reflecting the texture, joints and fasteners of board form

Ready Mixed

concrete mixed at batch plant for delivery by an agitator to construction site

Shrink Mixed

concrete partially mixed at the batch plant then mixed completely in a truck mixed en route to construction site

Flat Plate

concrete slab of uniform thickness reiforced in two or more direction in the board that directly by columns without beams or girders

Construction Documents

consist of contract documents and bidding requirements

metal-faced composite panels

consist of metal facings adhered to a thin thermoplastic core then may be bent to the desired profile; not as impact resistant as flat plates

Tieback

consist of steel cables or tendons that reinserted into holes pre-drilled through the sheet piling and into the rock or a suitable stratum of soil

Rubble

consists of rough fragments of broken stone that have at least one good face for exposure in a wall.

Environmental Load

consists of wind pressure and suctions, earthquake load, rainwater on flat roof, and forces caused by temperature differentials

Ferrocement

constructed of cement mortar over wire mesh that gas been pre-shaped over a mold

Spectext

copyrighted by the Construction Sciences research foundation and published by Construction specification institute.

Durable

correct proportion and mixing process

aluminum

corrosion-resistant and comes with a variety of finishes in a wide range of colors

Wind/Cup Shake

cracks/breaks across annual rings of timber

Type III: High Early Strength (HES)

cures faster (3 -7 days) and gains earlier strength

Retarder

delays or extend the setting time of concrete especially during hot weather condition (hydration accelerates curing) allowing more time to place, consolidate and finish the concrete

Asbestos Cement Board

dense, rigid, board containing high proportion of asbestos fibers bonded with Portland cement. Resistant to fire, flame and weathering but low resistance of heat flow

thermal performance

derived from the amount of insulation placed in the cavity within the backup wall

Gas Forming Agent

develops the potential strength of a concrete

Paternoster

device which consists of open frotned two person car suspended by HOISTING CHAINS

Solvent

dissolves the paint to make it usable at normal room temperatures

Moment arm​

distance between the axis of rotation and the perpendicular of the line of action of a force

Batter Pile

driven at an inclination to resist forces that are not vertical

Transmission Loss

drop in voltage due to TRANSMISSION of electricity in wires

thermoset acrylics

durable and come in a wide range of colors and glosses; cannot be postformed

Bonding Agent

either metallic aggregate (bonding thru oxidation and expansion) or synthetic latex emulsion (sprayed or painted to coalesce and bond) to improve the bond between old and new concrete.

round skylight

emerges from the roof as a half-sphere bubble

Bagger Mixer

equipped with diesel engine and pump operated mechanical mixing drum (1 or 2bags) or rotating mixing drum at the back of a truck.

flat plate metal wall panels

fabricated out of 1/8 inch thick metal plate then bent to the desire profile; very high impact resistance and durability compared to other types of panels

Appearance

factors include color, grain, and texture

Manual

flat surface with shovels and buggy

buckling or yielding of components

for ex., of stiffeners used to provide stability to the I-beam's web

YES

form plywood (TYPE OF PLYWOOD)

Argillite

formed from clay, dark blue with faint shades of green.

lap-seam metal panels

formed out of metal sheets; typically ship-lapped with adjacent panels; gutters or sealant tape are typically included as part of the system

Type IV: Low Heat

generates less heat hydration where heat build-up can significantly damage the structure and used for massive concrete structures

Source

generator

Pigment

gives the paint a colour, but also plays a role in its consistency, ease of application, drying ability, durability and hardness

Strawboard

hardboard made of compressed wheat straw, processed at 350°F -400°F with tough Kraft paper

Tinted or heat-absorbing glass

has a color added to the glass during manufacture to add colour and light or heat-reducing capabilities. Has a transmittance of 14-85% depending on thickness and degree of tinting.

galvanume (zinccalume - TM)

has a hop-dip zinc and aluminum coating and is produced by major steel manufacturers; offers better corrosion resistance than just galvanized steel

Sheathing Grade

has both surfaces and all edges coated with asphalt and other fibers impregnated with asphalt during manufacture

POLYSULFIDE

has excellent adhesiveness and highly flexible and can be applied either manual brush or by spray. (Example. 3m(brand name)

honeycomb core metal wall panels

has metal facings bonded to a honeycomb core

laminated-insulation core wall panels

has metal facings laminated to preformed insulation boards' can have tongue-in-groove joints for interface with adjacent panels or framed edges where perimeter extrusions attach the panels

Metamorphic Rock

has undergone a change in structure, texture, or composition due to the natural agencies, as heat and pressure, especially when the rock becomes harder and more crystalline, as marble and slate

Epoxy Paints

have an epoxy resin as a binder for increased resistance to corrosion, abrasion and chemicals. They can be used for protecting materials such as steel, aluminum and fiber glass.

