C + F Nutrition Test 1
kibbles and biscuits
- all ingredients are mixed into homogenous dough, which is then baked. - biscuits are put into shape wanted and then baked. - kibbles are spread of large sheet and then after cooked broke down into bite-size pieces.
meat
- any species of slaughtered mammal (pork, beef, sheep)
How can the ingredient list be confusing?
- not required to list ingredients on DMB (especially with canned food) - Manufacturers may separate different forms of similar ingredients
Super-premium
- high-quality ingredients along with various types of functional ingredients or nutrients that provide specific health benefits. Have fixed formulas.
A diet contains 26% protein but only 70.5% of the protein is digestible. What is the percent of digestible protein?
0.26 x 0.705= 0.1833 = 18.33%
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- has authority over approval of new ingredients - enforces the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and oversees the Animal Feed Safety System - works with AAFCO during approval process for new ingredients and state regulators regarding safety and contamination issues - regulates inclusion of health claims on pet food labels, such as, "maintains urinary tract health" and "hairball control"
Rosemary
- helps with flavor and works as antioxidant when combined with tocopherols, ascorbic acid, and citric acid. - not used in original form, but as refined extract to avoid influence on taste and odor.
Semimoist food (15-30% water)
- include fresh or frozen animal tissue, cereal grains, fats, and simple sugars. - includes humectants such as salt, simple sugars, glycerol, or corn syrup to reduce water activity which prevents contaminating organicism's. Sorbate is included to prevent mold and yeasts. organic acid is included to decrease pH and inhibit bacterial growth. - caloric density is less (3000-4000). carbohydrate is similar to dry food, but in the form of simple carbs. Harder to get fats and proteins into.
Complete and balanced wet food
- may contain blends of ingredients such as muscle meats, poultry or fish meats or byproducts, cereal grains, TVP, and vitamins and minerals.
2nd type of wet food
- may contain the same types of meat but without supplemental vitamins and minerals. - not nutritionally complete
Digestibility
- measure of food's quality - determines proportion of nutrients in the food that are available for absorption in the body - feeding trials are best - as a diet's digestibility increases, fecal volume decreases
caloric content
- metabolized energy (ME): kcal/ kg - caloric content (energy density): kcal/lb
What is required on the guaranteed analysis panel?
- min% for crude protein and crude fat - max% for moisture and crude fiber - presented on an "as fed basis" - These percentages do not represent actual amounts of protein and fat and using these percentages to compare different products may be misleading.
"Natural"
- no artificial colors, flavors, preservatives - no chemical treatment - AAFCO developed a guideline for what can be deemed natural ingredients. These are likely not what the common pet owner imagines
basic nutrition and economy brands
- basic focus on owner appeal and palatability to the pet, while economy brands are marketed for owners who are concerned with the cost. - generic brands are produced on a least-cost basis, contain lower-quality ingredients, and may not be formulated to be complete and balanced. Many are variable formulas too. All about advertising.
Animal-source protein
- beef, chicken, chicken meal, lamb, lamb meal, dried egg, fish, fish meal, meat and bone meal, meat byproducts, and meat meal. - can vary in quality and digestibility depending on supplier and type of refining process
Other starch sources
- oats, barley, sorghum, and potatoes - barley and sorghum: digest slower then rice and corn and contribute to reduced or delayed postprandial glucose and insulin responses. - peas and lentils: lower digestibility than conventional starch. However, they do modulate plasma functions in blood glucose when compared to rice and corn and help diabetics or older pets. Potato: have use in elimination or alternative diets for pet with dietary hypersensivity
skin health
- omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid, conjugated linoleic acid, and formulas that combine oils and B-vitamins.
Toxins
- onion: cat (5g/kg) and dogs (15-30 g/kg). noted in animals that injest more than 0.5% of their body weight in onions. - garlic: 5X more concentrated than onions. ( 1g could be enough) - chocolate: Chocolate products contain variable amounts of theobromine, a potent cardiovascular and central nervous system stimulant - grapes and raisins: acute renal failure - supplements: like Vitamin A or E or selenium
Which labels are NOT regulated or defined by AAFCO?
