c.20 Urinary

the body must produce at least ________ of urine per day to adequately remove waste from the body.

0.5 liters

A kidney is approximately ______ centimeters long, 6 centimeters wide, and 3 centimeters thick. 50 6 12 24

12

Describe the composition of glomerular filtrate. Identical to urine Like plasma, but lacking larger protein molecules Like blood, but lacking larger protein molecules Identical to plasma

Like plasma, but lacking larger protein molecules -- there are no RBC, leukocytes or platelets, so it's not like blood

What is the renal capsule? the inner lining of the renal pelvis and calyces a fibrous membrane around the kidney the parietal peritoneum in the abdominal cavity the thin capsule that surrounds the glomerulus

a fibrous membrane around the kidney -- glomerular capsule is the thin capsule that surrounds the glomerulus

When systemic blood pressure decreases, the result is that the __________ arterioles change diameter by undergoing __________. efferent; vasoconstriction afferent; vasoconstriction afferent; vasodilation efferent; vasodilation

afferent; vasodilation

Before urine is excreted, ______ of the sodium ions and water are reabsorbed. almost all very small amounts about half

almost all

Tubular fluid leaves the nephron and flows into the ____________ . If the body needs to conserve water, the blood levels of the hormone ADH will ____________ causing more water to be reabsorbed. The remaining filtrate is now called ____________ .

collecting duct; increase; urine

The layer of the kidney tissue found just deep to the renal capsule, distinct from the innermost layer of the kidney, is the renal ______. medulla stroma cortex sinus

cortex -- The medulla is the innermost layer of the kidney.

The major regions of the kidney are the outer region called the ______ and the inner region called the ______. medulla; cortex renal sinus; renal pelvis cortex; medulla renal pelvis; renal sinus

cortex; medulla

renal column

cortical tissue within the medulla between pyramids where blood vessels pass to access the cortex

If both the glomerular and capsular hydrostatic pressures remain unchanged, an increase in the blood colloid osmotic pressure results in a(n) __________ in the net filtration pressure. decrease increase

decrease -- HPg - (OPg + HPc) = NFP 60 - (32 + 18) = 10 normally increasing OPg or HPc would = decrease in NFP increasing HPg would = increase in NFP

Blood that passes through the glomerulus, and is not filtered, will enter the ______________ arteriole.

efferent

From the glomerular capillaries, blood flows into which blood vessel? afferent arteriole cortical radiate veins efferent arteriole arcuate vein

efferent arteriole -- Afferent arterioles bring blood toward the capillaries, and efferent arterioles take blood away.

What is the effect of hydrostatic pressure of blood on filtration? opposes filtration favors filtration has no effect on fluid movement

favors filtration

renal capsule

fibrous connective tissue covering the external surface of the kidney

During the first step of urine formation, the material that enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular ______. residue filtrate secretion extract

filtrate

The fluid called glomerular ______ is produced by the process of glomerular filtration. fluid urine filtrate

filtrate

The rate of 120-125 milliliters per minute of fluid entering the nephrons of both kidneys is called the ______ rate. reabsorption minute urine volume glomerular filtration excretion

glomerular filtration

Indicate the relative strength (highest to lowest, regardless of direction) for each of the pressures that contribute to the net filtration rate. Assume normal conditions. blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) - 60mmHg blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) -- 32mmHg capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) - 18mmHg

In glomerular filtration, substances move from the __________ into the __________. glomerulus; nephron nephron; glomerulus peritubular capillaries; nephron nephron; peritubular capillaries

glomerulus; nephron

In glomerular filtration, substances move from the ______ into the ______. glomerulus; nephron nephron; glomerulus peritubular capillaries; nephron nephron; peritubular capillaries

glomerulus; nephron -- Substrates moving from nephron to glomerulus would be reabsorbed. Substances moving from peritubular capillaries into the nephron move by the process of secretion.

Like filtration in the systemic capillaries, the main force that moves substances through the glomerular capillary wall is the ______ pressure of the ______ inside. hydrostatic; oxygen colloid osmotic; blood hydrostatic; blood osmotic; salts

hydrostatic; blood -- Colloid osmotic pressure, due to the protein content of the blood, opposes filtration.