Latex Paints

have as a binder an acrylic resin that coalesces as water evaporates from the emulsion. are quick‐drying, low in odor and thinned with water. No special primer is required for interior applications except over bare metal or wood, or over highly alkaline surfaces.

Alkyd Paints

have as a binder an alkyd resin, such as chemically modified soy or linseed oil. Alkyd flats can often be applied to painted walls and ceilings, metal, fully cured plaster, wallboard and woodwork without a priming.

foamed-insulation core metal wall panels

have metal facings with insulation foamed into place during fabrication

20,000 hertz

highest audible sound to man

Receiver

humans

Granite

igneous origin, hard, strong, durable and capable of taking high pressure polish. Red, pink, yellow, green, blue, white and brown.

Serpentine

igneous with mineral serpentine, typically olive green to greenish black but impurities may color the rock

material/finish durability

important for system performance; most common finishes applied include flouropolymer, powder and anodized coatings

PHENOLIC RESIN

in dry and liquid form, excellent bond to wood and paper requiring hot press used to manufacture plywood.

Set Inhibiting Agent

in liquid form (applied immediately before pouring of concrete) or powder form (applied directly after pouring). Inhibits the setting of cement paste avoiding bonding to surface aggregates and left exposed for architectural effect

frame-in-place skylight

installed flush with the plane of the structure, much like a vertical window; held in place with L-shaped brackets

Special Provisions

instructions which may be issued to the bidding to supplement or modify drawings, specs, and gen. conditions of the contract.

Contract Modifications

instructions written after execution of the contract

Waterproofing

integrated type in powder form added during mixing. Render surface in decks, basements and pools water impervious

Welding

is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the work pieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material

pyramid skylight

is a four-traingle pyramid which juts out of the roof

Brazing

is a joining process whereby a filler metal or alloy is heated to melting temperature above 450°C (842°F), or, by the traditional definition that has been used in the United States, above 800°F (425°C) and distributed between two or more close-fitting parts by capillary action.

VARNISH

is a liquid preparation of a resin dissolved in oil or in alcohol that when spread and allowed to dry forms a hard, lustrous and transparent coating. Oil based are oil varnish while alcohol based are spirit stain.

hip ridge skylight

is a long rectangular skylight which peaks up above the roof surface to a central ridge, with a sloping triangular piece of glass on either short end

Masterspec

is a master specification for the construction industry developed by the production systems.

rivet

is a mechanical fastener. Before it is installed it consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite the head is called the buck-tail.

Iron

is a metal extracted mainly from the iron ore hematite. It oxidizes readily in air and water to form Fe2O3 and is rarely found as a free element. is believed to be the sixth most abundant element in the universe

Sherardising

is a method of galvanizing also called vapor galvanizing

barrel vault skylight

is a more complex form of the lean-to, which consist of a half-sphere against an upper wall often seen in large arboretums.

Soldering

is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a relatively low melting point. (below 840deg F)

Caulking

is a process used to seal the seams in wooden boats or ships, and riveted iron or steel ships, in order to make them watertight.

Laminated glass

is a sealed, double-panel glass unit with a vacuum or gas in the space between the panels.

Float glass

is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten tin. Clearest among the glazing options, having a transmittance of 75-92% visible light, depending on the thickness and composition.

lean-to skylight

is a simple slope which rises from the roof of the one story and ends by leaning against an upper wall of the next story

ridge skylight

is a simpler version, with two long traingles sloping in towards one another, and a straight triangles closing off eiither end.

Lead

is a soft, malleable poor metal, also considered to be one of the heavy metals. has a bluish white color when freshly cut, but tarnishes to a dull grayish color when it is exposed to air and is shiny chrome silver when melted into a liquid.

STAIN

is a solution of dye or suspension of pigment in a vehicle, applied to penetrate and color a wood surface without obscuring the grain

Tempered glass

is a strong, break-resistant type of safety glass that if broken, shatters into small pieces

Alclad

is a trademark of Alcoa used as a generic term to describe corrosion resistant Aluminum sheet formed from high-purity aluminum surface layers metallurgically bonded to high strength Aluminum Alloy core material.