- premium, gourmet, holistic, etc.
Additives that are used for nonnutritive effects
- preservatives, flavors, colors
What does "organic" refer to on a pet food label?
- processing, NOT quality or palatability - only 95% required to be organic unless otherwise stated on label - refers to how the ingredient is grown and/or processed, not the quality or palatability
Premium pet food
- products developed to provide optimal nutrition for dogs and cat during different stages of life. has fixed formulas.
Common pet food ingredients:
- protein - carbohydrates - vitamins - minerals - fats - Fiber
Methods of preservation:
-dry pet food: low moisture inhibits the growth of most organisms. - wet/canned food: heat sterilization and anaerobic environment kills all microbes. - Semimoist: have low pH and contain humectants that bind water within the product so it cant be used by bacteria or fungi.
Are pet foods safe in the US?
It's the same as asking if all human food is safe. We do all we can, but mistakes might be made. Always check recall. - FFDCA
Mycotoxins
Mold metabolites - Aflatoxins: Corn, peanuts, cottonseed and grains are potential sources of aflatoxins in pet foods. metabolized in the liver and lead to abnormal cell proliferation, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. net effect is decreased protein synthesis, leading to hypoalbuminemia and a shortage of clotting factors - Vomitoxin: can be found in any grain but most commonly affects wheat and barley. Like most other mycotoxins, it is heat stable and survives extrusion and drying. The mechanism of action is inhibition of protein synthesis.
"complete and balanced"
The food provides complete and balanced nutrition for the life stage it is made for.
Principal display panel
The front of the package, the portion of the label most likely to be seen by the consumer at time of purchase. - The size and placement of words on a label matter and some are restricted
"Filler" provide a nutritional value/input for any animal foods
True
Feeding a dry food diet is often more beneficial to dental hygiene than feeding a wet food diet.
True
In "fixed formulation," nutrients may vary from batch to batch because ingredient variability is not accounted for.
True
Pet food labels such as premium, super premium, ultra premium, gourmet, and holistic are not defined or regulated currently.
True
The FDA reviews specific claims on pet food labels such as "low magnesium" and "maintains urinary tract health"
True
To be labeled as "organic" at least 95% of the ingredients must be organic.
True
Products can be veterinary formulated and recommended, but not veterinary approved
True - formulated: only requires 1 vet who helped make diet - recommender: a lot of vets
Organic and Nature Brand Labels
While an organic food is by definition "natural", but foods that are marketed as "all natural" are not necessarily organic, because all of the USDA standard for organic certification may not have been followed.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
regulates trade and advertising
What were some of the effects WWII had on pet food?
shortage of metal and meat, both were government rationed. Shift back to mostly dry pet foods
Endurance performance
- 27% protein - 28% carbs - 45% fat increased protein and high proportion of fat
Name an organization that regulates pet food
- FDA - NRC - AAFCO
At what 2 levels is pet food regulated at?
1. Federal (FDA) 2. State (AAFCO)
2000 BCE
Ancient Egypt and felines (Bastet)
Manufacturers are required to list ingredients on a dry matter basis
False
1908
Milk Bone - original name was "Maltoid" made in NYC - created by F.H. Bennett Biscuit Company - "Whole nutrition": meats, cereals, milk, olive oil, and vitamins
Which governing agency collects and evaluates research in order to make nutrient recommendations
NRS (National Research Council)
crude
Nothing is known about digestibility, only content in food.
Types of pet food
dry, wet, and semimoist
1200-1400
Early pet care books - Magnus - Gasten III
constant nutrition
- all major ingredients analyzed for key nutrients - allow a "window" for all natural ingredients (ex. fish meal at 30-34%) - formulate for key nutrients (expensive)
meal
- any ingredient that has been ground or otherwise reduced in particle size -chicken meal: dry, ground, whole chicken, exclusive of heads, feet, viscera, or feathers. Would include bone, skin, flesh
Growth (cat)
- 32% protein - 22% carb - 46% fat
Dry pet food
- 6-10% moisture, 90% + dry matter - baked kibbles, biscuits, meals, and expanded products. - cereal grains, meat, poultry or fish products, some milk products, vegetable fats/oils, and vitamin and mineral supplants. - high-quality dry foods have high nutrient densities and digestabilities, meaning that less food can be fed, more nutrients will be absorbed and used, and stool volume will decrease.
