C910 Elementary Reading

Activities that help promote print awareness in children include:

- labeling objects in a classroom - reading aloud to students - pointing out punctuation marks at the end of sentences

Independent reading is important because it...

-accounts for much of children's annual vocabulary growth. -provides practice in decoding strategies. -develops automaticity.

Which of the following is an approach used for phonics instruction?

-children learning the letters or letter combinations that represent sounds -children using word parts or families to identify unknown words -children learning to segment words into sounds and writing letters for these sounds

Effective phonics instruction may improve:

-fluency -word recognition -spelling

The best way to teach letter-sound relationships is to:

-use an "I do", "We do", "You do" teaching method -provide ample practice to all students -continue to practice one set of skills until all students achieve mastery

Emergent Stage

A kindergarten student is looking at a picture book and practicing moving their finger left to right on the page. She can identify some of the letters and sounds in the words, but is not yet able to decode them. She enjoys using the pictures to help her understand the story. At what stage of reading development is this student?

Anticipation Guide

A pre-reading activity in which students respond to a series of statements about a topic about which they will soon read. It builds curiosity about a topic and helps to establish a purpose for reading

DIBELS Assessment

A set of procedures and measures for assessing the acquisition of early literacy skills. They are designed to be short (one minute) fluency measures used to regularly monitor the development of early literacy and early reading skills.

Reciprocal Teaching

A strategy in which students take on an instructional role in a small group where they take on role such as questioning, clarifying, predicting, or summarizing

Which definition most accurately describes the gradual release of responsibility?

A teaching approach which incorporates scaffolding so that responsibility for the content is gradually shifted from teacher to student.

Prewriting Stage

A third grade teacher introduces an activity where the students will be writing a narrative text about a personal experience where they helped someone. She puts the students in groups of four and asks them to brainstorm ideas for their writing with their peers. This activity demonstrates what stage of the writing process?

Graphic Organizer

A tool that allows a reader to focus on the relationship between concepts in a text.

Children who have not developed phonemic awareness are...

in need of activities such as rhyming and segmenting sounds.

Teaching students to use the dictionary is...

instruction from which many students can profit.

Fluency includes prosody, which is..

intonation, stress, and phrasing

Wide reading...

is among the best predictors of vocabulary size.

Research supports that teaching phonics ..

is beneficial when taught explicitly and systematically.

Providing time to read within the school day...

is most effective when paired with instruction and accountability

Phonics instruction

is one component of a reading program

Phonics instruction is most effective when it begins in:

kindergarten or first grade

Phonemic awareness refers to...

knowledge that spoken words are composed of somewhat separable sounds.

Explain the Balanced Literacy Framework

read aloud, guided reading, shared reading, independent reading, and word study.

Print awareness is:

recognizing written language and understanding how it's used

Phonics instruction teaches:

the relationship between letters and sounds in written form

What is schema?

the way knowledge is represented, how we use it and how it expands in our minds.

Phonemic awareness is necessary for....

Reading

Discuss the stages of writing development

Scribbling/drawing, letter-like forms & shapes, letters, letters & spaces, conventional writing & spelling.

Which of these marks good fluency instruction

Students do a lot of reading in non-taxing situations.

What is Tier 2 Instruction? What type of student grouping?

TARGETED - Students not making adequate progress in the regular classroom in Tier 1 are provided with increasingly intensive instruction matched to their needs on the basis of levels of performance and rates of progress.

A 4th grade teacher is working on developing the metacognitive skills of his students in order to develop stronger reading comprehension skills. In order to do this, he does which of the following?

Teaches students multiple strategies that they can use to comprehend text such as rereading, note-taking during reading, asking before, during, and after reading questions, and creating graphic organizers related to their text

Explain how oral language and support vocabulary development.

The more you read to children the larger vocabulary they will develop. Hearing a word repeated, spoken by important people, and in a meaningful context will help them learn new words.

Why is it important to include a variety of levels and student-created print materials in a balanced literacy environment?

To build the basic skills necessary for literacy development by demonstrating to students with disabilities the function and utility of language in an intentional, purposeful, and intensive way.

Why is a morning message helpful for emergent readers?

To read and address different teaching points through a daily message

What is Tier 1 Instruction? What type of student grouping?

UNIVERSAL - all students receive high-quality, scientifically based instruction provided by qualified personnel to ensure that their difficulties are not due to inadequate instruction

A teacher who is demonstrating cognitive modeling does which of the following?

Uses a "think-aloud" approach to model their mental processes as he or she performs a task that the students will need to perform.

What is the relationship between oral language and vocabulary development?

When children are regularly exposed to oral language through family conversations, singing songs, clarifying questions, and read-alouds, they gain a broader vocabulary knowledge through these experiences.

Students add to their reading, writing, speaking and listening vocabularies most effectively by...

a combination of independent word learning and direct teaching of individual words.

