c.20 Urinary

the body must produce at least ________ of urine per day to adequately remove waste from the body.

0.5 liters

Located within the cortex and medulla of the kidney are approximately ____________ microscopic nephrons in each kidney.

1 million

A kidney is approximately ______ centimeters long, 6 centimeters wide, and 3 centimeters thick. 50 6 12 24

12

If the following hypothetical conditions exist in the nephron, calculate the net filtration pressure. Glomerular capillary pressure = 80 mmHg Blood colloid osmotic pressure = 20 mmHg Capsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mmHg 110 mmHg 90 mmHg 50 mmHg 30 mmHg

50 mmHg 80 - (20 + 10) = 50

Name the blood vessel that delivers blood to each glomerulus. Cortical radiate artery Peritubular capillary Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole

Afferent arteriole

The amount of fluid per minute entering the nephrons of both kidneys is the _____________ __________________ rate (GFR).

Blank 1: glomerular Blank 2: filtration

Describe the composition of glomerular filtrate. Identical to urine Like plasma, but lacking larger protein molecules Like blood, but lacking larger protein molecules Identical to plasma

Like plasma, but lacking larger protein molecules -- there are no RBC, leukocytes or platelets, so it's not like blood

What is the renal capsule? the inner lining of the renal pelvis and calyces a fibrous membrane around the kidney the parietal peritoneum in the abdominal cavity the thin capsule that surrounds the glomerulus

a fibrous membrane around the kidney -- glomerular capsule is the thin capsule that surrounds the glomerulus

When systemic blood pressure decreases, the result is that the __________ arterioles change diameter by undergoing __________. efferent; vasoconstriction afferent; vasoconstriction afferent; vasodilation efferent; vasodilation

afferent; vasodilation

Before urine is excreted, ______ of the sodium ions and water are reabsorbed. almost all very small amounts about half

almost all

The kidney is shaped like a(n) ______. elongated tubule multilobed structure bean perfect sphere

bean

peritubular capillaries

capillaries around renal tubules

glomerulus

capillary bed where filtration occurs. A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney.

Tubular fluid leaves the nephron and flows into the ____________ . If the body needs to conserve water, the blood levels of the hormone ADH will ____________ causing more water to be reabsorbed. The remaining filtrate is now called ____________ .

collecting duct; increase; urine

The layer of the kidney tissue found just deep to the renal capsule, distinct from the innermost layer of the kidney, is the renal ______. medulla stroma cortex sinus

cortex -- The medulla is the innermost layer of the kidney.

The major regions of the kidney are the outer region called the ______ and the inner region called the ______. medulla; cortex renal sinus; renal pelvis cortex; medulla renal pelvis; renal sinus

cortex; medulla

renal column

cortical tissue within the medulla between pyramids where blood vessels pass to access the cortex

If both the glomerular and capsular hydrostatic pressures remain unchanged, an increase in the blood colloid osmotic pressure results in a(n) __________ in the net filtration pressure. decrease increase

decrease -- HPg - (OPg + HPc) = NFP 60 - (32 + 18) = 10 normally increasing OPg or HPc would = decrease in NFP increasing HPg would = increase in NFP

Blood that passes through the glomerulus, and is not filtered, will enter the ______________ arteriole.

efferent

From the glomerular capillaries, blood flows into which blood vessel? afferent arteriole cortical radiate veins efferent arteriole arcuate vein

efferent arteriole -- Afferent arterioles bring blood toward the capillaries, and efferent arterioles take blood away.

Select all that apply. Which functions does the urinary system regulate? carbohydrate digestion excretion of drugs pH balance removal of metabolic wastes volume of body fluids white blood cell production

excretion of drugs pH balance removal of metabolic wastes volume of body fluids

What is the effect of hydrostatic pressure of blood on filtration? opposes filtration favors filtration has no effect on fluid movement

favors filtration

renal capsule

fibrous connective tissue covering the external surface of the kidney

During the first step of urine formation, the material that enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular ______. residue filtrate secretion extract

filtrate

The fluid called glomerular ______ is produced by the process of glomerular filtration. fluid urine filtrate

filtrate

renal pelvis

funnel-shaped reservoir that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter

The first step of urine production is called _________. tubular transportation tubular secretion tubular reabsorption glomerular filtration

glomerular filtration

The rate of 120-125 milliliters per minute of fluid entering the nephrons of both kidneys is called the ______ rate. reabsorption minute urine volume glomerular filtration excretion

glomerular filtration

Indicate the relative strength (highest to lowest, regardless of direction) for each of the pressures that contribute to the net filtration rate. Assume normal conditions. blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) - 60mmHg blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) -- 32mmHg capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) - 18mmHg

In glomerular filtration, substances move from the __________ into the __________. glomerulus; nephron nephron; glomerulus peritubular capillaries; nephron nephron; peritubular capillaries

glomerulus; nephron

In glomerular filtration, substances move from the ______ into the ______. glomerulus; nephron nephron; glomerulus peritubular capillaries; nephron nephron; peritubular capillaries

glomerulus; nephron -- Substrates moving from nephron to glomerulus would be reabsorbed. Substances moving from peritubular capillaries into the nephron move by the process of secretion.

Like filtration in the systemic capillaries, the main force that moves substances through the glomerular capillary wall is the ______ pressure of the ______ inside. hydrostatic; oxygen colloid osmotic; blood hydrostatic; blood osmotic; salts

hydrostatic; blood -- Colloid osmotic pressure, due to the protein content of the blood, opposes filtration.

An increase in the net filtration pressure (NFP) would result in a(n) __________ in the GFR. increase decrease

increase (positive correlation)

Which structure secretes renin? collecting duct peritubular capillary juxtaglomerular apparatus glomerulus

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Name the subset of nephrons that has nephron loops extending deep into the renal medulla and renal corpuscles located near the renal medulla. cortical nephrons glomerular nephrons juxtamedullary nephrons

juxtamedullary nephrons

The renal artery brings blood to which structure? kidney spleen liver bladder

kidney

Regulating the volume and composition of body fluids is the primary function of the ______. blood bladder liver kidneys

kidneys

The diameters of afferent arterioles are ______ than those of the efferent arterioles. This difference causes blood to back up into the glomerulus, changing blood pressure which ______ filtration. smaller; favors larger; opposes smaller; opposes larger; favors

larger; favors

Because of tubular secretion, there can be ______ of a substance in the urine than was filtered from the blood. less more

more

As tubular fluid flows through the renal tubules, ______ of the fluid is reabsorbed. some most very little

most

renal papilla

narrow, innermost end of a pyramid (the tip)

The ____________ is the functional unit of the kidney and forms urine.

nephron

Filtration is a(n) __________ process that depends on a __________ gradient. passive; concentration passive; pressure active; pressure active; concentration

passive; pressure

With the cortical nephrons, blood passes from the efferent arterioles directly into the ___________ capillaries.

peritubular -- blood NOT filtered out of the glomerulus goes from the efferent to peritubular to venous system

Name the capillaries that surround the renal tubules within the renal cortex. vasa recta glomerular capillaries peritubular capillaries

peritubular capillaries Vasa recta are in the medulla; peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.

Most of tubular reabsorption occurs in which segment of the renal tubule? nephron loop proximal tubule distal tubule

proximal tubule -- The proximal tubule reabsorbs the majority (65%) of tubular fluid. The other segments reabsorb less.

Identify the three main parts of a renal tubule. proximal tubule ureter nephron loop collecting duct distal tubule

proximal tubule nephron loop distal tubule -- collecting duct is not part of the nephron

From the glomerular capsule, the order for the tubules of the nephron is ______. proximal tubule, distal tubule, nephron loop proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule distal tubule, nephron loop, proximal tubule nephron loop, distal tubule, proximal tubule

proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule

Renal columns are made of cortical tissue and are located between the renal ___________.

pyramids or pyramid

Movement of materials from the renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries is called tubular _______________.

reabsorption

The process that returns substances to the internal environment, back into the extracellular fluid, is called tubular ________________.

reabsorption

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the kidney is called the _______________ artery.

renal

What is the thin fibrous sac that encloses the kidney called? renal calyx renal capsule renal cortex renal medulla

renal capsule

The two major components of a nephron are the ______. renal corpuscle and renal tubule renal corpuscle and glomerulus renal pyramid and renal tubule renal column and glomerulus

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

A role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is to secrete an enzyme called

renin

The kidneys help to regulate blood pressure by secreting an enzyme called ______________.

renin

Renin is released in response to __________ stimulation. sympathetic parasympathetic somatic

sympathetic -- JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus) granular cells release renin. Renin then stimulates angiotensin II which contracts the intraglomerular mesangial cells to decrease the size of the glomerulus. This decreases the overall surface area for filtration.

