C-Tech Chapter 3

Nominal Dimension of 5/4 inch is actually

1"

Nominal Dimension of 4 inch is actually

3.5"

Nominal Dimension of 1 inch is actually

3/4"

Nominal Dimension of 12+ inch is actually

3/4" less than nominal

fiber saturation point averages about _____%

30

Nominal Dimension of 5 inch is actually

4.5"

Structural Wood panel standard size is _____x_____

4x8'

Nominal Dimension of 6 inch is actually

5.5"

Nominal Dimension of 8 inch is actually

7 1/4"

Nominal Dimension of 10 inch is actually

9 1/4"

___________ are spiral-threaded fasteners installed by turning action whereby the threads draw the screw tightly into the material being fastened

Screws

__________________________products are made from blends of plastic with wood or agricultural fibers, usually in roughly equal proportions.

Wood-plastic composite (WPC)

Lumber in the United States is priced by the _____________________. ____________________ measurement is based on nominal dimensions, not actual dimensions

board foot

____________________ grows with cooler air temperatures and plenty of groundwater, making its cells larger and less dense

springwood/earlywood

__________________ grows in warmer conditions and with less water, making its cells smaller and more compact

summerwood/latewood

Lumber used in building construction is normally_________________ to make it smooth, more dimensionally precise, and safer to handle.

surfaced

Quartersawn grain is referred to as

vertical grain

In _________________________ trained inspectors examine each piece for growth-ring density and for growth and manufacturing characteristics, judge it according to standard grading rules, and then stamp it accordingly

visual grading

Nominal Dimension of 2 inch is actually

1.5"

Nominal Dimension of 12 inch is actually

11 1/4"

In North America, the equilibrium moisture content for exterior wood averages around 1________ percent, and for interior wood, _______ percent.

12;8

Nominal Dimension of 3 inch is actually

2.5"

__________________________________ panels are made from agricultural waste products, such as the stalks or chaff of wheat, rice, hemp, sorghum, and other crop residues that are otherwise usually disposed of as solid waste or by open-air burning.

Agrifiber or biocomposite

____________________ is used to rank the visual qualities of lumber intended for flooring, trim, cabinetry, and other finish, nonstructural uses. This is done visually.

Appearance grading

___________ are used mainly for structural connections in heavy timber framing and in wood light framing for fastening ledgers, beams, or other heavy applications. They are installed into predrilled holes.

Bolts

_____________________________ are structural panels laminated from solid lumber, with the orientation of members in each layer alternating from those above and below.

Cross-laminated timbers (CLTs)

___________________ comes from forests that are managed according to the guidelines of one of several organizations that set standards for long-term ecological sustainability, resource conservation, and other considerations

Environmentally certified wood

___________________ is accomplished by placing lumber in a vessel and impregnating it under pressure with certain chemical salts that greatly reduce its combustibility.

Fire-retardant treatment (FRT)

the __________________________ is the Only certifying organization currently recognized for LEED certification

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

____________________ trees are more complex in structure, with a larger percentage of rays and two different types of longitudinal cells: small-diameter fibers and large-diameter vessels or pores

Hardwood

________________ are sharp-pointed metal pins that are driven into wood with a hammer or a mechanical gun. They are the favored means of fastening wood because they are inexpensive, require no predrilling of holes under most conditions, and can be installed extremely rapidly.

Nails

__________________ requires the least repositioning of the log during sawing and produces the maximum yield of useful pieces, making it the most economical sawing method.

Plainsawing

____________________ wood is used where decay or insect resistance is required, such as with wood that is used in or near the ground

Preservative-treated

The designation _____________ in a lumber grade stamp indicates that the piece was surfaced when in a seasoned (dry) condition

S-DRY

The designation ________________ in a lumber grade stamp indicates that the piece was surfaced when green

S-GRN

___________________________, also called engineered lumber, products are substitutes for solid lumber and are made from wood veneers or wood fiber strands and glue.

Structural composite lumber

_______________________ is used to rate the strength and stiffness properties of a piece of lumber.

Structural grading

____________________________ includes plywood, composite panels, and nonveneered panels

Structural wood panels

_______________ for both roof and floor construction are manufactured in small, highly efficient plants in every part of North America.