An increase in the net filtration pressure (NFP) would result in a(n) __________ in the GFR. increase decrease

increase (positive correlation)

Which structure secretes renin? collecting duct peritubular capillary juxtaglomerular apparatus glomerulus

juxtaglomerular apparatus

The renal artery brings blood to which structure? kidney spleen liver bladder

kidney

Regulating the volume and composition of body fluids is the primary function of the ______. blood bladder liver kidneys

kidneys

Because of tubular secretion, there can be ______ of a substance in the urine than was filtered from the blood. less more

more

Filtration is a(n) __________ process that depends on a __________ gradient. passive; concentration passive; pressure active; pressure active; concentration

passive; pressure

With the cortical nephrons, blood passes from the efferent arterioles directly into the ___________ capillaries.

peritubular -- blood NOT filtered out of the glomerulus goes from the efferent to peritubular to venous system

Name the capillaries that surround the renal tubules within the renal cortex. vasa recta glomerular capillaries peritubular capillaries

peritubular capillaries Vasa recta are in the medulla; peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.

Most of tubular reabsorption occurs in which segment of the renal tubule? nephron loop proximal tubule distal tubule

proximal tubule -- The proximal tubule reabsorbs the majority (65%) of tubular fluid. The other segments reabsorb less.

Identify the three main parts of a renal tubule. proximal tubule ureter nephron loop collecting duct distal tubule

proximal tubule nephron loop distal tubule -- collecting duct is not part of the nephron

From the glomerular capsule, the order for the tubules of the nephron is ______. proximal tubule, distal tubule, nephron loop proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule distal tubule, nephron loop, proximal tubule nephron loop, distal tubule, proximal tubule

proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule

Renal columns are made of cortical tissue and are located between the renal ___________.

pyramids or pyramid

Movement of materials from the renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries is called tubular _______________.

reabsorption

The process that returns substances to the internal environment, back into the extracellular fluid, is called tubular ________________.

reabsorption

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the kidney is called the _______________ artery.

renal

What is the thin fibrous sac that encloses the kidney called? renal calyx renal capsule renal cortex renal medulla

renal capsule

The two major components of a nephron are the ______. renal corpuscle and renal tubule renal corpuscle and glomerulus renal pyramid and renal tubule renal column and glomerulus

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

A role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is to secrete an enzyme called

renin

The kidneys help to regulate blood pressure by secreting an enzyme called ______________.

renin

Renin is released in response to __________ stimulation. sympathetic parasympathetic somatic

sympathetic -- JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus) granular cells release renin. Renin then stimulates angiotensin II which contracts the intraglomerular mesangial cells to decrease the size of the glomerulus. This decreases the overall surface area for filtration.

What is a glomerular capsule? a tangled cluster of blood capillaries thin-walled, sac-like structure that surrounds a capillary network the functional unit of the kidney that performs the functions of the kidney long tube that filtrate flows through in the nephron

thin-walled, sac-like structure that surrounds a capillary network

ureter

tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

The proximal tubule is the primary location for which process? glomerular filtration tubular secretion tubular reabsorption

tubular reabsorption

As the fluid flows through the renal tubules, useful substances are removed and sent back to the blood. This is called ____________ , and largely takes place in the ____________ . Unwanted substances are moved from the blood of ____________ into the renal tubule in a process called ____________ .

tubular reabsorption; proximal tubules; peritubular capillaries; tubular secretion

Hydrogen ions move from the plasma of the peritubular capillary into the fluid of the renal tubule by the process of ______. tubular secretion tubular reabsorption glomerular filtration

tubular secretion

Select all that apply. Contributing to homeostasis, the kidney functions to maintain which of the following within normal ranges? volume of body fluids. body temperature. pH of body fluids. composition of body fluids. oxygen perfusion of tissues. metabolic rate.

volume of body fluids pH of body fluids composition of body fluids

minor calyx

cup that nestles the papilla of each pyramid; collects its urine

The process by which the glomerular capillaries filter plasma is __________ ___________ called .

