Business 10?
What feature of self-managed teams allows them to improve productivity?
They have the freedom to make decisions.
The levels in Maslow's hierarchy are physiological,__________, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
safety
The tendency of people to behave differently when they know they are being studied is the ______.
Hawthorne effect
Taylor's Scientific Method became the dominant strategy for improving productivity in the early 1900s. Other researchers who worked with him, included:
Henry L. Gantt Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
What were the goals of Taylor's scientific management?
Increase worker productivity Benefit the worker Benefit the firm
Determine which of the factors listed below Herzberg identified as being motivators or hygiene factors and drag them to the correct spot on the chart.
Motivators - The work itself, Growth and advancement, Achievement and recognition Hygiene Factors - Working conditions, Interpersonal relations with co-workers, Salary and job security
Management by objectives is most effective in stable situations that allow managers to make _________ - _________ plans with few changes.
long range
According to Herzberg, another name for hygiene factors is ______.
maintenance factors
According to Herzberg, ______ factors are ones that did not necessarily motivate employees if they were increased, but could cause employees to become dissatisfied if they were missing or inadequate.
Hygiene
According to Herzberg, clear company policy and administration at work is considered a(n) ______ factor.
Hygiene
According to Vroom's expectancy theory, an employee asks which of the following questions before committing maximum effort to a task?
If I accomplish the task, what is the reward? Is the reward worth the effort? Can I accomplish the task?
Which of the following are ways a worker may try to reestablish fairness if he perceives that he is paid less than others with the same qualifications and experience?
Increase his absences Violate company policies about using computers for private business during work hours Reduce his effort to achieve company goals
Taylor's method of studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques is called ______ ______.
scientific management
What is the purpose of Management by Objectives?
- To motivate all levels of the organization through goal setting and implementation - To monitor the results of implementing goals - To reward the accomplishment of organization goals
Equity theory states that employees:
- compare their inputs and outputs to those of others in similar positions - try to maintain equity between what they put into a job and what they get out of it - perceptions of fairness affect motivation
Managers must recognize that motivating individuals today requires:
- familiarity with a variety of cultures from around the world - that generations have different cultures - understanding of different cultures within a country
The Hawthorne studies were originally designed to study the relationship between ______.
-Lighting and productivity
According to Ouchi's research about the effect of national culture on organizations, Type ______ management relies on individual decision making and achievement.
A
Gen X managers are very able to provide employees with because they want more of it themselves.
Blank 1: feedback
Based on expectancy theory, before providing maximum effort to a task employees will ask themselves three questions. Which of these is the first question employees need to answer?
Can I accomplish the task?
A researcher whose work was based on Taylor's was Henry L. Gantt who developed ______ to plot and track production.
Charts
Herzberg's findings were that motivators are to productivity as the absence of hygiene factors are to:
Dissatisfaction
The idea that setting ambitious, but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted and accompanied by feedback and facilitated by organizational conditions is at the heart of which motivation theory?
Drucker's goal-setting theory
A worker who works with passion and feels connected to their company is said to be ______.
Engaged
In order to motivate employees, job ____ applies the theories of Maslow and Herzberg by assigning an employee to complete a task from start to finish in order to give them a sense of purpose and accomplishment
Enrichment
Which of the following are included in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Esteem Self-Actualization Physiological
Management by objectives requires discussion, review, and _______ of objectives among managers, supervisors and employees.
Evaluation
What three steps are included in Drucker's Management by Objectives?
Evaluation of objectives Discussion of objectives Review of objectives
True or false: Employees who are disengaged do not cost the company anything.
False
True or false: Frederick Gilbreth was the "Father of Scientific Management".
False
The principle of motion economy was developed by ______.
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
The study that asked workers to rank a list of job-related factors in order of what motivated them most was a new direction taken by ______.
Frederick Herzberg
Job enrichment theory is based on the higher level motivators of which two theorists?
Frederick Herzberg Abraham Maslow
Achieving increased productivity to benefit the worker and the firm was the goal of ______.
Frederick Taylor
Trust and intimacy within the group and family is at the heart of which management theory?
J
What type of job enrichment revolves around designing a more challenging job that has more motivating characteristics?
Job enlargement
Scientific management viewed people as ______ to be programmed.
