Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and DNA

Why do fats separate from water?

Because the hydrogen bonds exclude fats

What are Polysaccharides?

Carbohydrate macromolecules made of many sugar monomers

What is Anti-parallel?

When two backbones run in opposite 5'-->3' directions (Antiparallel)

Which are the storage polysaccharides?

1. Starch 2. Glycogen

Proteins: Functions

1. Structural support 2. Transport 3. Cellular communications 4. Movement 5. Defense against foreign substances

What are fats made up of?

Glycerol and fatty acids

Enzymatic Proteins: Functions/Examples

- Accelerate chemical reactions - Digestive enzymes

Lactose: Function/Type/Plant or Animal?

- Animal - Disaccharide - Makes up some solutes in milk

Glucose: Function/Type/Plant or Animal?

- Animal - Monosaccharide - Chemical fuel, respiration

Glycogen: Function/Type/Plant or Animal?

- Animal - Polysaccharide - Stores glucose in liver and muscles

Hormonal Proteins: Functions/Examples

- Coordination of an organism's activity - Insulin

Adipose Tissue: Function

- Cushions vital organs and insulates the body

Lipids: Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic?/What is it made up of?

- Hydrophobic - Mostly made up of hydrocarbons w/ non-polar covalent bonds

Monosaccharides: Function

- Major fuel for cells - Raw material for building molecules

Contractive+Motor Proteins: Functions/Examples

- Movement - Actin and myosin in muscles, proteins in cilia and flagella

Sucrose: Function/Type/Plant or Animal?

- Plant - Disaccharide - Transported from leaves to other parts via vascular tissue

Fructose: Function/Type/Plant or Animal?

- Plant - Monosaccharide - Makes fruits sweet

Cellulose: Function/Type/Plant or Animal?

- Plant - Polysaccharide - Structural support of plant cell walls

Defensive Proteins: Functions/Examples

- Protection against disease - Antibodies combat bacteria and viruses

Receptor Proteins: Functions/Examples

- Response of cell to chemical stimuli - Receptors in nerve cell membranes

Storage Proteins: Functions/Examples

- Store amino acids - Ovalbomin in egg-whites, protein of milk, storage protein in plant seeds

Structural Proteins: Functions/Examples

- Support - Silk fibers, collagen, keratin

Transport Proteins: Functions/Examples

- Transport other substances - Hemoglobin, transport proteins

Cellulose: Functions/What is it made of?

-It is a polymer of glucose - Makes the tough wall of plant cells

Starch: Where is found/What is it made of?

-Made of glucose monomers - Plants store extra starch as granules inside chloroplasts and other plastids

Examples of Polysaccharides

1. Starch 2. Cellulose 3. Glycogen

What are the molecules that all living things are made up of?

1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

Examples of Polymers

1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Nucleic Acids

What are the structural polysaccharides?

1. Cellulose

What are the typical types of coils and folds?

1. Coil, or α helix 2. Fold, called β pleated sheets

Name the Pyrimidines and how many rings they have.

1. Cytosine (C) 2. Thymine (T, in DNA) 3. Uracil (U, in RNA) - One ring

Most important lipids

1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Steroids

Role of Lipids

1. Fats are energy storages and has two times as much energy as carbs. 2. Humans and animals store fat in adipose cells (if more is consumed than burned) 3. Buoyancy in animals

Examples of Monosaccharides

1. Glucose 2. Fructose 3. Galactose

Name the Purines and how many rings they have.

1. Guamine (G) 2. Adenine (A) - Two rings

Examples of Disaccharides

1. Maltose 2. Sucrose 3. Lactose

What are the monomers for 1. Carbohydrates, 2. Lipids, 3. Proteins, and 4. Nucleic Acids?

1. Monosaccharides (single sugars) 2. Glycerol and fatty acids 3. Amino acids 4. Nucleotides

What do nucleotides consist of?

1. Nitrogenous base 2. Pentose sugar 3. Phosphate group

When does hydrolysis occur?

During the breakdown of a polymer, a water molecule is reattached.

When does dehydration occur?

During the synthesis of a polymer, two monomers bond through the loss of a water molecule

Glycogen:Where is found?

Humans and animals/vertebrates store glycogen in liver and muscle cells

What is Sickle Cell Disease?

It is an inherited blood disorder that causes the change in the primary structure of the hemoglobin, and it makes the cells look like sickles.

Quaternary Structure

It is the linking together of two or more poly peptides to form a single protein.

Define Macromolecules

Large molecules made of thousand of covalently connected atoms

What are steroids?

Lipids characterized by carbon skeleton made up of four fused rings. E.g. Cholesterol

Define Polymer

Long molecules made up of many similar building blocks (monomers)

Define Monomer

Small building blocks to make polymers

Polysaccharides: Function

Storage and structure

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

The coils and folds that come from hydrogen bonds between repeating parts that make up the polypeptide backbone.

What is the tertiary structure?

The interaction between R groups. These are the hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions (a.k.a. van der Waals interactions)

What is the primary structure of proteins?

The sequence of amino acids in the protein (determined by genetic information)

What are monosaccharides?

The simplest/ single sugars

What causes Sickle Cell Disease?

The single amino acid substitution in the protein, hemoglobin.

What are phospholipids made up of?

Two fatty acids + phosphate group + glycerol

What are Disaccharides?

Two joined monosaccharides