What is a glomerular capsule? a tangled cluster of blood capillaries thin-walled, sac-like structure that surrounds a capillary network the functional unit of the kidney that performs the functions of the kidney long tube that filtrate flows through in the nephron

thin-walled, sac-like structure that surrounds a capillary network

ureter

tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

The proximal tubule is the primary location for which process? glomerular filtration tubular secretion tubular reabsorption

tubular reabsorption

As the fluid flows through the renal tubules, useful substances are removed and sent back to the blood. This is called ____________ , and largely takes place in the ____________ . Unwanted substances are moved from the blood of ____________ into the renal tubule in a process called ____________ .

tubular reabsorption; proximal tubules; peritubular capillaries; tubular secretion

Hydrogen ions move from the plasma of the peritubular capillary into the fluid of the renal tubule by the process of ______. tubular secretion tubular reabsorption glomerular filtration

tubular secretion

Urine is formed through which three processes? tubular secretion renal excretion glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption glomerular secretion

tubular secretion glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption

Select all that apply. Contributing to homeostasis, the kidney functions to maintain which of the following within normal ranges? volume of body fluids. body temperature. pH of body fluids. composition of body fluids. oxygen perfusion of tissues. metabolic rate.

volume of body fluids pH of body fluids composition of body fluids

The nephrons classified as ______ nephrons are located close to the kidney surface and have relatively short nephron loops. juxtamedullary cortical

cortical -- juxtamedullary nephrons have loops that extend well into the medulla. The corpuscle is near the junction of the cortex and medulla.

Name the double-walled structure within a nephron that is positioned around the glomerulus and receives glomerular filtrate. renal corpuscle renal capsule major calyx glomerular capsule

glomerular capsule -- A renal capsule surrounds the entire kidney. A renal corpuscle is comprised of glomerular capillaries and the glomerular capsule.

What is the primary function of the kidneys? regulate composition and volume of extracellular fluid eliminate proteins control the functioning of the liver, pancreas, and spleen produce red bloods cells

regulate composition and volume of extracellular fluid

Each kidney filters approximately__________ of blood per minute.

1 liter

minor calyx

cup that nestles the papilla of each pyramid; collects its urine

Hydrostatic Pressure in the capillaries is the same thing as Blood Pressure. is the pressure of a liquid pushing on the walls that is containing it. is the same thing as water pressure. will cause a liquid to move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

The process by which the glomerular capillaries filter plasma is __________ ___________ called .

Blank 1: glomerular Blank 2: filtration

Urine passes from the collecting ducts into the ______________ calyces, then into the ________________ calyces before reaching the renal pelvis.

Blank 1: minor Blank 2: major

Which of the following forces oppose glomerular filtration? Net filtration pressure (NFP). Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) and capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc). Blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) and glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg). Capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) and blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg).

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) and blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) HPg - (OPg + HPc) = NFP 60 - (32 + 18) = 10 normally

During glomerular filtration, the force that pulls water to stay in the capillaries is called ___________________ and it is due to water's need to surround and stick to the RBC's, WBC's platelets, and large proteins that are too large to be filtered out of the filtration slits. Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure Net Filtration Pressure Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

major calyx

The cavity formed by the convergence of several minor calyces, which drain urine from the minor calyxes into the renal pelvis

The extensions of the renal cortex tissue into the renal medulla (between renal pyramids) are called renal ______. calyces columns papillae sinuses

columns

The major regions of the kidney are the renal _____________ and the renal _________________.

medulla; cortex

collecting duct

receives urine from many nephrons. The portion of the nephron where water reabsorption is regulated via antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Several nephrons empty into each collecting duct, and this is the final region through which urine must pass on its way to the ureter.