Machines
What two theories concentrate on managers' attitudes and assumptions about workers?
McGregor's Theory X McGregor's Theory Y
Which group of workers postponed their career search because of the poor state of the economy at the time of their graduation?
Millennials
The central idea of management by objectives is that employees must _____ themselves.
Motivate
What did Herzberg call job factors that caused employees to be productive and give them satisfaction?
Motivators
Which element in the work environment was found to be dissatisfying when not present, but when present did not serve as a motivator for workers?
Pay and job security
Management by objectives was designed by ___________ _______ in the 1960s.
Peter ducker
Which of the following are included in Maslow's hierarchy of Needs?
Physiological Social Safety
During the Hawthorne Studies, researchers were baffled when _____ went up regardless of changed environmental conditions.
Productivity
What three steps are included in Drucker's Management by Objectives?
Review of objectives Evaluation of objectives Discussion of objectives
Which of the following are included in Maslow's hierarchy of Needs?
Safety Physiological Social
The idea that all jobs can be broken down into elemental steps that can be made more efficient is the principle of ______.
Scientific management
Which of the following are characteristics of job enrichment?
Task identity Task significance Skill variety
Henry L. Gantt was a follower of which management theorist?
Taylor
Frederick Taylor wrote:
The Principles of Scientific Management
Herzberg found that workers were not motivated by factors related to ______.
The job environment
A manager that views most employees as motivated to do work is operating under ______, while a manager that views most employees as lazy, is operating under ______.
Theory Y; Theory X
Which of the following are true of Taylor's view of management?
There was little concern for the human or psychological aspects of work Workers would be motivated by higher levels of pay People were viewed as machines that could be programmed to be more productive
Gen Xers seek economic security by doing which of the following?
They focus on career security and change jobs to find it
Taylor's methods such as _________- _________ studies are still used today at United Parcel Service.
Time motion
True or false: Frederick Taylor's studies were the foundation of Henry Gantt's chart development.
True
True or false: It is more expensive to recruit and train a new employee than to motivate an existing one.
True
Gen X managers recognize the need to balance _____ and life needs.
Work
Millennials place a high value on _______-______ balance and expect their employers to adapt to them.
Work - life
Which item was listed by workers as creating enthusiasm for job content?
a sense of achievement
Job enlargement is when ______.
a series of tasks are combined to create an interesting and challenging job
Characteristics of Millennials in the workplace are being:
adaptable multitaskers tolerant
According to a survey of recent college graduates, opportunities for ____ are important in attracting and retaining employees.
advancement
An employee that is part of Generation X is likely to ______.
be more concerned with economic and career security
Millennials managing those from older generations should remember to:
be open-minded be confident solicit feedback regularly
Positive characteristics of the Gen Z in the workplace include
being resilient wanting to confront their problems being inspired to improve the world
A type of _____ used by managers to plot the work of employees in detail was developed by Henry Gantt, who followed Taylor's principles.
chart
________ means acting as a resource for an employee, while ______ means actually doing part of the work.
coaching, helping
The key to successful employee empowerment is free-flowing ____ and information throughout the organization.
communication
Gen Xers, Millennials, and Gen Z expect change to be the main ______ in their lives.
constant
Findings during the Hawthorne Studies that still affect management today include:
consulting employees during the decision making process and using their ideas
Taylor's method was to:
determine the one "best" way teach people the one best way to do their jobs study the most efficient way to do a task
Choose the most accurate list of steps involved in an organization's management by objectives system.
discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives
While not motivators, the absence of certain factors from the job environment will cause ______
dissatisfaction
The goal of time motion studies is to increase ______.
efficiency
Choose the central idea of management by objectives.
employees need to motivate themselves
In order to motivate employees, job ____ applies the theories of Maslow and Herzberg by assigning an employee to complete a task from start to finish in order to give them a sense of purpose and accomplishment.
enrichment
_________ theory states that employees look for fairness in the workplace as compared to others before deciding to perform.
equity
Which theory states that an individual will not put forth effort without first evaluating their ability to perform the task and the value they place on the reward?
expectancy theory
Frederick Taylor was nicknamed the ______ of scientific management:
father
Gen X managers understand that:
flexibility and consensus building work well there is more to life than work results are more important than hours spent in the workplace
The workers in Herzberg's studies found which three factors of the job environment were not motivators for them?