Glazing

is a transparent part of a wall, usually made of glass or plastic (acrylic and polycarbonate).

Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)

is a type of hardboard, which is made from wood fibers glued under heat and pressure.

Toughened glass (Tempered Class)

is a type of safety glass that has increased strength and will usually shatter in small, square pieces when broken. _________ is typically four to six times the strength of annealed glass.

Enamel Paint

is a varnish with pigments added. has the same basic durability and toughness of a good varnish. It produces an easy to-clean surface, and in the proper formulation, can be used for interior and exterior applications. For the highest quality interior work, an undercoat is required.

tubular skylight

is a very small skylight, intended mainly for hallways and small rooms where a traditional skylight wouldn't easily fit.

Stone

is an aggregate or combination of minerals, each of which is composed of inorganic chemical substances.

Curtain Wall

is an external, lightweight, non-loadbearing wall (either glazing or cladding) that is hung from a metal frame rather than built up from the ground like a brick wall; the framework it shields is usually of concrete or steel.

Brass

is any alloy of copper and zinc. It has a muted yellow color, somewhat similar to gold. It is relatively resistant to tarnishing, and is often used as decoration and for coins. In antiquity, polished brass was often used as a mirror.

fixed skylight

is any type of skylight which doesn't open .this type of skylight is intended solely to allow light to pass into the house.

Igneous Rock

is formed by the crystallization of molten magma, as granite, obsidian and malachite

Sedimentary rock

is formed by the deposition of sediment by glacial action, as limestone, sandstone and shale

Aluminum Paint

is formulated with varnish as the vehicle for aluminum flake pigment. As the paint dries, the aluminum flakes float to the surface, providing a reflective coating. Highly resistant to weathering. Also suitable for interior use on wood, metal or masonry

Hardness

is important when stone is used for flooring, paving, and stair treads.

Glass brick

is often used as an architectural element in underground parking garages, washrooms, municipal swimming baths, and other areas where privacy or visual obscuration is desired, while admitting light

flat skylight

is probably the most common, consisting of a square or rectangular piece of flat glass or acrylic, which may be fixed or ventilating

Dimension Stone

is quarried and squared stone 2' or more in length and width and of specified thickness, used commonly for wall panels, cornices, copings, lintels and flooring

dome skylight

is similar to a flat skylight, except that the glass rounds up past the surface of the roof

Heartwood

is the central core of the log tree which is composed of inactive cells and serves only as a mechanical support

CYANOACRYLATE

is the generic name for cyanoacrylate based fast-acting glues such as ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate (commonly sold under trade names like Superglueand Krazy Glue)Cyanoacrylate is a tenacious adhesive, particularlywhen used to bond non-porous materials or those that contain minute traces of water. Ex: Mighty Bond or Super Glu

Pig Iron

is the intermediate product of smelting iron ore with coke and resin

Crushed Stone

is used as aggregate in concrete products

Shadow box

it creates the illusion of opacity with a dark metal pan or insulation board that is held back from the glass.

Tensile stress ​

it is a type of stress that refers to "Pull"

metal stud framing

its design needs to be integrated with the panel design and fastening system

Spiral Reinforcement

lateral reinforcement consisting of an evenly spaced continuous spiral held firmly in place by vertical spacers

Standard

light, bendable; light brown and not suitable for exteriors (Type of Hardboard)

Surface Sealing Agents

liquid waxes sprayed over the surface that is easily removed after curing. Prevents evaporation of water into a new concrete allowing hydration and seal the pores of concrete surface after it has hardened

Creep

long duration stress produces stress over time and consequently causes permanent deformation. This phenomenon can be reduced through the use of reinforcement in the compression zone

stainless steel

long-lasting and comes in a number of finishes including high reflectivity, smooth, brushed, embossed

20 hertz

lowest audible sound to man

0.002 dyne/cm2

lowest value that the ear can hear

Internal

lumber is subjected to pressure & injected with chemical such as zinc chloride solution/salt

Tempered hardboard

made by impregnated standard board with tempering compounds of oils and resin baking it to polymerize the tempering material

Particle Board

made from hardboard from relatively small particles, graduated from coarse at the center of the board to fine at the surface to produce a smooth dense surface

Hardboard

made from processed wood chips or fibers subjected to high pressure steam in pressure vessels, released and exploded forming into filtered cellulose.

