Causes of Migration

Asylum Seeker

An asylum seeker is someone vwho has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as arefugee.

Intervening Obstacles

An environmental or political feature that hinders migration is an intervening obstacle.

Immigration vs. Emigration

The difference between immigrants and emigrants is called net migration

Forced migration

The migrant has no personal choice e.g. refugees moving due to a natural disaster, war or political persecution.

Migration

The movement of people either within a country or between countries. Migration can be permanent, temporary or seasonal. people to another

Push/Pull Social

moving somewhere for a better quality of life or to be closer to family or friends, to escape discrimination and persecution because of their ethnicity, race, gender, or rēligion.

Political factors

moving to escape political persecution or war

Internally displaced person (IDP)

(IDP) An IDP has ben forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border.

Political Obstacles

* Immigrátion policies, Visas, passports, sponsors

Immigration in the US Three main eras

17th-18th Century-Colonial settlement Europe & sub-saharan Africa 19th 20th Century-Mass European immigration Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia, Southern & Eastern Europe Ellis Island passenger search activity 20th 21st Century Asian and Latin America US Mexico Border Issues Border secur ity, jobs & economy, enforcement and civil rights balances. or federal esponsibilities, deportations and paths to citizenship

Refugee

A refugee has been forced to migrate to another country to avoid the effects of armed conflict, violence, violations of human rights, or other disasters, and cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Emigration

Emigration - people who move OUT of the country

Push/Pull Factors Economic

lack of jobs, moving to find work or follow a particular career path, sending back remittances

Historical Perspective

First humans lived in Africa but early humans were very mobile, looking for nuts, seeds. and fruits to cat and aninmals to hunt As agriculturd and urban settlement developed. people began to settle down

net migration

If immigrants > emigrants, then the net migration is positive and has net in migration If immigrants < emigrants, then the net migration is negative and has net out-migration

Immigration

Immigration people who move INTO the country

Types

International migration Internal migration Interregional migration country Intraregional migration Rural-urban migration Urban-suburban migration Urban-rural migration

Climate Change Refugees

Kiribati is one of the first countries at risk of becoming uninhabitable owing to climate change. Reasons for this include: Kiribati is composed of 33 atolls (a ring-shaped coral reef encircling lagoon). Because atolls are naturally low-lying, and have a high ratio of coastline to land area, they are especially vulnerable to sea-level rise and storm surges. Sea-level rise linked to climate change threatens to render Kiribati uninhabitable well before it is completely submerged. Severe and frequent coral bleaching caused by warming ocean waters could hinder growth of Kiribati's reefs, compounding the dangers sea-level rise

Voluntary migration

Migrants looking for a better quality of life or personal freedom e.g. better climate or to join relatives

Migration is

Migration is the permanent or semi-permanent relocation of people from one place to another

Rural-urban migration

Movement of people from countryside (Rural) areas to towns or cities (Urban areas)

Interregional migration

Movement of people from one region of a country to another

International migration

Movement of people to another country

Internal migration

Movement of people within a country

Intraregional migration

Movement of people within one region of a country to another

PUSH FACTORS

Negative things about the place where you are which make you want to leave. These might include low pay, lack of job opportunities, war and conflict, environmental problems and other factors.

Environmental Obstacles

Oceans, mountains, deserts

PULL FACTORS

Positives things about the place you decide to move to. These might just be perceived positives (ie they might not actually exist when you arrive). They might include opportunities in education and employment, better housing and infrastructure, social factors.

Kiribati has no internal migration option as there is no higher ground to move to. The country's leaders have therefore attempted to develop new opportunities for its citizens to migrate abroad.

The 'migration with dignity' policy is part of Kiribati's long-term nation-wide strategy. This aims to create opportunities for those who wish to migrate abroad now and in the near future. The goal is to develop expatriaté communities in various receiving countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, so that they may support other migrants in the longer term, and also to enhance the opportunity for remittances to be sent back. The second part of the policy is to improve the levels of education and Lraining in Kiribati. It is hoped that this training and education will provide oppor tunities to migrate abroad willidignily.

Forced vs Voluntary Migration

Usually migration is voluntary, a movement in search of a better life. The decision to move usually consists of two main aspects Away from someplace - push factors (usually negative) Toward someplace - pull factors (usually positive)

Environmental factors

causes of migration include natural disasters such as flooding

Urban-rural migration

cities to countryside

Urban-suburban migration

from towns or cities to suburbs

3. Disaster-Induced

when people are forced to leave their homes as a result of natural disasters (floods, volcanoes, landslides, earthquakes), environmental change (deforestation, desertification, land degradation, global warming) and human-made disasters (industrial accidents, radioactivity). Examples include rising sea levels for island nations like Kiribati and the nuclear disasters in Chernobyl.

Development-Induced

when people are forced to leave their homes because of policies and projects implemented to supposedly enhance 'development. Examples of this include large-scale infrastructure projects mining and deforestation; and the introduction of conservation such as dams, roads, ports, airports; urban clearance initiatives; parks/reserves and biosphere projects. area in the Great Rift Valley or of people in China as a result of The displacement of indigenous people in a newly protected the construction of the Three Gorges Dam.