Blank 1: glomerular Blank 2: filtration

Urine passes from the collecting ducts into the ______________ calyces, then into the ________________ calyces before reaching the renal pelvis.

Blank 1: minor Blank 2: major

Which of the following forces oppose glomerular filtration? Net filtration pressure (NFP). Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) and capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc). Blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) and glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg). Capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) and blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg).

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) and blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) HPg - (OPg + HPc) = NFP 60 - (32 + 18) = 10 normally

During glomerular filtration, the force that pulls water to stay in the capillaries is called ___________________ and it is due to water's need to surround and stick to the RBC's, WBC's platelets, and large proteins that are too large to be filtered out of the filtration slits. Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure Net Filtration Pressure Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

major calyx

The cavity formed by the convergence of several minor calyces, which drain urine from the minor calyxes into the renal pelvis

The extensions of the renal cortex tissue into the renal medulla (between renal pyramids) are called renal ______. calyces columns papillae sinuses

columns

Which region of the kidney lies just below the renal capsule? renal cortex renal medulla renal hilum renal sinus

renal cortex

The second step of urine production is called __________. tubular transportation tubular secretion tubular reabsorption glomerular filtration

tubular reabsorption

Each kidney filters approximately__________ of blood per minute.

1 liter

When water volume in the blood decreases and the osmolarity increases, the hormone ____________ is released, causing the kidneys to retain water.

ADH

Diuretics are commonly used in states of hypertension & edema (ex: Heart Failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, pulmonary edema). Lasix is a common Loop Diuretic (named because it lasts six hours.) Lasix inhibits the symport system (Na+/K+/2Cl−); this action will block the reabsorption of sodium in the ascending limb of the nephron loop. What would be the result of giving lasix? Decreased urine volume. Increased urine output. Decreased concentration of the filtrate. Decreased aldosterone production.

Increased urine output

When sodium levels of the blood decrease, the hormone ____________ is released. It causes an increase in sodium reabsorption by the distal tubule and collecting duct.

aldosterone

what are prerenal acute renal failure causes?

anything that compromises blood flow to the kidneys. ex: hemorrhage, hypotension.

When blood pH decreases, the secretion of ____________ by the renal tubules increases, producing more acidic urine.

hydrogen ions

All of the following are considered abnormal findings in a dipstick urinalysis except __________________ proteins. red blood cells. urea. glucose.

urea

The amount of fluid per minute entering the nephrons of both kidneys is the _____________ __________________ rate (GFR).

Blank 1: glomerular Blank 2: filtration

The afferent arteriole leading into the renal corpuscle is much wider than the efferent arteriole coming out of it. Consider a garden hose, when you put your thumb over the nozzle, the water sprays out with more force because your thumb is causing a build up of water pressure (aka: hydrostatic pressure) behind your thumb (inside of the garden hose). Because the efferent arteriole is so much smaller that the afferent arteriole, water pressure (aka: hydrostatic pressure) is greatest in the ________________________. Glomerular capillaries Efferent arteriole Afferent arteriole Capsular space

Glomerular capillaries

What causes a greater amount of filtration to occur at glomeruli than at other capillary beds of the body? Glomeruli have a higher hydrostatic pressure. Other capillary beds have a higher hydrostatic pressure. Glomeruli have a higher colloid osmotic pressure. Other capillary beds have a higher colloid osmotic pressure.

Glomeruli have a higher hydrostatic pressure.

Water reabsorption from the proximal tubule is closely linked to the active reabsorption of what substance? Potassium ions Sodium ions Glucose molecules Hydrogen ions

Sodium ions -- water follows Na+

what is acute renal failure?

Sudden loss of kidney function to excrete toxins and regulate fluids/electrolytes (to remove waste and concentrate urine).

The thick segment of the nephron loop is ______ to water. impermeable permeable

impermeable

renal papilla

narrow, innermost end of a pyramid (the tip)

Under normal conditions the majority of uric acid reabsorption occurs at the __________. distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop collecting tubule and collecting duct

proximal convoluted tubule

ADH will stimulate the kidneys to ____________ water.

reabsorb

Almost all of the sodium ions found in the glomerular filtrate are ________________ before urine is excreted.

reabsorbed

Located within the cortex and medulla of the kidney are approximately ____________ microscopic nephrons in each kidney.

