CCBC CRJU 101 modules 1-6 midterm exam

Q3 Which area within the rule of law would manage issues pertaining to customs?

Administrative law

Q2 The annual economic cost of crime in the United States is approximately _______.

$1.7 trillion

M6 Courtroom participants

- Judge - Bailiff - Court Reporter - Clerk of the Court - Prosecution Team - Defense Team - Expert Witnesses - Jurors - Lay Witnesses - The Defendant(s) - Victim(s) - Friends/Family of the Victim(s) - Friends/Family of the Defendant(s) - Media/Reporters - Other Spectators

Q4 Which of the following describes the watchman style of policing?

Police use discretion to prioritize which calls require a response and in what order.

M2 Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

The UCR is a compilation of data prepared by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Q2 The FBI considers which of the following to be a major crime area?

Violent

M2 stain theory

When people's goals are not being met -->resort to deviance.

M6 Maryland requirements for judges

1. U.S. and Maryland citizenship. 2. Registration to vote in State elections at the time of appointment. 3. Residence in the State for at least five years. 4. Residence, for at least six months next preceding appointment, in the geographic area where the vacancy exists. 5. Age of at least 30 at the time of appointment. 6. Membership in the Maryland Bar.

M1 Due process rights given to US Citizens in the following amendments

4th- Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. 5th- The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy, right to due process. 6th- The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person. 14th- Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws.

M3 Elements of a crime

Actus reus (criminal act) Mens rea (guilty mind)- Purposeful; Knowing; Reckless; Negligent. Concurrence

M3 Types of Law

Administrative law- includes the codes, rules, and regulations governing the operation of federal, state, and local government agencies; Case law- refers to laws arising from judicial decisions made in criminal, civil, and administrative court cases. Judicial decisions become law when there is no existing law governing specific aspects of a case or the law is unclear about a particular situation with unique circumstances; Statutory law- refers to established written law. Statutory law comprises statutes and codes that outline laws, rules, and regulations pertaining to civil and criminal matters. There are two types of statutory law: substantive criminal law and procedural law; Civil law- encompasses the rules for contractual, and other relationships, between individuals, businesses, and organizations. Most civil law violations are a breach of contract rather than an actual crime; Criminal law- refers to the penal codes that list and define conduct that is considered criminal in a particular jurisdiction. Also included in the penal codes are descriptions of the punishments corresponding to specific crimes..

M3 Types of Defenses to a Criminal Charge

Alibi- defense insists the accused is innocent of the crime with which he or she is charged; Justifications- defenses to criminal charges are used when the accused acknowledges committing the criminal offense but argues the act was justified; Excuses- defenses to criminal charges acknowledge the accused committed the criminal act but claim such individuals should not be held criminally liable because they were not responsible for their actions during commission of the crime; Procedural- defenses to criminal charges argue that an accused individual should not be held criminally liable because proper procedures were not followed at some point during the criminal justice process.

Q3 Which is an example of an unlawful arrest that may be used in a case to support the resisting unlawful arrest defense?

An arrest in which the officer uses excessive force

Q3 What is an inchoate offense?

An incomplete crime

Q5 Which is an example of violating a person's rights during an arrest?

Arresting someone without a warrant or probable cause

Q2 Which crime involves setting a building on fire?

Arson

M2 Self-Report Surveys (SRS)

Ask people to state if (and how often) they have engaged in acts that could be defined as criminal or delinquent.

M2 SRS Data

Based on many of the same principles as victim surveys, but focusing instead on offenders

Q5 What puts police officers at risk of burning out?

Being stressed due to long hours

Q5 Which of the following describes any discriminatory practice against specific groups of people?

Biased policing

M6 Maryland Circuit Court

Circuit Courts generally handle the state's major civil cases and more serious criminal matters, along with juvenile cases, family matters, such as divorce, and most appeals from the District Court, orphans' courts and administrative agencies. The Circuit Courts also can hear, under certain circumstances, civil or criminal cases from the District Court, in which one of the parties has requested a jury trial; cases ordinarily tried in the District Court if the penalty is three or more years in prison, a fine of $2,500 or more, or both; and domestic violence cases.

Q3 Which type of law handles regulations surrounding how products are manufactured?

Civil

Q1 ________ is the component of the criminal justice process in which criminal sentences imposed by the courts are carried out.

Corrections

M1 Crime control and due process models of criminal justice

Crime control- Preventing crime is most important Public safety is essential to personal freedom; Efficiency of process; Presumption of guilt; Ok to make mistakes; Factual guilt. Due process-The right to present witnesses for the defense. Prevent and eliminate mistakes; More difficult to prove guilt; Treated as innocent until guilt is proven; Assumes CJS is error-prone; Legal guilty.