Binder

makes the coat of paint retain its structure, and binds it to the surface to which it is applied

Soil Test

making a reasonably accurate conception of the physical properties and arrangement of this underlying soil

Formliner

material for lining the inner face of a form, specially selected to impart a smooth or patterned finish to the concrete surface

Engineered wood

materials engineered to precise design specifications which are tested to meet certain construction standards: ex. Plywood

ventilating skylight

may be opened to allow air to pass through. It is ideal for bathrooms and kitchens for it helps relieve moisture

air and moisture barrier

may include building papers, house wraps, elastomeric coatings, or peel-and-stick waterproofing membranes

dissimilar metals

may result to: water runoff staining or galvanic corrosion

impact resistance

metals can be damaged or dented by impact loading

acoustics

metals don't offer much sound insulation

pitting

metals exposed to weather and pollution results to this. it detracts from the appearance of the panel and the building

Fire Safety

metals may need to include fire-stopping at floor levels

Marble

metamorphic rock, are crystallized limestone forming into carrara, parian, onyx and vermont.

Slate Rock

metamorphosis of clays and shale's deposited in layers. May be separated into thin, tough sheets called slates. Colors are black, green red, grey, or purple

Polyester and silicone films and paints

methods of creating an opaque glass

Pozzolan

named after a natural cement from Puzzuolli, an ancient Roman town near Mt. Vesuvius

Portland cement

named after it resembles a unique limestone found in the Isle of Portland, England (hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay and limestone in rotary kiln resulting into clinker, further pulverized into very fine powder)

Background sound

noise from all sources in an environment exclusive of a specific sound of interest.

Low Density

not as strong and durable as 1 & 2, for decorative boards and often used as blackboard (Type of Hardboard)

galvanic corrosion

occurs when one type of metal is in physical contact with another metal

steel with various finishes

offers lower cost alternatives but it need protection against corrosion, generally by sacrificial zinc coating

cycle

one complete displacement of sound wave

Gunite

or "shotcrete" for lightweight construction, where concrete mix is pumped through a hose and sprayed at high velocity over reinforcement until desired thickness is reached

Admixture

or additive as required by situations, ingredients added to concrete or mortar modify its properties immediately before or after mixing

Gravel

or course aggregates, crushed stone or blast furnace slags with size from ¼ inch -1 ½ inches (6.4mm -37.5mm)

Sand

or fine aggregates, natural sand or crushed stone well graded with size from 0.003-¼ inch (0.076 -6.4mm

Shrinkage

ordinary concrete shrinks amount during curing process. This may account for potential movement over 100ºF temperature differential causing cracks. This must be controlled by providing expansion joints and steel reinforcements

Acoustical Environment

overall environment ,interior and exterior that affects the acoustic condition of the space or structure under consideration

polygon skylight

peaks up out of the roof with a number of glass or acrylic polygons -- these skylights are considerably more expensive than simpler models but are also very aesthetically impressive

Cased Pile

pile constructed by driving a steel pipe or casing into the ground until it meets the required resistance and then filling it with concrete

oil canning

pillowing or waviness of the metal panel

titanium

popular but a costly metal; Frank Gehry's Guggenheim. low coefficient of thermal expansion; fourth most abundant metal o earth

Pre-Stressing

pre-tensioning and post-tensioning

Solid Flat Slab

precast , prestressed concrete plank suitable for short span and uniformly distributed floor and roof loads

Single Tee

precast, prestressed concrete slab having a broad ,T shaped cross section

Inverted Tee

precast, prestressed ledger beam having a cross section resembling an inverted capital T;

Double Tee

precast,prestressed concrete slab having two stamps in a broad cross section resembling the capital letter TT

Dispersal Agents

prevents bleeding of concrete from concrete

Potential Difference

produced when 1 unit of work is done in seperating unit charges through unit distance.

Strong

proper selection of materials

Surge Arrester

protective device for LIMITING SURGE VOLTAGE on equipment.

insulation

provided by batt insulation set within the stud wall behind the metal panel cladding

Composite Construction Method

provides a method of using two materials together so as to utilize each material to its best advantage.