Fat sources
- animal fats and vegetable oils - contributes calories and EFAs and enhances palatability - Chicken and poultry fat are two most common - corn, safflower, and soybean oils are most used - flax: good source contains omega-3 fatty acid alpallinolenic acid - fish oil: contains long-chain omega-3 fatty acids
What is the FDA's stance on feeding raw food to animals?
"...not consistent with the goal of protecting the public from significant health risks."
Name a controversial ingredient found in some pet foods
- "meals" and by-products - ethoxyquin - corn/corn-gluten meal - raw foods
What are some characteristics of semi-moist pet food?
- 15-30% moisture - include fresh or frozen animal tissues - High simple sugar content (more palatable to dogs) - Not good for high energy animals - Usually treats
APPMA Current Statistics
- 2018 - $72.1 billion is estimated to be spent on pets in the US •$29.9 billion - Pet Food Sales •$18.3 billion - Vet Care •$15.5 billion - Supplies/OTC Medicine •$6. billion - Other Services (grooming and boarding) •$2.0 billion - Live Animal Purchases •89.7 million dogs/ 94.2 million cats in US
Adult maintenance
- 24% protein - 38% Carbs - 38% Fat lower proportion of fat and increased proportion of digestible carbohydrates
Growth (dog)
- 27% protein - 32% carbs - 41% fat
Homemade Pet Foods
- 93% dogs and 98% cats are fed commercial pet foods - 50% vet and 50% internet (other) - Choose because worried about additives and artificial preservatives, a reduced nutrient quality, and a distrust in safety. - inconsistency and elimination of the vitamin-mineral supplement Carbs, protein, and fat must be maintained 1. Do five food groups appear in the recipe? (carbs/fiber, protein, fat, mineral, multivitamin) 2. Is carb source a cooked cereal and present in a higher or equal amount than meat source? 3. what is the type and quantity of the primary protein source? (cats: 35-50% and dogs: 25-30%) 4. Is the primary protein source lean or fatty? 5. Is a source of calcium and other minerals provided? 6. Is a source of vitamins and other nutrients provided?
Ethoxyquin
- A synthetic preservative used in pet foods. the controversy around this ingredient stems from studies where high amounts of ethoxyquin were shown to be potential carcinogens. However, the amount is regulated in pet foods, and the amounts present in pet foods re small enough that they will not cause cancer. Many owners still choose to avoid foods with this ingredient.
Feeding guidelines
- AAFCO requires that dog and cat food considered to be "complete and balanced" for any or all life stages must include feeding directions. - A minimum "Feed (weigh unit) of product per (weight unit) of dog or cat" - Directions are developed specifically for that particular formulation's energy and nutrient content; pet's life stage and activity should be considered.
Dry Matter (DM)
- Allows more accurate comparisons to be made between different types of pet foods. - does not account for differences in energy content
Pet food safety compared to the past
- Almost all pets are now on a commercial pet food - Commercial pet foods are much safer then they used to be. Modern pet foods are not composed of a single ingredient, they use varied ingredients that tend to dilute any contamination that might occur in a particular commodity or ingredient - also improved manufacturing techniques - use sensitive analytical techniques to check quality
Cat Food
- At first were labeled as both cat and dog food until realized cat nutritional requirements. - 6 ½-ounce cans opened up large market with hundreds of varieties with meat and fish - 1982: Nestle launched Fancy Feast
What information does the ingredient list not provide?
- Does not provide information about the quality of ingredients which may vary significantly in digestibility, AA content and availability, mineral availability, and amount of indigestible material.