Trusses

When the free water is gone, only ___________________ water, water held more tightly within the cellulose of the cell walls, remains.

bound

Inside the dead bark is a layer of living bark composed of hollow longitudinal cells that conduct nutrients downward from the leaves to the roots and other living parts of the tree. Inside this layer of living bark lies a very thin layer, the _________________, which creates new bark cells toward the outside of the trunk and new wood cells toward the inside.

cambium

radial cracks in a log are called __________

checks

The trunk of a tree is covered with a protective layer of ________________

dead bark

The IBC recognizes redwood, cedar, black locust, and black walnut as __________________ species

decay resistant

This final moisture condition is called the __________________________ of the wood.

equilibrium moisture content (EMC)

From a structural standpoint, ______________ are often the weak link in wood construction.

fasteners

Plainsawn grain is referred to as_____________

flat grain

The log from which veneer is taken is called a _______________

flitch

First to leave is the _________________, water stored within the cell cavities. The evaporation of ________________ has little effect on the physical properties of the wood, other than to lighten it.

free water

Large wood structural members can be produced by joining many smaller strips of wood together with glue to form _________________________

glue-laminated wood

The direction of the long axes of the cells is referred to as the ____________ of the wood.

grain

A quartersawn ______________________ board has growth rings aligned at an angle of approximately 60 degrees or greater to the board's broader face.

hardwood

_________________ show finer, more attractive grain patterns

hardwoods

__________________ from broadleafed trees.

hardwoods

The _______________ is at the inner edge of the sapwood and no longer participates in life process but continue to offer structural support

heartwood

Seasoning may be done by airdrying in loose stacks for a period of months or by drying within __________ under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity for a period of days

kilns

__________________ are places where the branches joined the trunk of the tree

knots

Larger _____________ screws are used for heavier structural connections. They have square or hexagonal heads and are driven with a wrench rather than a screwdriver.

lag

The cells are structured of tough cellulose and are bound together by a softer cementing substance called ___________

lingin

___________________________ is the lengths of squared wood for use in construction

lumber

In ___________________, an automatic device assesses the structural properties of the wood and stamps a grade on the piece.

machine grading

The amount of water present in wood is called its _____________________________

moisture content

In North America, the size of a nail is measured in _____________, abbreviated "d."

pennies

At the very center of the trunk, surrounded by heartwood, is the ___________ of the tree, a small zone of weak wood cells that were the first year's growth.

pith

With ___________________ lumber, significant portions of the growth rings are oriented roughly flat relative to the board's broader face.

plainsawn

most structural lumber is___________________

plainsawn

Surfacing is done by highspeed automatic machines, called ________________, whose rotating blades smooth the surfaces of the piece and round the edges slightly.

planes

Lumberlike products made entirely or mostly from plastic resins are called _______________________

plastic lumber

_______________shrinkage is many times greater than _______________ shrinkage (which is negligible)

radial;longitudinal

_________________ is another word for log

roundwood

In the __________ of the tree, nutrients are stored and sap is pumped upward from the roots to the leaves and distributed laterally in the trunk.

sapwood

The thick layer of living wood cells inside the cambium is the _______________

sapwood

Drying wood is called __________

seasoning

With quartersawn ______________________________ lumber, the growth rings are consistently aligned at an angle of approximately 45 degrees or steeper relative to the board's broader face.

softwood

________________trees have a relatively simple microstructure, consisting mainly of large longitudinal cells (tracheids) together with a small percentage of radial cells (rays). The tracheids provide longdistance transport of sap within the tree and account for most of the tree's structural strength. Rays provide for the storage and radial transfer of nutrients

softwood

_____________ generally have a relatively coarse and plain grain structure

softwoods

_________________come from coniferous trees

softwoods

For structural uses such as subflooring and sheathing, wood panels may be specified either by thickness or by _____________________. This is determined by laboratory load testing and is given on the gradestamp on the back of the panel

span rating.

Difference between rates of _______________________________ cause distortions in shape

tangential and radial shrinkage

Shrinkage around the circumference of the log is called _________________

tangential shrinkage

The IBC recognizes redwood and Eastern red ceder as ________________

termite-resitant species

The strength of a piece of wood varies with _____________________, ___________________, and _____________________

the direction in which the load acts in relation to the grain of the wood the duration of the stress the species and grade of the wood.

Sheet metal _________________, similar to timber rivet connections but lighter, are used in factory-produced lightweight roof and floor trusses

toothed plates

Wood produced in very thin sheets (about 1 8 ⁄ inch or 3 mm in thickness or less) is called ________________

veneer