friendly supervisors job security pay
Gen X managers generally:
give employees good feedback value results rather than hours at work are good at allowing workers to have autonomy to get the job done
An extrinsic reward is ______.
given to you by someone else
___________ - ________ theory, the basis for Management by Objectives developed by Peter Drucker in the 1960s, proposes that setting ambitious, but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance.
goal setting
Type ______ and Type _____ management takes a collective approach to management.
j/z
Which of the following are examples of factors that contributed to increased worker productivity during the Hawthorne studies?
management respect and interaction, worker involvement in managerial decisions, and social group membership and informality
Which of these are basic elements of Taylor's Scientific Method?
method rules of work time
According to Maslow, needs that have already been satisfied no longer provide _________.
motivation
Herzberg studied job-related factors as they relate to ________.
motivation
Job enrichment focuses on enhancing the elements most closely related to Herzberg's ______ or higher level needs as defined in his theory.
motivators
According to Herzberg, ______ lead people to be productive and satisfy them, whereas ______ factors create dissatisfaction if missing.
motivators; hygiene factors
An assumption about people made by a Theory Y manager is that people ______.
naturally like to work
Maslow's theory states that once needs are met they:
no longer motivate
Extrinsic rewards include:
pay increases praise promotions
Employee involvement and group membership were two of the reasons employees gave as the reason for increased ______ during the Hawthorne studies.
productivity
Taylor's goal was to increase worker efficiency and ___ in order to benefit both the firm and workers.
productivity
The unexpected results in the first set of Hawthorne Experiments that led to the second set of experiments was:
productivity continued to increase regardless of changing conditions
During the first set of Hawthorne Experiments,
productivity continued to increase regardless of changing conditions researchers thought they had failed due to the unexpected results researchers realized there had to be another factor affecting productivity
Scientific management viewed people as machines that needed to be ______.
programmed
During the first set of Hawthorne Experiments,
researchers realized there had to be another factor affecting productivity researchers thought they had failed due to the unexpected results productivity continued to increase regardless of changing conditions
Characteristics of Gen Z in the workplace include:
resilience
The responsibilities of a manager implementing MBO include:
setting goals with the employees and rewarding employee accomplishments
The Management by Objectives system is most effective _____ in situations that allow long-range planning.
stable
What are the five characteristics important to motivation as defined by job enrichment?
task identity, task significance, skill variety, autonomy, feedback
The use of time motion studies to increase efficiency was important because:
the findings were used to set standards and goals
Herzberg found that workers were not motivated by factors related to ______.
the job environment
The reason many millennials are still unemployed or underemployed is ______.
the last recession hurt younger workers more than others
The idea that every job could be broken down into a series of elementary motions and analyzed to make it more efficient was the Gilbreths' ______.
theory of motion economy
Studies of the tasks performed in a job and the ______ needed for each is time-motion study.
time
A(n) ________ - ________ study occurs when a manager observes workers as they shovel different types of materials with different types of shovels in order to determine the most efficient tool and method to use.
time and motion
What kind of study analyzes which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task?
time and motion
Studying workers as they shovel different types of materials with different types of shovels in order to determine the most efficient tool and method to use is an example of ______.
time and motion study
The elements of scientific management include:
time, method, and rules of work
Globalization has created a need for managers to understand cultural differences in order to ____ employees around the world.
to motivate
Viewing employees as people who hate to work is considered the view point of a Theory ________ manager.
x
Peter Drucker designed the Management by Objectives during which period of time?
1960
Millennials leading those older than themselves should solicit ______, but not permission.
Advice
According to Herzberg's study, which of the following were listed by workers as among the top 5 factors that create motivation instead of being dissatisfiers on the job?
Earned recognition for a job Sense of achievement
Who wrote The Principles of Scientific Management?
Frederick Taylor
A type of chart used to track and plan worker activity developed by a researcher who followed Taylor's principles is called:
Gantt chart
The _______ studies were inspired by the research of Frederick Taylor.
Hawthorne
The tendency for people to act differently when they know they are being studied is:
Hawthorne effect
The tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being watched or studied is referred to as the _______ _______.
Hawthorne effect
The tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being watched or studied is referred to as the _________ _____.