Advantage and Disadvantage of types of food
- Dry: (advantage) dental hygiene, provides high nutrient densities and digestibility's. (disadvantages) Less palatable to some dogs and cats - Wet: (advantage) more palatable and digestible, contain higher DM of protein and fat, and high acceptability. longer shelf life. (disadvantages) can cause obesity with high fat and protein. More expensive - Semi: (advantage) palatability and acceptability. (disadvantage) lower fat content, lower caloric density.
Fixed Formulation
- Ingredients are locked (ex. fish meal always 30%) - nutrients vary from batch to batch (ingredients is the same but quality is variable) - does not account for ingredient variability
Ingredient list
- Ingredients in pet foods are limited to those assigned by AAFCO through AAFCO's Ingredient Definition process which is overseen by the FDA. - Must include all ingredients in the food with the list arranged in decreasing order by predominance by weight. - Must be GRAS or approved for feeds and use common or AAFCO name
lipid peroxidation
- Initiation: occurs when a free radical, usually oxygen, attacks a PUFA and results in formation of fatty acid radical. Exposure: fat exposed to heat, ultraviolet radiation, or certain metal ions (Fe or Cu) accelerate process. Fatty acid radical continues to react with oxygen, forming peroxides. Peroxides react with other fatty acids to form fatty acid radical and hydroperoxides. - Propagation: the reaction is autocatalyzed and increases geometrically in rate.
snacks and treats
- No more than 10% of caloric content of diet - Four basic types: semi-moist, biscuits, jerky, and rawhide
Three nutrient groups that provide energy:
- Protein - Carbohydrates - Fat
Methods for determining nutrient content
- Proximate analysis: panel of tests that provide information about a select group of nutrients. - Calculation: the average nutrient content of the food's ingredients using values reported in standard tables. (not as expensive and time consuming, but not as accurate and quality of ingredients cannot be determined)
Common infections from raw diet:
- Salmonellosis: vomiting, diarrhea, fever, loss of apetite, decreased activity level (raw/undercooked meat, poultry, eggs, milk products) - Listeriosis: nausea, diarrhea, fever, neurological disease (uncooked meats, veggies, milk, cheese)
Which of the following does AAFCO do?
- Tests for pet food (no) - Approves pet food (no) - Certifies pet foods (no) - makes recommendations for the food that should be in pet foods and how the pet food should be labeled. They have no regulation or authority like the FDA, just set limits.
"as-fed" (AF)
- The nutrient content in the diet is measured directly, without accounting for the amount of water in the product. - Represented the level of nutrients in the food as they are consumed by the animal.
Most popular and generic brands of pet food are formulated as "variable-formula diets", briefly explain what this means
- Variable formula diets have ingredients that may not be consistent in each batch. The means that while the overall guaranteed analysis may be uniform. - Bath #1 might have more poultry meal as a protein source and batch #2 might have more vegetable protein sources.
nutrient density
- a measure of the nutrients in a food compared with the energy the food provides, so calculating the levels of nutrients as a proportion of ME. - most accurate: accounts for differences in both water content and caloric content - expresses the energy-containing nutrients such as protein, carbohydras, and fats as a percentage of ME
Human grade labeling
- acceptable on a label but strict guidelines that may not really matter that much with regards to animal health
Fiber sources
- beet pulp, apple and tomato pomace, peanut hulls, citrus pulp, and the bran of oats, rice, and wheat, pears, and cellulose. - not a digestible nutrient b/c of intestinal enzymes, classified as a carbohydrate. Required in diet to promote normal gastrointestinal tract functioning and health. - Rice bran: palatable source of fermentable fiber, EFA, and antioxidants. When bran is separated from the rice though, it releases plant lipases. This is avoided by rapidly cooking the bran immediately after production (stabilized rice bran). - beet pulp: (60% to 80% fiber) helps in promoting gastrointestinal cell health and functioning.
