Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and DNA
Why do fats separate from water?
Because the hydrogen bonds exclude fats
What are Polysaccharides?
Carbohydrate macromolecules made of many sugar monomers
What is Anti-parallel?
When two backbones run in opposite 5'-->3' directions (Antiparallel)
Which are the storage polysaccharides?
1. Starch 2. Glycogen
Proteins: Functions
1. Structural support 2. Transport 3. Cellular communications 4. Movement 5. Defense against foreign substances
What are fats made up of?
Glycerol and fatty acids
Enzymatic Proteins: Functions/Examples
- Accelerate chemical reactions - Digestive enzymes
Lactose: Function/Type/Plant or Animal?
- Animal - Disaccharide - Makes up some solutes in milk
Glucose: Function/Type/Plant or Animal?
- Animal - Monosaccharide - Chemical fuel, respiration
Glycogen: Function/Type/Plant or Animal?
- Animal - Polysaccharide - Stores glucose in liver and muscles
Hormonal Proteins: Functions/Examples
- Coordination of an organism's activity - Insulin
Adipose Tissue: Function
- Cushions vital organs and insulates the body
Lipids: Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic?/What is it made up of?
- Hydrophobic - Mostly made up of hydrocarbons w/ non-polar covalent bonds
Monosaccharides: Function
- Major fuel for cells - Raw material for building molecules
Contractive+Motor Proteins: Functions/Examples
- Movement - Actin and myosin in muscles, proteins in cilia and flagella
Sucrose: Function/Type/Plant or Animal?
- Plant - Disaccharide - Transported from leaves to other parts via vascular tissue
Fructose: Function/Type/Plant or Animal?
- Plant - Monosaccharide - Makes fruits sweet
Cellulose: Function/Type/Plant or Animal?
- Plant - Polysaccharide - Structural support of plant cell walls
Defensive Proteins: Functions/Examples
- Protection against disease - Antibodies combat bacteria and viruses
Receptor Proteins: Functions/Examples
- Response of cell to chemical stimuli - Receptors in nerve cell membranes
Storage Proteins: Functions/Examples
- Store amino acids - Ovalbomin in egg-whites, protein of milk, storage protein in plant seeds
Structural Proteins: Functions/Examples
- Support - Silk fibers, collagen, keratin
Transport Proteins: Functions/Examples
- Transport other substances - Hemoglobin, transport proteins
Cellulose: Functions/What is it made of?
-It is a polymer of glucose - Makes the tough wall of plant cells
Starch: Where is found/What is it made of?
-Made of glucose monomers - Plants store extra starch as granules inside chloroplasts and other plastids
Examples of Polysaccharides
1. Starch 2. Cellulose 3. Glycogen
What are the molecules that all living things are made up of?
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
Examples of Polymers
1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Nucleic Acids
What are the structural polysaccharides?
1. Cellulose
What are the typical types of coils and folds?
1. Coil, or α helix 2. Fold, called β pleated sheets
Name the Pyrimidines and how many rings they have.
1. Cytosine (C) 2. Thymine (T, in DNA) 3. Uracil (U, in RNA) - One ring
Most important lipids
1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Steroids
Role of Lipids
1. Fats are energy storages and has two times as much energy as carbs. 2. Humans and animals store fat in adipose cells (if more is consumed than burned) 3. Buoyancy in animals
Examples of Monosaccharides
1. Glucose 2. Fructose 3. Galactose
Name the Purines and how many rings they have.
1. Guamine (G) 2. Adenine (A) - Two rings
Examples of Disaccharides
1. Maltose 2. Sucrose 3. Lactose
What are the monomers for 1. Carbohydrates, 2. Lipids, 3. Proteins, and 4. Nucleic Acids?
1. Monosaccharides (single sugars) 2. Glycerol and fatty acids 3. Amino acids 4. Nucleotides
What do nucleotides consist of?
1. Nitrogenous base 2. Pentose sugar 3. Phosphate group
When does hydrolysis occur?
During the breakdown of a polymer, a water molecule is reattached.
When does dehydration occur?
During the synthesis of a polymer, two monomers bond through the loss of a water molecule
Glycogen:Where is found?
Humans and animals/vertebrates store glycogen in liver and muscle cells
What is Sickle Cell Disease?
It is an inherited blood disorder that causes the change in the primary structure of the hemoglobin, and it makes the cells look like sickles.
Quaternary Structure
It is the linking together of two or more poly peptides to form a single protein.
Define Macromolecules
Large molecules made of thousand of covalently connected atoms
What are steroids?
Lipids characterized by carbon skeleton made up of four fused rings. E.g. Cholesterol
Define Polymer
Long molecules made up of many similar building blocks (monomers)
Define Monomer
Small building blocks to make polymers
Polysaccharides: Function
Storage and structure
What is the secondary structure of proteins?
The coils and folds that come from hydrogen bonds between repeating parts that make up the polypeptide backbone.
What is the tertiary structure?
The interaction between R groups. These are the hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions (a.k.a. van der Waals interactions)
What is the primary structure of proteins?
The sequence of amino acids in the protein (determined by genetic information)
What are monosaccharides?
The simplest/ single sugars
What causes Sickle Cell Disease?
The single amino acid substitution in the protein, hemoglobin.
What are phospholipids made up of?
Two fatty acids + phosphate group + glycerol
What are Disaccharides?
Two joined monosaccharides