Heart shake

radial cracks originating at the heart of the trees

curb-mounted skylight

raised above the plane of the roof; either sets on a wood frame curb of the curb is an integral part of the unit

Rubblework

random & no attempt to produce an orderly course either horizontal or vertical, small spaces are filled with smaller stones.

Sound Reinforcement

refer to the beneficial reinforcement of a sound signal provided

Stained glass

refers either to the material of colored glass or to the art and craft of working with it. As a material the term __________ refers to glass that has been colored by adding metallic salts during its manufacture

Flagstone

refers to flat stone slabs used for flooring and horizontal surfacing

Lagging

refers to the heavy timber planks joined together side by side tp retain the face of an excavation

Dead Load

refers to the static load such as the weight of the construction materials which generally carry the live load

Tension Reinforcement

reinforcement designed to absorb tensile stresses

Hardness

relative to durability and appearance, accomplished thru troweled or floated finish to draw more paste to the surface. But harder superficial layer has a tendency to spall, use gas forming agent

tilt-up construction

requires significant organization and collaboration on the building site cost-effective, fast, safety, aesthetics, durable, fire safety, ease of maintenance, security etc.

Kynar 500

resist fading and chalking and are "superior" to all other coatings in weatherability; comes in earth tones

Reinforced Concrete Slab

rigid planar structure of concrete designed to act together with principal and secondary reinforcement in resisting applied forces

Limestone

sedimentary rock like dolomite, no cleavage lines, low in absorption, smooth, uniform in structure & composition. High compressive &tensile strength

Travertine

sedimentary rock, pleasing texture with small natural pockets on a cut surface

Star Shake

series of heart shakes thus forming a star-like manner

Concrete Brick

solid or hollow masonry unit of clay or shale molded into rectangular shape while plastic & burn in a KILN

Liquidborne sound

sound caused by pulsation of LIQUID pressure about the mean static pressure

Complex tone

sound sensation characterized by more than one frequency.

Project/Site Conditions

specification subparagraphs dealing with the physical environmental conditions under which the work is to be performed.

Lateral Reinforcement

spiral reinforcement or lateral ties placed in a concrete column to laterally restrain the vertical reinforcement and prevent buckling

sprayed sheet metals or coil-coated

sprayed with paint as individual pieces

Equilibrium​

state or condition in a body wherein resultant is zero

H-Pile

steel H-section, sometimes encased in concrete to a point below the water table to prevent corrosion

Trim

stones cut for specific purposes like - jambssillscopingscorniceslintelsstepsarch stone (voussoirs)

light shafts

straight, angled or splayed

Tilt-Up Construction

structural members are custom pre-casted on site then hoisted into final position

Lift Slab Construction

structural members are sequentially lifted into final position

Glued Built up member

structural members, the sections of which are composed of built-up member, plywood or plywood in combination with lumber, all parts are bonded with adhesive

Industrial Paints

subdivided by their intended service: corrosion-resistant coatings, high temperature coatings, and coatings for immersion service

Type II: Moderate

sulfate resistant, where heat build-up can damage the structure

Gang Nail system

system of wood construction that uses spiked metal plates to assemble members as in a truss.

Wet Dry

takes place sometimes in the growth of the tree caused by water saturation

Lumbering

term applied to the operations performed in preparing wood for commercial purpose

Sound Absorption Coefficient

the FRACTION of SOUND ENERGY ABSORBED otherwise reflected by a surface

Fundamental Frequency

the LOWEST FREQUENCY in a COMPLEX TONE

Sound Transmission

the PROPAGATION of sound Energy through VARIOS MEDIA

Waveform

the Shape of the GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION of a SOUND WAVE

stiffness and mass

the _ and _ are chosen to prevent unacceptable vibrations

stiffness

the _ of the I-beam will be chosen to minimise deflection

moisture protection

the design of metal panel joints is critical for the watertight performance of the panel system

Bleeding/ Water Gain

the emergence of excess mixing water on the surface of newly placed concrete caused by settlement of solids within the mass. Also called water gain

Settlement

the gradual subsiding of the structure as the soil beneath its foundation consolidates under loading

Reverberation

the persistence of sound in an ENCLOSED SPACE as a result of REPEATED REFLECTION or SCATTERING OF SOUND

Dry Rot

the presence of moisture caused by fungi in seasoned wood

Placement

the process of depositing and consolidating freshly mixed concrete in a form or in the final position where it is to harden

Shoring

the process of providing temporary supports to the structure or ground during the excavation

Underpinning

the process of rebuilding, strengthening or stabilizing the foundation of an existing building

Reflected Sound

the resultant SOUND ENERGY RETURNED FROM A SURFACE that is not absorbed

Blind rivets

the rivet assembly is inserted into a hole drilled through the parts to be joined and a specially designed tool used to draw the mandrel into the rivet

Annealed glass, annealing

the standard float glass. _ is a process of slowly cooling glass to relieve internal stresses after it was formed. It is not a safety glass, it breaks into large pieces.