Synthetic antioxidants
- better withstand heat, pressure, and moisture. Able to preserve fat- soluble vitamins A,D, and E. - butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), BHT, tertiary butylhydroquinon (TBHQ), and ethoxyquin. - BHA and BHT: can be used in animal and human food. slightly less effective when used with vegetable oils. - TBHQ: has not been approved in many places yet -Ethoxyquin: most efficient. 150mg/kg to 75mg/kg.
Factors to variance in meat product:
- bone: affects quality as a protein source as well as the mineral balance of the diet. bone matrix has collagen that is poorly digested by dogs and cats, but it is analyzed as protein. When bone is included, the calcium level increases, and the calcium:phosphorous ratio may be normalized. However, inexpensive meat and bone may contain excess levels of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous. - The form of the protein source and the degree of processing or cooking. Some protein sources contribute a significant amount of fat to the food.
If the label has multiple sides, the principle display panel must carry the 3 main points:
- brand and product name - species the food is intended for - net quantity statement
Infectious
- caused by consuming food containing live bacteria that will grow and establish themselves in the GI tract
intoxications
- caused by consuming food containing toxins formed by bacteria (live organism not consumed)
Foodborne diseases
- caused by ingesting bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, toxins, or other harmful substances in contaminated food. - two types: infectious and intoxications - Risk factors: temp, moisture, availability of oxygen
Joint health
- chondroprotective agents, glucosamine, and chondroitin sulfate. - green-lipped mussel powder and type of collagen called UC-II
National Research Council (NRC)
- collects and evaluates research and makes nutrient recommendations
Herbs
- considered to be used for potential nutritive value although less regulated and caution is advised - Herbs within diets may have potential antiviral and antimicrobial properties - Herbs within diets are less regulated than AAFCO listed nutrients and can be a health concern
Grain-Source Proteins
- corn gluten meal, various forms of soy, alfalfa meal, flax seed meal, and wheat germ. (soy and corn gluten)
Carbohydrate sources
- corn, rice, sorghum, wheat, and oats all provide good amounts of starch. The source and form of the grain can affect the starch amount. - grinding opens the grain's hard outer coating, making the starch more available and easier to digest. - A hot temperature increases the size of the starch granules and improves digestibility and palatability. Different starch sources vary in the type of starch that they provide, the level of indigestible fiber, and the rate at which they influence postprandial changes in blood glucose and insulin concentration.
Common grain sources
- corn, wheat, and rice - ground corn (corn meal): entire grain is chopped and then finely ground. contains more fiber and protein - corn grits: ground corn without the outer coating of the corn kernel or protein-containing germ. Contains higher digestibility of starch. -cereal flours: contain starch and protein from certain grains, so are lower in fiber, fat, and ash then ground grains. - Wheat flour: mostly included in biscuits(gluten: glutenin and gliadin) - Rice: most highly digestible starch
Functional ingredients
- dietary components that are included in a food with intent of providing a specific type of healthy benefit. - joint health, skin and coat condition, gastrointestinal functioning, immune health, lower urinary tract health, and obesity.
vegetarian diets
- dogs: not as difficult, they are more omnivorous. There is a number of plant-based dry and wet foods that carry the complete and balanced label. - cats: obligate carnivores, so not as easy. There are specific nutrients of concern in a vegetarian diet formulated for cats such as taurine, preformed vitamin A, Cobalamin, and arachidonic acid. These are found only in animal tissues and are deficient in plant-source ingredients.
Corn Gluten Meal
- dried residue that remains after starch, fiber, and germ-containing portions of the corn grain have been removed. - consistent in quality (60% protein) - deficient in amino acids( lysine, arginine, and tryptophan)
Additives
- enhance or preserve the product's color, flavor, texture, stability, or nutrient content.