Which region of the kidney lies just below the renal capsule? renal cortex renal medulla renal hilum renal sinus

renal cortex

Which are the two major components of a nephron? renal column renal tubule renal pyramid renal corpuscle collecting duct

renal tubule renal corpuscle Collecting ducts receive urine from several nephrons; they are not parts of a nephron.

The second step of urine production is called __________. tubular transportation tubular secretion tubular reabsorption glomerular filtration

tubular reabsorption

Which three processes are involved in the formation of urine? glomerular secretion urine reabsorption tubular reabsorption tubular secretion glomerular filtration

tubular reabsorption tubular secretion glomerular filtration

The third step of urine production is called _________. tubular transportation tubular secretion tubular reabsorption glomerular filtration

tubular secretion

Select all that apply. Which statements correctly identify the numbers of organs in the urinary system? one ureter two kidneys one urinary bladder two urethras

two kidneys one urinary bladder -- one urethra two ureters, one from each kidney.

List the four organs making up the urinary system. rectum ileum urethra ureters kidneys urinary bladder

urethra ureters kidneys urinary bladder

What are some effects of angiotensin II? vasoconstriction decreased aldosterone secretion decreased ADH secretion vasodilation increased aldosterone secretion increased ADH secretion

vasoconstriction increased aldosterone secretion increased ADH secretion

The afferent arteriole leading into the renal corpuscle is much wider than the efferent arteriole coming out of it. Consider a garden hose, when you put your thumb over the nozzle, the water sprays out with more force because your thumb is causing a build up of water pressure (aka: hydrostatic pressure) behind your thumb (inside of the garden hose). Because the efferent arteriole is so much smaller that the afferent arteriole, water pressure (aka: hydrostatic pressure) is greatest in the ________________________. Glomerular capillaries Efferent arteriole Afferent arteriole Capsular space

Glomerular capillaries

What causes a greater amount of filtration to occur at glomeruli than at other capillary beds of the body? Glomeruli have a higher hydrostatic pressure. Other capillary beds have a higher hydrostatic pressure. Glomeruli have a higher colloid osmotic pressure. Other capillary beds have a higher colloid osmotic pressure.

Glomeruli have a higher hydrostatic pressure.

True or false: A very small percentage (<10%) of the original glomerular filtrate will be reabsorbed as the fluid flows through the nephrons and collecting ducts.

false. Most of the glomerular filtrate will be reabsorbed as it flows through the nephrons and collecting ducts. 180 liters are filtered per day, but only 0.6-2.5 liters of urine are excreted.

True or false: All segments of the renal tubule reabsorb the same substances.

false. Recall that segments of the renal tubule are adapted to reabsorb specific substances. For an example, not all segments can reabsorb water.

Urine formation begins with the process of ____________ , in which substances are forced out of capillaries called a(n) ____________ and into the nephron at the ____________ . This fluid, called filtrate, has the same composition as blood plasma, except for larger molecules, such as ____________ , which cannot fit through the glomerular pores.

filtration; glomerulus; glomerular capsule; proteins

The amount of urine produced will vary based on ____________ ___________, ___________ ___________, and _____________ amongst other factors.

fluid intake, blood pressure, and temperature

Blood is filtered from the _____________, a capillary bed, into the glomerular capsule through _______________ _______________.

glomerulus; hydrostatic pressure

Because the afferent arterioles are larger in diameter than the efferent arterioles, blood pressure in the glomerulus is ______ than in other capillaries, which ______ filtration. higher; opposes lower; opposes lower; favors higher; favors

higher; favors

Urine flows from the ______ into the renal pelvis, and from there into the ureter. minor calyces major calyces

major calyces --- The minor calyces collect urine from the renal pyramids. Urine then drains from minor into major calyces.

The enzyme renin is secreted by the kidneys. What is its function? regulation of urinary excretion of calcium regulation of vitamin D production regulation of red blood cell production regulation of blood pressure

regulation of blood pressure -- Calcium excretion is not regulated. Renin is an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which then gets converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor, which affects blood pressure.

Each nephron consists of a __________. renal tubule only renal ureter only renal corpuscle only renal tubule and a renal corpuscle

renal tubule and a renal corpuscle

renal pyramid

triangular-shaped division of the medulla of the kidney

Urethra

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body