Loudness

the subjective ATTRIBUTE of an auditory sensation

Point Loaded Structural Glazing System

the vertical framing member can be comprised of stick, cable or another custom structure behind the glass. Glass is supported by a system of four-point brackets, and joints are sealed with silicone.

Psychological

the way we interpret sound

Paneling

thin slabs of stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover back up walls and provide finished exterior

weathering steel

this kind of steel, in plate form, has been used for cladding

Contract documents

those printed documents that comprise a contract which include owner-architect agreement or contract form, drawings or plans, specifications, general conditions etc.

Thoroughly Sound

timed curing and provision for protection

Splice

to CONNECT two similar members

Slump Test

to measure the consistency of freshly mixed concrete including mortar and stucco. Where a concrete is placed at a slump cone (12" high with a respective top diameter and bottom is 4" and 8") and tamped in a prescribed manner then lifted to determine the decrease in height expressed by vertical settling in inches

Post-Tension

to prestress a concrete member by tensioning the reinforcing tendons AFTER the concrete is cast

Pre-Tension

to prestress a concrete member by tensioning the reinforcing tendons BEFORE the concrete is cast

Creep

transmission of sound along a curve surface

glass and acrylic

two main materials used to construct a skylight

composite metal wall panels

two sheets of metal adhered to a core material; stronger than lap-seam panels and provide built-in insulation to the wall system; often ship-lapped with adjacent panels

Continuous beam​

type of beam with three or more supports

tilt-up or tilt-slab

type of building and a construction technique using concrete. resembles barn raising specifically and wood platform framing generally. cost-effective for low buildings

Composite Column

type of column where structural steel column is embedded into the concrete core of a spiral column

Drop Hammer

type of pile driver which is raised by means of a rope and then allowed to be dropped

Structural Board

type of strawboard which is used as non load bearing partition, as plaster base for insulating purposes

Cycles per second

unit of frequency

Sabins

unit of measure of sound absorption Named after Wallace Clement Sabine

Non-Skid Surfaces

use abrasive material in topping to produced unslippery surface for pavement construction

Bioacoustics and medical acoustics

use of sound for Medical diagnosis

Insulating Grade

used as an insulating, decorative panels, decorative coeiling tile, V-notch plaster base and roof insulation with standard thickness ranging form 1/2", 5/8", 3/4" and 1 inch.

Pozzolanic Admixture

used as substitute for cement (35%) for structures in high temperatures and seawater installation or as additives to decrease the weight of a concrete per cubic foot

Bearing Pile

used in foundation construction and carries superimposed loads

Insulation grade

used primarily for roof deck insulation

Ceramic frit

used to create an opaque or spandrel glass

Type V: Sulfate Resistant

used where resistance to severe sulfate action is required that damage the structure when it leach out from the soil

Amplification

usually the increase in intensity level of audible signal produced by means of loud speakers and associated electronic amplification apparatus

Oil Paints

utilize a drying oil that oxidizes and hardens to form a tough elastic film when exposed to thin layer of air. are used inside and outside and are regarded as the traditional house paint.

shadowing

weld or stiffener is visible on the panel face

zinc

well-known for its high corrosion resistance; comes in preweathered finishes to avoid transition phase

bending failure by local buckling

where the flange or web is so slender as to buckle locally

bending failure by yielding

where the stress in the cross section exceeds yield stress

shear failure

where the web fails. Slender webs will fail by buckling, rippling in a phenomenon termed tension field action, but _ is also resisted by the stiffness of the flanges

Ashlars

work requires the use of cut stone that includes broken ashlars, regularly / irregularly coursed

ordinary

¼ -¾" (TYPE OF PLYWOOD)

fancy

¼' -1" (panelings and cabinets) (TYPE OF PLYWOOD)

marine

½" -¼"(waterproof for exterior facing) (TYPE OF PLYWOOD)

Method of joints

​ Finding the reactions at each support


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