What items do pet food labels not provide information about:
- exact levels of nutrients - Digestibility and nutrient availability - Quality of the ingredients
gastrointestinal health
- fibers and select prebiotics like fructooligosaccharides and mannanoligosaccharide
poultry
- flesh and skin of domestic poultry (chicken, turkey, duck)
Natural-derived antioxidants
- found in certain grains, vegetable oils, and some herbs and spices. - mixed-tocopherols: alpha-tocopherol, beta-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and delta-tocopherol. Alpha-tocopherol (vit E) has the strongest biological function as the antioxidant but lower food antioxidant. Gamma-tocopherol and delta-tocopherol have lower biological activity, but are more affective as feed antioxidants. - ascorbic acid, rosemary extract, marigold extract, carotenoids, selenium, and citric acid (Vit C)
vitamin and mineral sources
- purified forms in small amount are needed - minerals: have adequate amount as well as consider relationship between minerals and balance of overall ration. - one big concern about vitamins is their loss during processing and storage. The high heat and pressure used in canning result in losses of B vitmains thiamin and folic acid. In dry, extruded food, there are losses of vitamin A, riboflavin, folic acid, niacin, and biotin. In semimoist, there are loses of vitamin A and riboflavin.
Unites Stated Department of Agriculture (USDA)
- regulates pet food labels and research facilities
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)
- requires that all animal foods, like human foods, be safe to eat, produced under sanitary conditions, contain no harmful substances, and be truthfully labeled. - canned pet foods must be processed in conformance with the low acid canned food regulations to ensure the pet food is free of viable microorganisms.
bacteria, protozoa, etc
- salmonella: normally present in the intestinal tracts of many mammals, birds and reptiles. Healthy adult dogs and cats are fairly resistant to the pathogenic effects of salmonellae but serve as important sources of infection for people and weak, debilitated animals - Escherichia Coli: role of E. coli as a pathogen of dogs and cats has been unclear. stemming from improperly cooked meat. - Staphylococcus: common inhabitants of the skin and mucous membranes. easily killed by heat, but their enterotoxin can withstand typical cooking temperatures and even the canning process - Clostridium: causes botulism, and commonly found in soil and as contaminants in raw meat, carrion and vegetables. blocks the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. - Toxoplasmosis : (some strains are resistant to antibiotics)
Least Cost
- set tag guarantees - allow all available ingredients at any level (set range of percentage) - cost is the determining factor - Used in production agriculture (least expensive pet food)
Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)
- sets standards for substantiation claims and provides an advisory committee - most important regulations: Model Pet Food Regulations, Model Feed Bill, and Pet Food Nutritional Profiles. Specify labeling procedures, ingredient definitions, and nomenclature for all animal food - translates NRC recommendations into a set of practical guidelines; has no regulatory authority, but has three goals: 1. work to safeguard the health of animals and people 2. ensures customer protection 3. levels playing field in animal feed industry
Antioxidant
- substances that aid in the preservation of foods by retarding deterioration, rancidity, or discoloration as the result of oxidative processes. - must be included when initially mixed and processed. - natural-derived and synthetic products
Protein sources
- supplied by animal sources, plant sources, or a combination of the two. - animal sources provide superior amino acid balances compared to grain products. - animal sources vary in quality when grain don't All about what aa are there and their digestabilibty
If you are a veterinarian, and you have a great Dane puppy come in and the O wants to feed a raw diet, what do you ask?
- talk about worry of nutrition - ask about young children or elderly - anyone that is sick or have lower immune system - education saves human and pet lives
Soybean products
- texturized vegetable protein (TVP): (50% protein) for that is often found in canned and semimoist foods - soy protein is well digested, but soy carbohydrates is not (small intestines) - contains phytate and other metabolic inhibitors that affect ability to digest and absorb. (The phytate is not affected by heat so it will cause problems). Trypsin inhibitor. - some contribute significant amounts of carbohydrates and fiber to the food. (good and bad) - Has lysine
Metabolized Energy
- the amount of energy in a pet food that is available to the animal for use. Accounts for digestibility and for loses of energy in the urine and expired gases. - nutrient density will need to be increased as the caloric density of a diet increases
byproduct
- the secondary products are included with the ingredient in addition to the principal product. - organ meats, blood, fat tissue, stomach and intestines. - possibly inconsistent ingredients of multiple organs - often less expensive and may be less digestible than chicken meal -does not include hair, horns, teeth, hoofs, feathers, or fecal matter - poultry byproduct: feet, intestines, necks, underdeveloped eggs
Wet Pet Food (75% water)
- those that provide complete and balanced nutrition and those that provide a dietary supplement or treat. - types of wet food: loaf, chunks or chunks in gravy, or chunk-in-loaf combination. - more palatable and digestible than many dry foods -contain small proportion of digestible carbohydrates.