Q2 Which statement best describes the economic consequences of crime?

Crime imposes huge costs on the criminal justice system.

M2 Crime rate

Crime rate formula = number of crime committed divided by population and then multiplied by 100,000.

M2 Differential association theory

Criminal behavior can be learned through interactions with others.

M3 Differences between criminal law and civil law

Criminal law- defines crimes and stresses punishment for offenders. Civil law- resolves contractual disputes rather than an actual crime.

Q1 Which of the following is part of the arraignment process?

Defendants hear the information or indictment against them.

Q3 When a person is tried twice for the same crime, this is known as what?

Double jeopardy

Q1 The federal criminal justice system pursues and maintains justice at the state level.

False

M4 Police roles and mission

Federal, state, and county law enforcement agencies generally operate in a wider geographical area than local police departments. Because local police departments operate in a smaller vicinity, they are in the unique position of dealing directly, on a daily basis, with the people in the communities they protect and serve. Police have five main functions to fulfill their mission of protecting and serving their communities, as well as having various secondary roles, such as mediators, counselors, and social workers: Enforcing the law; Apprehending offenders; Preventing crime; Maintaining peace; Providing community services.

M6 Maryland Court System

Four Levels: Two trial courts and Two appellate courts. The trial courts consider evidence presented in a case and make judgments based on the facts, the law and legal precedent (prior legal decisions from a higher court). Appellate courts review a trial court's actions and decisions and decide whether the trial judge properly followed the law and legal precedent.

Q5 Which of the following is an example of counterterrorism measures that police officers must take?

Gathering intelligence information

Q1 Which of the following is a function of the courts?

Hear a criminal case.

M3 Crime classifications: infractions, felonies, misdemeanors, inchoate

Infractions- sometimes called offences, are minor violations of the law that do not involve a criminal act against a person or property. Offenses do not necessarily involve arrest or prosecution. Citations and tickets are issued instead. Punishment, if any, is typically in the form of a monetary fine. Warnings are sometimes issued instead of imposing a fine. Examples of offenses include the following: Driving over the posted speed limit; Failing to wear a seat belt; Parking in a restricted zone; Disturbing the peace; Violations of building codes; Jaywalking; and Littering. Felonies- the most serious category of crimes. Most violent crimes are felonies, particularly if the crime resulted in serious harm, injury, or death to a victim. The minimum punishment for felony crimes is a prison sentence of one year. Some felony crimes are punishable by a sentence of life in prison. Capital punishment is also a possibility for crimes such as murder in the first degree, in states with the death penalty. Examples of felony crimes include the following: First or second degree murder; Aggravated assault; Kidnapping; Treason; and Espionage. Misdemeanors- are more serious than offenses or infractions, but less serious than felonies. The standard penalty for most misdemeanor crimes is usually a jail sentence of one year or less. Misdemeanor crimes include various types of property crimes and generally do not involve violence against others. Some crimes involving a low degree of violence in which there was no serious injury to the victim, such as simple assault, are classified as misdemeanors, depending on the jurisdiction. Some examples of misdemeanor crimes include the following: Petty theft; Vandalism; Disorderly conduct; Prostitution; Reckless driving; Simple assault. Inchoate- are incomplete crimes. This includes crimes for which steps were taken toward commission of the crime, but the crime was never actually carried out. It also includes crimes that were attempted, but failed. Three main types of inchoate offenses include the following: Solicitation; Conspiracy; Attempt.

Q3 Which of the following is true of treason?

It is a type of felony.

Q1 Who is responsible for imposing the sentence when a defendant is found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt at the conclusion of a criminal trial?

Judge

Q1 Which individual serves as an essential component of the criminal justice system?

Judges

Q2 Which statement best describes larceny?

Larceny does not involve the use of force.

M2 Most common property offense - most common violent offense

Larceny/Theft 64.3% and Aggravated-Assault 71.2%.

M2 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

Local agencies collect data on each single crime occurrence within twenty-three offense categories made up of forty-nine specific crimes called Group A offenses.

M6 District courts

Lowest level of federal courts 94, these trial courts hear cases involving violations of the U.S. Constitution or federal law.

Q6 Lucas attacked Paul in his house when Lucas broke in to steal valuable possessions. Shasheen and Molly are the lawyers representing Lucas in the trial. Beth and George are representing Paul. Which person is the defendant in this scenario?

