Cardiac III

Your patient was diagnosed with aortic valve stenosis. He asks you what could have led to his condition. What is the best way to address his question?

Aortic valve stenosis can be congenital, meaning you were born with this defect, it can be caused by calcification and hardening of your valve leaflets by plaque, or as a result of rheumatic heart disease. Have you ever had untreated strep throat?

Which of the following is true regarding left sided heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) - select all that apply:

Cardiac output is decreased because of a decreased preload Ventricular compliance is decreased leading to an increase in ventricular pressure Symptoms include dyspnea and fatigue It can be caused by cardiac hypertrophy

All of the following are associated with endocarditis except:

Cardiac tamponade

Mr. Kajuga suffered a myocardial infarction, which resulted in a large area of necrosis in his left ventricle. He became hypotensive, diaphoretic, tachycardic, and oliguric. Which type of shock did Mr. Kajuga develop?

Cardiogenic

Which of the following manifestations would you expect to see in a patient with mitral valve stenosis?

Dilation of the left atrium and pulmonary congestion

Which of the following clinical manifestations would you expect in a person suffering from a dilated cardiomyopathy (select all that apply):

Dyspnea Decreased cardiac output Edema Thrombi and emboli Orthopnea

Which of the following is true regarding the two types of heart failure?

HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is associated with a decreased contractility

Sarah, a 56 year old cis female, was recently diagnosed with a right sided heart failure. She is coming for a checkup this afternoon and you are her nurse. Which of the following questions would you ask her to assess her for symptoms of her newly diagnosed condition?

Have you noticed any swelling in your legs?

-- has been defined as a complex condition that results from any functional or structural disorder of the heart that results in decreased pumping.

Heart Failure

Amar, a 58 year old male patient of yours, has been diagnosed with a concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Which of the following conditions was most likely the cause?

Hypertension

The Frank-Starling compensatory mechanism works in the way that it:

Increases stroke volume (SV) by increasing preload

Which of the following is FALSE regarding aortic regurgitation?

It causes a concentric left ventricular hypertrophy

Which of the following statements about molecular mimicry is correct?

It causes rheumatic heart disease as a result of the body's autoimmune response to antigens on the myocytes resembling those on the Group A Streptococcus bacteria

Which best describes the mechanism of a distributive shock?

It is caused by a relative hypovolemia resulting from vasodilation

Nuria, a 44 year old trans female, has been exhibiting orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, A-fib, weakness and fatigue. Which of the following conditions best fits with these symptoms?

Mitral valve stenosis

Obstructive shock can result from all of the following EXCEPT:

Myocardial infarction

A patient tells you they have a history of mitral valve regurgitation. You perform your assessment of the patient knowing that you will most likely find the following clinical manifestations (select all that apply):

Pansystolic murmur Dyspnea Atrial fibrillation

Mukamutara, a recent emigrant from Rwanda, was diagnosed with a chronic rheumatic carditis. As her nurse, which of the following would you expect Mukamutara to exhibit:

Permanent deformities of heart valves

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of a cardiogenic shock?

Polyuria

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding the pathophysiology of heart failure?

RAAS gets activated as a result of a decreased perfusion to the lungs

Warm, flushed skin is a manifestation in which type of shock and why?

Septic, because inflammatory mediators cause vasodilation

Which of the following can lead to Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (select all that apply):

Stressful life event

Which of the following is true regarding a newborn with a left to right shunt?

The baby's skin will be what's expected for ethnicity

What is the initial benefit of heart remodeling leading to hypertrophy?

To improve work performance of the heart

caused by alteration in cardiac function

cardiogenic shock

The common finding in all type of shock is

cellular hypoxia

an acute failure of the circulatory system to supply the peripheral tissues and organs of the body with an adequate blood supply

circulatory shock

In systolic ventricular dysfunction, myocardial contractility is impaired, leading to a __in the ejection fraction and cardiac output.

decreased

caused by excessive vasodilation with normal distribution of blood flow

distributive shock

Clinical manifestations of a primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy include (select all that apply):

dyspnea arrhythmias decreased cardiac output angina heart failure syncope

Stenosis of a cardiac valve results in

higher pressure in the valve during contraction

Types of shock categorized by abnormal distribution of cardiac output (distributive shock) include all of the following except

hypovolemic shock

caused by a decrease in blood volume

hypovolemic shock

caused by obstruction of blood flow through the circulatory system

obstructive shock

A major effect of right-sided heart failure is the development of __

peripheral edema