Pet Food Institute (PFI)
- trade organization that represents pet food manufacturers - has no direct regulatory powers
Raw food diets
- two concerns: nutritional adequacy and food safety - handling the diet preparation and feeding or exposure to feces of an animal that is shedding foodborne microbes is how a human can be at risk. - If owner chooses to feed raw, the risk can be reduced by choosing a product that complies with AAFCO nutrient profiles. Cooking meat slightly can also reduce risks. - owners think it doesn't affect pets because of lower stomach pH and short GI transit (not true)
Effects in cats and dogs
- usually diarrhea based or self-limiting - owners don't usually take to vet, and don't want to pay for diagnosis - fecal and saliva samples coming from pets often have bacteria and pathogens in samples, but don't show it. - many do not show symptoms in cats compared to dogs - some estimates have soecific bacterial pathogens higher than 80% in tested fecal samples: raw foods, table scraps, raw or dirty treats or coming from crowded shelters
Dietary Fat needs protection
- vegetable oils, animal fats, and fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E, and K. - needs methods of protecting these fats from oxidative destruction during storage.
1941
Effect of WWII - Canned food companies comprised 90% of pet food market. - Shortage of metal and meat, which shifted pet food back to dry dog food.
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
-Scavenges for oxygen, but it is water-soluble - most effective when combined with other antioxidants
AAFCO regulations allow these 4 primary types of nutritional adequacy statements:
1. Complete and balanced for all life stages 2. Limited claim of complete and balanced nutrition for gestation, lactation, growth, and maintenance 3. Intermittent supplemental feeding only (snacks and treats) 4. Therapeutic: "use only as directed by veterinarian"
Extrusion Process steps
1. Ingredients are mixed together to form dough 2. Dough is cooked under high pressure and temperature (80-200C) in extrude; cooking occurs between 10-270 seconds. 3. cooked dough exists through die and is cut by rotating knife in the proper size. 4. After cooking, kibble is sprayed with fat and other palatability enhancers in a process called enrobing 4. Hot-air drying reduces total moisture content of product to 10% or less. - Cats favor more acidic food and dogs have a sweeter tooth
What are the 3 types of feed formulation?
1. Least Cost 2. Fixed Formulation 3. Constant Nutrition
List three properties of food components of commercial foods that can directly affect palatability in dogs and cats
1. Moisture content (wet foods are more palatable) 2. high simple sugar content, particularly with dogs 3. Odorous foods are more palatable
What 8 general items must be on a label?
1. Name and purpose of brand/product 2. Animal species product is intended for 3. Net Quantity statement 4. Guaranteed Analysis 5. Ingredient(s) statement 6. Nutritional adequacy statement 7. Feeding directions 8. Manufacturer's name and address
Explain 2 reasons why referring to the guaranteed analysis panel to compare different products can be misleading
1. The guaranteed analysis panel does not substract out moisture when giving crude percentages 2. the panel does not tell what ingredients make up each percent, so crude percentages do not account for digestibility
"complete and balanced for all life stages"
1. The pet food is formulated to contain ingredients that provide levels of nutrients that meet an established profile ( maintenance, growth, etc.). The AAFCO Dog or Cat Food Nutrient Profiles are used 2. The product has been tested using the appropriate AAFCO feeding trial protocols
How wet food is prepared:
1. blending meat and fat ingredients with water 2. dry ingredients added 3. mixture heated 4. canning 5. retorting
Methods of substantiation for statements of nutritional adequacy
1. series of feeding trials to see if food supports health through gestation, lactation, and growth. - "Animal feeding trails using AAFCO procedures substantiate that (brand) provides complete and balanced nutrition for (life stages)" 2. Done through calculations using tables or laboratory analysis of nutrient levels. - "(Brand) is formulated to meet the nutritional levels established by the AAFCO Dog (or Cat) Food nutrient Profiles for (life stages)" 3. Less frequently used, "family method of substantiation" - "(Brand) provides complete and balanced nutrition for (life stages) and is complete in nutritional adequacy to a product which has been substantiated using AAFCO feeding tests."
how many times more likely is a veterinary employee more likely to get infected?