What is RTI?

a multi-tier approach to the early identification and support of students with learning and behavior needs

Teacher sharing time, mini-lessons, self-selected reading and response, and students sharing time are four main components of...

a reading workshop.

Phonics instruction has an impact on a child's:

both reading and writing ability

Full alphabetic:

decode many words letter-by-letter. Likely use initial and final letters as decoding cues. Recognize many words by sight, produce fewer miscues when decoding aloud

Automatic:

decodes fluently

Effective student use of comprehension strategies leads to...

deeper understanding of the text being read.

The 3rd grade teacher has completed a lesson on describing a character's traits. The assessment requires students to choose a character from a book they are reading and identify three traits and give evidence from the text which supports the text. the teacher will review the results and plan the next lessons. The assessment is...

formative.

Consolidated alphabetic:

groups common patterns of letters and sounds as units. This allows her to decode multi-syllable, novel, and nonsense words by analogy

Explain the Constructivist Theory

when people construct their own/different understanding of the world through their own personal experiences.

What is Oral Language Development

the ability to understand spoken language and use it to convey a message.

What is Reader Response Theory?

the meaning one gains from text and the result of a transaction between the reader and the text & that readers will have a range of responses to literary works.

Explain the Gradual Release of Responsibility.

An entire instructional cycle during which students learn new skills and knowledge and gradually assume increased responsibility for this learning.

Which of the following activities are examples of effective word-study instruction?

Blending words, making words, sorting words by spelling patterns

Explain the Alphabetic Phase

Categories used to clarify the text-based elements of the complex, interactive relationships among the many influences on reading skills

The ultimate goal of word study instruction is...

Comprehension

Think-Pair-Share

Comprehension strategy in which students collaborate with a partner to discuss a topic, answer a question, or share ideas.

What reading skills are taught within the Balanced Literacy Framework?

Concepts of Print, Phonological/Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Fluency, Vocabulary, and Comprehension.

Discuss the stages of reading development

Emergent readers develop an understanding of the alphabet, phonological awareness, and early phonics. Early fluent readers are more automatic, with more energy devoted to comprehension than word attack. Fluent readers move from "learning to read" to "reading to learn." Reading is done with expression and proper pauses.

In a 6th grade classroom, the teacher incorporates a cognitive-constructivist approach to reading. His students are reading a novel and working on using inferencing skills to create a stronger connection to the text. How would this teacher most likely encourage his students to engage with the text?

Encouraging students to find meaning in the text by using their own background experiences to understand and infer information about events and relationships in the story.

In a 2nd grade classroom, the teacher is working with a small group focused on automaticity and fluency in reading. What type of texts are the teacher most likely to choose for this group?

Frequently read text and/or text that is at or slightly below their reading level

In a 3rd grade classroom, the teacher is providing reading comprehension instruction that aligns with sociocultural theory by doing which of the following?

Having her students work in groups of four to discuss their perspectives on the characters, relationships, and events in a story and work together to determine the overall theme of the book based on those details.

What is Tier 3 Instruction? What type of student grouping?

INTENSIVE - At this level, students receive individualized, intensive interventions that target the students' skill deficits.

Book Talk

Includes an oral reading of a passage from the book. Is commonly used to motivate students. Includes a brief description of the characters and setting. Does not necessarily focus on the plot, action, and climax of the book.

Explain various strategies for vocabulary development.

Integration—connecting new vocabulary to prior knowledge Repetition—encountering/using the word/concept many times Meaningful use—multiple opportunities to use new words in reading, writing and soon discussion

Explain the Sociocultural Theory

active, social and subjective and individual mental functioning is related to cultural, institutional and historical context

A metacognitive reader is one who...

actively monitors her reading.

Phonics instruction is effective for which of the following groups of children?

all beginning readers

What is the definition of phonemic awareness?

an oral language ability that students demonstrate when they can play with the sounds in words. For example, they can change a sound in word to make a new word, blend sounds together to make a word, or break words into individual sounds. It helps students read by sounding out and blending letter sounds together, and to spell by breaking apart the sounds in a word.

All of the following are comprehension strategies used by mature readers except...

answering teacher-generated questions after reading.

During reading workshop students

apply a reading skill or strategy to a self-selected text.

When planning a year-long strategy instruction curriculum...

choose a few key strategies to teach in-depth.

What is the cognitive-constructivist view of reading?

emphasizes that reading is a process in which the reader actively searches for meaning in what she reads.

Pre-alphabetic:

identifies few letter names or distinguishes few phonemes in words or recognizes few written words, each primarily in a limited context (less than 1st grade)

Partial alphabetic:

identify the names and major sounds of most consonants. Likely to use some of these letter-sound associations as decoding and spelling cues.

Teaching students that the letters ph represent the /f/ sound is an example of what type of instruction?

phonics

Repeated oral readings are most effective when texts are:

slightly challenging