1 million

Which of the following substances utilizes paracellular transport in order to cross the basolateral membrane of the tubule cell during the process of reabsorption? Glucose Sodium Potassium Water

Potassium -- between the cells. Na+, H2O, and glucose use transcellular transport

Select all that apply. The countercurrent multiplier allows for a hypertonic interstitial fluid which leads to water reabsorption. Which two factors does this process depend on? active reabsorption of sodium in the thick ascending limb. active reabsorption of sodium in the thin descending limb. countercurrent flow in the nephron loop. countercurrent flow in the distal tubule.

active reabsorption of sodium in the thick ascending limb. countercurrent flow in the nephron loop. -- the descending limb is permeable to water, not to sodium.

Glucose that is reabsorbed into tubular cells travels __________ its concentration gradient through sodium-glucose symport channels at the luminal membrane. Glucose in tubular cells exits the basolateral membrane into interstitial fluid through the process of __________. against; active transport down; facilitated diffusion against; facilitated diffusion down; active transport

against; facilitated diffusion

Aldosterone enhances the reabsorption of sodium through the upregulation of the sodium-potassium pump found at the __________. luminal membrane basolateral membrane

basolateral membrane

The kidney is shaped like a(n) ______. elongated tubule multilobed structure bean perfect sphere

bean

peritubular capillaries

capillaries around renal tubules

The nephrons classified as ______ nephrons are located close to the kidney surface and have relatively short nephron loops. juxtamedullary cortical

cortical -- juxtamedullary nephrons have loops that extend well into the medulla. The corpuscle is near the junction of the cortex and medulla.

True or false: A very small percentage (<10%) of the original glomerular filtrate will be reabsorbed as the fluid flows through the nephrons and collecting ducts.

false. Most of the glomerular filtrate will be reabsorbed as it flows through the nephrons and collecting ducts. 180 liters are filtered per day, but only 0.6-2.5 liters of urine are excreted.

True or false: All segments of the renal tubule reabsorb the same substances.

false. Recall that segments of the renal tubule are adapted to reabsorb specific substances. For an example, not all segments can reabsorb water.

The ______ segment of the nephron loop is impermeable to water, and is permeable to NaCl. thin thick

thick

Water is able to leave the tubular fluid of the ______________ segment of the nephron loop, following its osmotic gradient.

thin or descending

renal pyramid

triangular-shaped division of the medulla of the kidney

True or false: Urine exits the body via the external urethral orifice.

true

Urethra

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

Which three processes are involved in the formation of urine? glomerular secretion urine reabsorption tubular reabsorption tubular secretion glomerular filtration

tubular reabsorption tubular secretion glomerular filtration

The most abundant component of urine is

water

If the following hypothetical conditions exist in the nephron, calculate the net filtration pressure. Glomerular capillary pressure = 80 mmHg Blood colloid osmotic pressure = 20 mmHg Capsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mmHg 110 mmHg 90 mmHg 50 mmHg 30 mmHg

50 mmHg 80 - (20 + 10) = 50

Name the blood vessel that delivers blood to each glomerulus. Cortical radiate artery Peritubular capillary Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole

Afferent arteriole

Hydrostatic Pressure in the capillaries is the same thing as Blood Pressure. is the pressure of a liquid pushing on the walls that is containing it. is the same thing as water pressure. will cause a liquid to move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys? Blood sugar regulation Stimulation of red blood cell production Regulation of blood pressure Filtering wastes and electrolytes from blood plasma

Blood sugar regulation

The kidneys are a physiology buffer system used by the body to maintain a neutral pH in blood plasma. Physiological buffers are important because they can actually removed acids (or bases) from the body permanently. The kidneys utilize the enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase to convert Carbon Dioxide and Water into Bicarbonate Ions and _________ Ions which can be secreted into the filtrate. Sodium Potassium Hydrogen Helium

Hydrogen

The presence of leukocytes in urine indicated which of the following? Diabetes Kidney damage Dehydration Urinary tract infection

Urinary tract infection

The hollow muscular organ is located in the pelvic cavity posterior to the symphysis pubis that is part of the urinary system is the urinary

bladder

glomerulus

capillary bed where filtration occurs. A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney.