Lucas

M2 UCR Data

Measure the overall rate of crime in the United States by collecting data on "offenses known to law enforcement."

Q4 Which of the following can a police officer do to prevent a crime?

Monitor surveillance cameras

M2 NIBRS data

Monitoring all criminal "incidents" reported to the police, not just those that lead to an arrest.

Q3 Which statement best describes civil law?

Most civil law violations are a breach of contract, not a crime that is committed.

M2 Rational Choice Theory

Neoclassical theory that recognizes the role of free will in the choice to commit crime.

M2 NCVS Data

On Violent Crimes rape, assault, and robbery. On Property Crimes larceny/theft, burglary, and motor vehicle theft. Does not ask about murder and arson.

M2 How SRS data is collected?

Persons are asked directly—through personal interviews or questionnaires, or over the telephone—about specific criminal activity to which they may have been a party. These reports are anonymous.

Q2 Which is an example of a biological theory of crime?

Phrenology

Q5 Which sentence describes deadly force?

Police can use deadly force on an individual who is fleeing and is a danger to others.

M5 4th amendment applications to policing

Police cannot freely search a person or their property based on a hunch or a whim they must have probable cause or a warrant to search and seize property. Illegally seized evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial. This situation is covered by the exclusionary rule, which prohibits (excludes) the submission of illegally obtained items as evidence in a criminal trial. The exclusionary rule represents an additional protection of Fourth Amendment rights.

M5 Social issues in policing

Police face various social issues and challenges on the job, such as eliciting cooperation from community members in keeping the peace or solving crimes because people can be reluctant or fearful of getting involved.

Q3 Which of the following is a procedural defense?

Police fraud

Q4 When it comes to the structure of police departments, which position is most involved with the general public on a regular basis?

Police officers

Q5 Which of these is a true statement?

Police officers have a major responsibility to be ethical.

M4 Additional police functions

Police serve several additional functions in their roles as law enforcers, preventers of crime, and peace makers. Some additional functions of the police include the following: Criminal investigation; Emergency response; Routine incident response; Preventive patrol.

Q4 What is community policing?

Police working with people in neighborhoods to reduce crimes

M1 Three components of the criminal justice system

Police- enforcing the law, investigating crimes, arresting people, crime prevention. Courts- Conducting fair and impartial criminal trials; Determining guilt or innocence in criminal cases; Imposing correctional sentences for individuals determined to be guilty of a criminal offense; Protecting the rights of individuals facing criminal charges; Criminal case processing Corrections- Sentence Fulfillment, Protection Against Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Protecting the Rights of Inmates, Rehabilitation, Public Protection, Public Protection.

Q4 Which is a main style of policing?

Service

Q4 Which of the following is an example of a crime prevention activity?

Setting up neighborhood watch programs

Q4 Which of the following statements is true?

Sheriff's offices operate at the county level.

Q2 _____ theories view criminal behavior as being learned.

Social process

Q2 A young kid grows up with older siblings who regularly engage in theft and drug use. The siblings encourage the young kid to do the same. Which theory believes that the kid is likely to commit crimes based on these interactions?

Social process theories

Q2 ________ theories, like Subcultural theory, examine the social factors that contribute to the incidence of crime.

Sociological

Q5 Which is true of social issues in policing?

Sometimes police officers and community members are on opposite teams.

Q4 In a watchman style of policing, which crime takes priority?

Stolen vehicle

Q5 Which describes racial profiling?

Stopping someone in traffic because they are of a different ethnicity

M2 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Surveys of the general public to measure the rate and circumstances of victimization.

M6 Maryland Court of Special Appeals

The Court of Special Appeals is Maryland's intermediate appellate court. Created in 1966, it considers, unless otherwise provided by law, any reviewable judgment, decree, order, or other action of the Circuit and orphans' courts. Judges sitting on the Court of Special Appeals generally hear and decide cases in panels of three. Sometimes, all 15 judges sit together, en banc, to hear the case. Cases come to it from Circuit, except for death penalty cases.

M2 How UCR Data is Collected?

The FBI relies on the voluntary participation of local law enforcement agencies.

M2 How NCVS data is collected?

The U.S. Bureau of the Census in cooperation with the Bureau of Justice Statistics of the Justice Department, the NCVS conducts an annual survey of approximately 90,000 households with about 169,000 occupants over twelve years of age. Participants are interviewed twice a year concerning their experiences with crimes in the prior six months.