5 times
Define GRAS
An FDA designation, means "Generally Recognized As Safe"
3280 BCE
Cats in ancient times
What are some additives for nutritional value?
Chondroprotective agents, antioxidants, probiotics, herbs
2017
Current trends - food designed for specific stages of life, physiological states, and disease states
1957
Development of Extrusion process - Purina Dog chow began - extrusion process: gave great palatability due to structure and fat coating - basic dry pet food has not changed much since
The incidence of dietary related pathogens within cats and dogs is poorly understood. Briefly explain 2 reasons why this is the case.
Dietary pathogens in dogs and cats is poorly understood because often animals are asymptomatic and so it is not caught, or owners do not seek out veterinary care for their pet
1925
Dog food "meal" - Samuel Gaines: created dog food called a "meal" - dried, ground ingedients mixed together (100lb bags)
15000 BCE
Domestication of dogs
Percentage Rules
Examples with beef: 1. "Beef " in a product name requires that beef ingredients be at least 95% or more of the total weight of all ingredients exclusive of water used in processing, but in no case less than 70% of the total product 2. use of the term "Beef " with a qualifier such as "Beef dinner," "Beef platter," "Beef entree," "Beef formula," or any similar designation requires that beef ingredients be at least 25% of the total weight of all ingredients exclusive of water used in processing, but in no case less than 10% of the total product. 3. the term "With Beef " is intended to highlight minor ingredients and this example requires that beef ingredients be at least 3% of the total product 4. the term "Beef flavor" does not stipulate a minimum percentage. The beef flavor designation usually indicates that beef is less than 3% of the total product.
Your friend adopted a new 3 year old mixed breed from the shelter and asked you what to feed the dog. It is an awesome and healthy neutered male dog. You should recommend your friend to pick a high quality dog food formulated for all life stages for this animal.
False
100-1800
Feeding prior to commercialized pet foods - human food and left overs - Marcus Terentius Varro - lifespan is less then what it is today
1922
First canned dog food - Chapel brothers in Rockford, Illinois created Ken-L Ration which was canned horsemeat - After WWI horsemeat was cheap
1860
Fist commercialized pet foods - James Spratt: an American in London, brought biscuits to US in 1870s - biscuits "Meat Fibrine Dog Cake" wheat, beef roots, veggies, and beef blood. (bought by GM in 50s) - commercialized cat food
2018
Future - designer labels who charge more - niche: vegan, natural, raw, organic, grain free - diets specific for skin, gut, dental, urinary health, etc.
Humectants
Glycerol and certain sugars
1931
Introduction of pet foods to grocery stores - The National Biscuit Company (Nabisco) Bennet's company and renamed Milk-Bone and hired 3,000 salesmen for it to be sold.
How is a premium or super premium pet food currently defined?
It has no significant difference from other pet foods as this term is not regulated. Catered more toward owner than pets. - just a cost
Mid 1970s
Premium foods - Hills, Iams, Nutro - Premium does not mean anything - Sold through pet and feed stores and vets
Sorbate
Prevents the formation of mold and yeast
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Regulates the use of pesticides in raw material and feeds
Preservatives
additives that are included with the express purpose of protecting nutrients in the food from oxidative or microbial damage
Retorting
pressure sterilization of canned products. This kills bacteria and causes some nutrient losses.
State Feed Control Offices
enforces Commercial Feed Law within states
nutrient content
not only referring to the nutrient in the food, but also the digestibility and availability of all essential nutrients