The ________________ in osmolarity of the filtrate as it moves up the ascending limb is due to solutes moving out of the tubule.

decrease

Which limb of the nephron loop is permeable to water but not solutes? ascending limb descending limb

descending limb

The proximal tubule reabsorbs ______ as the distal tubule. the exact same substances different substances

different substances

Aldosterone acts on the __________. medullary portion of the collecting duct proximal tubule glomerulus descending limb of the nephron loop distal tubule

distal tubule --- when Na+ decreases. Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption to indirectly increase H2O reabsorption.

Overall, the kidneys are able to handle each component independently. Those that are too abundant in the blood are ____________ and those whose levels are dropping are ____________ .

excreted; reabsorbed

Select all that apply. Which functions does the urinary system regulate? carbohydrate digestion excretion of drugs pH balance removal of metabolic wastes volume of body fluids white blood cell production

excretion of drugs pH balance removal of metabolic wastes volume of body fluids

Name the opening through which urine exits the body. internal urethral sphincter external urethral orifice external urethral sphincter

external urethral orifice -- internal urethral sphincter: the muscular band surrounding the entry into the urethra from the bladder. external urethral sphincter: muscular band surrounding the distal end of the urethra. Meatus or orifice means opening.

Urine formation begins with the process of ____________ , in which substances are forced out of capillaries called a(n) ____________ and into the nephron at the ____________ . This fluid, called filtrate, has the same composition as blood plasma, except for larger molecules, such as ____________ , which cannot fit through the glomerular pores.

filtration; glomerulus; glomerular capsule; proteins

The amount of urine produced will vary based on ____________ ___________, ___________ ___________, and _____________ amongst other factors.

fluid intake, blood pressure, and temperature

renal pelvis

funnel-shaped reservoir that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter

Name the double-walled structure within a nephron that is positioned around the glomerulus and receives glomerular filtrate. renal corpuscle renal capsule major calyx glomerular capsule

glomerular capsule -- A renal capsule surrounds the entire kidney. A renal corpuscle is comprised of glomerular capillaries and the glomerular capsule.

The first step of urine production is called _________. tubular transportation tubular secretion tubular reabsorption glomerular filtration

glomerular filtration

Blood is filtered from the _____________, a capillary bed, into the glomerular capsule through _______________ _______________.

glomerulus; hydrostatic pressure

Because the afferent arterioles are larger in diameter than the efferent arterioles, blood pressure in the glomerulus is ______ than in other capillaries, which ______ filtration. higher; opposes lower; opposes lower; favors higher; favors

higher; favors

Recall the definition of ____________ : the maintenance of a stable internal environment. Kidney function is important in maintaining the internal environment.

homeostasis

In order to help maintain blood pH, ______ ions are secreted along the entire length of the nephron. hydrogen potassium chloride sodium

hydrogen

In order to help maintain blood pH, ______ ions are secreted along the entire length of the nephron. hydrogen sodium potassium chloride

hydrogen -- sodium is not!

The filtrate is ___________ at the tip of the nephron loop and ___________ at the end of the ascending limb.

hypertonic; hypotonic

Treatment with Probenecid® results in __________ levels of uric acid in the urine and __________ levels of uric acid in the blood. decreased; decreased increased; decreased increased; increased decreased; increased

increased; decreased

As fluid flows down the water-permeable descending limb of the nephron loop, the osmolarity of the tubular fluid is ______. decreasing increasing

increasing

Name the subset of nephrons that has nephron loops extending deep into the renal medulla and renal corpuscles located near the renal medulla. cortical nephrons glomerular nephrons juxtamedullary nephrons

juxtamedullary nephrons

Each ureter carries urine from a(n) ______ to the ______. urinary bladder; outside of the body nephron; renal pelvis kidney; urinary bladder minor calyx; renal pelvis