Hawthorne effect
Determine from the list below which items are characteristic of a low-context culture or a high-context culture. Drag the items to the correct spot on the chart.
Low-context culture matches ChoiceViews relationship building as a waste of time, ChoicePlaces more emphasis on the task High-context culture matches ChoicePlaces an importance on group trust, ChoiceWorkers are encouraged to build personal relationships
Motivation:
Moves people to action
Select assumptions made by a Theory Y manager about people.
People seek responsibility. People like to work.
Employees may be wrong about inequities in pay or promotion because they may be based on ____, not facts.
Perception
According to Ouchi's Theory, which of these elements are included in Type A management?
Rapid promotion Individual decision making
True or false: The initial result of the Hawthorne studies demonstrated that no matter what type of lighting was provided worker productivity increased.
True
Match the following elements to Ouchi's Type A & J management.
Type J - Consensual decision making, Implicit controls Type A - Individual responsibility, Explicit controls
Characteristics of the Millennial Generation include:
always having the Internet in their world having cell phones having been raised by indulgent parents
Perceived pay inequity is a problem because:
employees are likely to overestimate their own contribution compared to others employees tend to overestimate what others are being paid employees have faulty perceptions of pay
The significant difference between coaching and helping is ______.
helping means doing part of the work
A culture that focuses on building personal relationships and trust before focusing on tasks is a _______-context culture.
high
The effects on organizations of unmotivated and unhappy workers include:
high recruitment and training costs poor relationships with customers
Management by objectives means that managers ______.
include employees in setting goals so the employees are self motivated
Feeling personal satisfaction because you perform well is which type of reward?
intrinsic reward
An employee who is engaged has the following characteristics:
is committed to the organization works with energy and purpose
Based on Herzberg's theory, which element is a hygiene factor?
job security
In a recent survey, what reason was given by nearly half of the respondents when asked what their reason was for changing jobs?
lack of appreciation
To use self-managed teams to improve productivity, management must reinvent work by:
respecting workers allowing autonomy developing workers' skills
When implementing management by objectives it is a manager's responsibility to involve everyone, commit employees to the goals, monitor progress, and ______ accomplishments.
reward
Job ______ involves moving workers from one task to the next to make work more interesting and motivating.
rotation
The levels in Maslow's hierarchy are physiological,________, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
safety
The problems associated with retaining workers who are disengaged include:
undermining the efforts of employees who are engaged compensating workers who put in time but no energy decreased productivity
According to Herzberg, hygiene factors would include
well equipped lunch rooms friendly co-workers
According to McGregor, Theory X managers view employees as ______.
wishing to avoid responsibility
According to Ouchi's research about the effect of national culture on organizations, Type _______ management relies on individual decision making and achievement.
A
United Parcel Service (UPS) has used Taylor's method of ______ to create work rules for their drivers.
Time-motion studies
Vroom's expectancy theory states that the ______.
amount of effort an employee exerts on a specific task depends on expectations of the outcome
The belief that your work makes a difference and gives you satisfaction is an example of:
an intrinsic reward
Type _________ and Type ________ management takes a collective approach to management.
j/z
A practical application of Maslow's and Herzberg's theories by motivating workers through the structure of the job itself is ______.
job enrichment
Moving workers from one task to the next to make work more interesting and motivating is called ______.
job rotation
Which type of management became the dominant strategy for improving productivity in the early 1900s?
scientific
In his study, Herzberg asked ______ to rank those areas of the job that create enthusiasm.
workers
United Parcel Service has applied the principles of Scientific Management when they:
use tools such as ring scanners to read a bar code use simulators to teach employees to lift packages correctly
Match the key elements of job enrichment to their meaning.
Skill variety - The extent to which the job demands different skills Task identity - The degree to which the job requires doing a task from beginning to end Task significance - The degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of others in the company Autonomy - The degree of freedom or discretion in scheduling work and determining procedures Feedback - The amount of direct and clear information given about job performance
Peter Drucker developed MBO because he recognized that:
employees need to motivate themselves managers can only thwart employee motivation, not motivate an employee
While workers in the United States are more task oriented and require information to do their jobs, workers from Korea are more motivated by strong relationships and developing trust to do the same job. That is because Korea is a ______ context culture and the U.S. is a ______ context culture.
high to low