M1 Criminal justice as a system

The U.S. criminal justice system exists to uphold the law, administer justice, protect the public, and control crime. The criminal justice system consists of three main components: the police, the courts, and corrections. Each of these components plays a significant role in helping the criminal justice system accomplish its goals; each is responsible for carrying out specific functions. When they perform their functions properly, the criminal justice system is better able to uphold the law, administer justice, protect the public, and control crime. When even just one area fails to carry out its duties or properly perform its functions, justice might not be achieved. The criminal justice system depends on each component properly performing its roles and functions.

M5 Police corruption

The abuse of police authority for personal or organizational gain. Examples are: Accepting gratuities or freebies; Demonstrating favoritism on the job; Accepting minor bribes; Committing minor offenses or infractions (speeding, using marijuana); Committing role malfeasance; Accepting major bribes; Committing property crimes; Participating in a criminal enterprise; Intentionally violating due process rights; Committing violent crimes.

M6 Circuit Court (Court of Appeals)

The area of jurisdiction of a federal court of appeals (there are 13 overall). Various courts of military review. These include courts for all branches of the U.S. military. Above these courts is the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces.

M6 U.S. Supreme Court

The highest court of the United States; it sits at the top of the federal court system.

M6 Maryland Court of Appeals

The highest state court in MD of appellate jurisdiction that hears all appeals granted from the MD Court of Special Appeals. This court hears cases almost exclusively by way of certiorari, a process that gives the court the ability to decide which cases to hear. By law, however, the Court of Appeals is required to hear cases involving the death penalty, legislative redistricting, removal of certain state officials, and the certifications of questions of law. The chief judge of the Court of Appeals sits on the court along with six other judges. All seven judges hear oral arguments in each case unless a judge removes him/herself from a case; in this event, a judge from another court or a retired appellate judge may be specially assigned to sit in the place of the recused judge.

M6 Maryland District Court

The jurisdiction of the court includes all landlord-tenant cases, replevin actions, motor vehicle violations, misdemeanors and certain felonies. In civil cases the District Court has exclusive jurisdiction in claims for $5,000 or less, and concurrent jurisdiction with the circuit courts in claims for amounts above $5,000 but less than $30,000.

Q1 Which of the following is part of due process?

The right to present witnesses for the defense

Q5 What describes the exclusionary rule?

The submission of illegally obtained items as evidence in a criminal trial is prohibited.

M2 What are the improvements over UCR?

The system provides information about four "data sets"—offenses, victims, offenders, and arrestees—unavailable through the UCR.

M6 Federal Court System

The three-tiered structure of federal courts, comprising U.S. district courts, U.S. courts of appeal, and the U.S. Supreme Court.

M2 How NIBRS data is collected?

These data are recorded on computerized record systems provided—though not completely financed—by the federal government.

Q4 How can police officers legally arrest an offender two weeks after a crime has been committed?

They must obtain an arrest warrant from a judge.

Q4 What does it mean when a police officer enforces the law?

They take action in response to people who do things that are illegal.

Q2 What is one reason for studying criminological theories?

To prevent crimes

Q3 The five main types of law that fall under the rule of law include administrative law, case law, civil law, criminal law, and statutory law.

True

Q6 A violation of customs would most likely be reviewed in which court?

U.S. Court of International Trade

M1 Maintaining justice 4 goals of criminal justice

Uphold the law, administer justice, protect the public, and control crime.

Q1 Which is a primary function of the criminal justice system?

Upholding the law

Q5 Restraining an individual when it is not necessary to be restrained is an example of which issue in policing?

Use of force

M2 Part I offenses - Need to know all 8 crimes (4 property and 4 violent)

Violent Crimes are murder, rape, assault, and robbery. Property Crimes are larceny/theft, burglary, motor vehicle theft, and arson.

M4 Policing Styles

Watchman- police use discretion to prioritize calls, determining which calls require a response and in what order; Legalistic- police officers following the letter of the law rigidly and exactly; Service- serving the community is implemented in highly organized, middle to upper class communities with lots of resources and little crime or disorder; Community policing- the police and community collaborating to prevent crime, reduce disorder, and maintain peace. The police and the community work together to identify problems and develop solutions.

M5 Use of Force by Police Officers

When police officers face dangerous situations on the job, the use of force may be necessary to protect themselves and maintain control of the situation.

Q1 At what point in the process does the investigation begin?

When the police become aware that a crime was committed

Q3 Statutory law refers to _________

established written law

M2 crime statistics

information (i.e. data) collected by authorities such as the police and analysed to track the level of crime or offending in the community. Crime statistics also track the types and levels of sentence given to convicted offenders.

Q1 When a criminal case is being processed, ________ is the first step.

investigating the crime