kidney; urinary bladder

The diameters of afferent arterioles are ______ than those of the efferent arterioles. This difference causes blood to back up into the glomerulus, changing blood pressure which ______ filtration. smaller; favors larger; opposes smaller; opposes larger; favors

larger; favors

If ADH levels are ______, less water will be reabsorbed and the volume of urine will ______. low; increase high; decrease high; increase low; decrease

low; increase

The majority of sodium reabsorption occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule. During this process sodium enters the tubule cells at the __________ and exits the tubule cells at the __________. luminal membrane by facilitated diffusion; basolateral membrane through the sodium-potassium pump. luminal membrane through the sodium-potassium pump; basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion. basolateral membrane through the sodium-potassium pump; luminal membrane by facilitated diffusion. basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion; luminal membrane through the sodium-potassium pump.

luminal membrane by facilitated diffusion; basolateral membrane through the sodium-potassium pump

Urine flows from the ______ into the renal pelvis, and from there into the ureter. minor calyces major calyces

major calyces --- The minor calyces collect urine from the renal pyramids. Urine then drains from minor into major calyces.

In the ______, the ______ carries both urine and reproductive secretions. male; ureter female; ureter male; urethra female; urethra

male; urethra

The urethra of ______ carries both urine and reproductive secretions. females males

males

The concentration gradient found in the renal tubules is also found in the interstitial fluid of the renal _____________.

medulla

The major regions of the kidney are the renal _____________ and the renal _________________.

medulla; cortex

If ADH levels are high, ______ water will be reabsorbed and ______ water will be excreted in the urine. less; more more; less less; less more; more

more; less

As tubular fluid flows through the renal tubules, ______ of the fluid is reabsorbed. some most very little

most

The ____________ is the functional unit of the kidney and forms urine.

nephron

The ___________ __________ acts as the countercurrent multiplier.

nephron loop

Which segment of the renal tubule acts as a countercurrent multiplier? proximal tubule distal tubule collecting duct nephron loop

nephron loop

intrarenal acute renal failure occurs when there is damage to _________?

nephrons. toxins and lack of O2 to kidney tissues can damage nephrons.

Antidiuretic hormone provides a means of controlling water ____________ .

output

What is the destination of urine passing through the urethra? major calyx urinary bladder outside of the body renal pelvis

outside of the body

Secretion occurs when substances pass from the __________. afferent arteriole and enter the glomerular capsule. renal tubules to the efferent arteriole. peritubular capillaries to the renal tubules. glomerulus and enter the glomerular capsule. filtrate passes from the renal tubules to the peritubular capillaries.

peritubular capillaries to the renal tubules

The increased osmolarity of the blood stimulates the hypothalamus to stimulate the ____________ pituitary to release ADH.

posterior

The process that returns substances to the internal environment, back into the extracellular fluid, is called tubular ___________________.

reabsorption read carefully. Back into the internal environment would be back to capillaries -- tubules lead to secretion.

Antidiuretic hormone enhances water __________ by __________ the number of aquaporins at the tubular cell membrane. reabsorption; increasing reabsorption; decreasing secretion; decreasing secretion; increasing

reabsorption; increasing

collecting duct

receives urine from many nephrons. The portion of the nephron where water reabsorption is regulated via antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Several nephrons empty into each collecting duct, and this is the final region through which urine must pass on its way to the ureter.

What is the primary function of the kidneys? regulate composition and volume of extracellular fluid eliminate proteins control the functioning of the liver, pancreas, and spleen produce red bloods cells

regulate composition and volume of extracellular fluid

The enzyme renin is secreted by the kidneys. What is its function? regulation of urinary excretion of calcium regulation of vitamin D production regulation of red blood cell production regulation of blood pressure

regulation of blood pressure -- Calcium excretion is not regulated. Renin is an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which then gets converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor, which affects blood pressure.

The countercurrent segments of the nephrons are located in which layer of kidney tissue? renal cortex renal medulla

renal medulla

Which are the two major components of a nephron? renal column renal tubule renal pyramid renal corpuscle collecting duct

renal tubule renal corpuscle Collecting ducts receive urine from several nephrons; they are not parts of a nephron.

Each nephron consists of a __________. renal tubule only renal ureter only renal corpuscle only renal tubule and a renal corpuscle

renal tubule and a renal corpuscle

In order to help maintain blood pH, hydrogen ions are ______ along the entire length of the nephron. reabsorbed secreted

secreted

Kidneys serve an important role in regulating blood pH by __________. secreting H+ ions into the renal tubules. controlling the amount of H+ filtered out of the glomeruli. reabsorbing buffers into the renal tubules. secreting H+ ions into the peritubular capillaries. absorbing H+ ions from the filtrate.

secreting H+ ions into the renal tubules.

Because of tubular ______, more of a substance may be in the urine than was filtered from the blood. reabsorption secretion filtration excretion

secretion

In addition to enhancing the reabsorption of sodium, aldosterone also enhances the __________ of potassium. reabsorption secretion

secretion

Movement of certain substances from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules is called tubular _________________.

secretion

During dehydration, blood volume falls, and ____________ concentration rises.

sodium

Indicate three characteristics that correctly describe the composition of normal urine. some electrolytes present hemoglobin present glucose present urea and uric acid present 95% water

some electrolytes present urea and uric acid present 95% water

Reabsorption occurs when __________. substances pass from the renal tubules to the peritubular capillaries. substances pass from the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubules. substances leave the glomerulus and enter the glomerular capsule. substances pass from the renal tubules to the efferent arteriole. substances leave the afferent arteriole and enter the glomerular capsule.

substances pass from the renal tubules to the peritubular capillaries

chronic renal failure is the loss of ___________ ______________ over a period of ______________.

the kidney function; years -- nephron fx lost as result of systemic diseases like hypertension and diabetes mellitus or kidney diseases like chronic club glomerulnephritis

The third step of urine production is called _________. tubular transportation tubular secretion tubular reabsorption glomerular filtration

tubular secretion

Urine is formed through which three processes? tubular secretion renal excretion glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption glomerular secretion

tubular secretion glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption

Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that __________. tubular secretion occurs only in the distal convoluted tubule while tubular reabsorption only occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule. tubular secretion is a passive process while tubular reabsorption occurs by active transport. tubular reabsorption increases urine volume while tubular secretion decreases urine volume. tubular secretion adds materials to the tubular filtrate while tubular reabsorption removes materials from the tubular filtrate.

tubular secretion adds materials to the tubular filtrate while tubular reabsorption removes materials from the tubular filtrate

Select all that apply. Which statements correctly identify the numbers of organs in the urinary system? one ureter two kidneys one urinary bladder two urethras

two kidneys one urinary bladder -- one urethra two ureters, one from each kidney.

The kidneys function to remove waste molecules from the blood. These include urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Urea is a byproduct of the metabolism of _______________. Uric acid is a byproduct of the metabolism of _____________. Creatinine is a byproduct of the metabolism of _______________. carbohydrates creatine amino acids nucleic acids

urea: amino acids uric acid: nucleic acids creatinine: creatine

As urine leaves the kidney, which structure will it enter first? ureter bladder urethra

ureter

The tube conveying urine from one of the kidneys to the urinary bladder is a(n)

ureter

The tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body is the

urethra

List the four organs making up the urinary system. rectum ileum urethra ureters kidneys urinary bladder

urethra ureters kidneys urinary bladder

What is the hollow muscular organ that lies just posterior to the symphysis pubis? glomerular capsule ureter nephron urinary bladder

urinary bladder

postrenal acute renal failure is associated with ___________ ________________ _____________.

urinary tract obstructions. ex: kidney stones

What are some effects of angiotensin II? vasoconstriction decreased aldosterone secretion decreased ADH secretion vasodilation increased aldosterone secretion increased ADH secretion

vasoconstriction increased aldosterone secretion increased ADH secretion

The increase in osmolarity as filtrate moves down the descending limb is due to ______________ moving out of the tubule.

water

Urine is primarily composed of _______________

water (95%) other 5% is solutes

The descending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to _________ which will ________ the renal tubule. The ascending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to _________ which will _______ the renal tubule. salts water enter leave

water; leave salts; leave