CCJ1010 Midterm

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The United States has a three-tiered federal court system. The middle tier includes ______ circuit courts of appeal.

13

The book The Origin of Species, written by ______, cast doubt on Classical and Neoclassical theories. This book introduced the concept that other influences of human behavior beyond free will and choice were at play.

Charles Darwin

______ are designated as appeals courts. They are limited in their jurisdiction decisions on matters of appeal from lower courts and trial courts.

Courts of appellate jurisdiction

______ are designated as major trial courts. They have the power and authority to try and decide any case, including appeals from a lower court.

Courts of general jurisdiction

Who believed IQ was static and could not be changed.

H.H. Goddard

The ______ task force program assists state and local enforcement in preventing and investigating technology-based sexual exploitation.

Internet Crimes Against Children

The treatment of Jean Valjean in Les Miserables (Valjean receives a lengthy prison sentence after stealing a loaf of bread for his starving loved ones) is an example of what type of government?

authoritarian

Jack Katz' Seductions of Crime emphasized the ______ committing crime for the first time, mostly the inherent physiological pleasure of committing crime.

benefits of

The characteristic of punishment postulated by Beccaria that he believed to be the most important was ______.

certainty

The modern example of the Three Strikes Rule is given in relation to what characteristic of punishment?

certainty

MPAs are red flags signaling problems, especially in ______ ability, that are likely to significantly impact criminal behavior.

cognitive

All of the following are considered formal controls or sanctions EXCEPT ______.

community acceptance

Many cities applied the broken windows perspective from the late 1990s to the mid-2000s and cracked down on minor offenses to reduce major crime. The result was ______.

crime decreased in these cities and elsewhere equally

When research is conducted or data collected at one point in time, it is termed ______.

cross-sectional studies

Juveniles are usually confined to facilities called ______ on a short-term basis while awaiting trial.

detention centers

he concept of parens patriae led the juvenile justice system to focus on determining what was in the best interests of the child. As a result, juvenile offenders in the United States ______.

did not obtain due process rights until the 1960s

According to Beccaria, perfecting ______ is the "surest but most difficult way to prevent crimes."

education

Which one of the following groups of people are the least likely to be victimized?

elderly

The Attorney General is required to develop guidelines and collect data about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ______.

ethnicity

Classical School theories emphasize individual decision-making regardless of ______.

extraneous influences

According to Hobbes, ______ motivates individuals to cooperate in the formation of government and inspires them to obey the laws the government creates.

fear

Which one of Beccaria's ideas was rejected by the French?

ignoring the intent of offenders

Examples of guardianship in the context of routine activities theory include: police officers, security guards, household dogs, alarms, and ______.

increased lighting

The deterrence theory of crime proposes that ______.

individuals will make rational decisions regarding their behavior

Peers have a profound impact on individual perceptions of the pros and cons of offending. When one sees one's friends getting away with crimes, the perceived risk of punishment ______.

is decreased

A crime that is considered "an act inherently and essentially evil, that is immoral in its nature and injurious in its consequence, without any regard to the fact of its being noticed or punished by the law of the state" is called ______.

mala in se

The emphasis on science in criminology started in the ______ and provided a basis for what continues today.

mid-1800s

The term criminal justice generally refers to all of the following EXCEPT ______.

military

According to Goddard, the biggest threat to the progress of humanity and the genetic pool was the ______.

moron

What criminal offense is not measured in the NCVS?

murder

What is the study of facial and other bodily aspects to identify developmental problems, such as criminality?

physiognomy

The front portion of the brain is called the splenium.

False

The idea of hedonistic calculus was proposed by Beccaria and was an idea from the Classical School of thought.

False

The legal term for intent is known as actus reus.

False

The victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks were classified as victims of murder.

False

Unlike the court system, law enforcement doesn't include various organizational levels at the federal, state, and local levels.

False

Vignettes are short interviews.

False

According to Lombroso, people who are serious criminals are manifestations of higher forms of humanity in terms of evolutionary progression.

False

According to modern science and the creator of the measure, IQ cannot be changed. Whatever IQ individuals are born with stays with them the rest of their lives.

False

According to the FBI, Part II crimes are more serious than Part I crimes.

False

All the Enlightenment philosophers had one common belief: punishment.

False

Beccaria claimed that torture should not be used against defendants.

False

Compared to other offenses such as forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, reports about homicide offenses are less likely to have details regarding the incident, such as data on the victims and/or offenders.

False

In 2002, Dr. Paul Leighton, a professor of criminology, argued that the victims of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks should not be included in the annual report of Crime in the United States.

False

Law enforcement agencies across the United States began collecting crime data in 2010.

False

Most experts agree that the risk of getting caught driving drunk is very high.

False

Some of the primitive theories of crime and delinquency accurately predicted who would commit offenses.

False

States with the death penalty have lower murder rates than states with the death penalty.

False

The FBI does not collect data on the number of law enforcement officers killed and assaulted in the United States each year.

False

The Postal Service and the Forest Service have no police power.

False

The U.S. Supreme Court has unlimited jurisdiction.

False

The consensus perspective of crime is currently the prevailing explanation of criminal behavior that is accepted by most social scientists.

False

The UCR was primarily used by law enforcement agencies, and soon other agencies started to use the data for planning and policy. This led to a need for more detailed data and the establishment of the ______.

NIBRS

The FBI developed an enhanced UCR Program which is named the ______.

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

______ is attained by explaining a phenomenon, such as criminal activity, in the simplest way possible.

Parsimony

The UCR is broken up into two different types of crime ______.

Part I and Part II crimes

______ is the perspective that assumes individuals have no free will to control their behavior.

Positive School

The three elements of routine activities theory are ______.

attractive targets, absence of a guardian, and motivated offender

Global positioning systems (GPS) used by police departments have been used to catch serial killers in the past.

True

Goddard called the least intelligent group in the feeble-mindedness category "idiots".

True

Lombroso examined the bodies of captured war criminals in his research concerning the born criminal.

True

Lombroso is considered the Father of the Positive School of criminology because he was the first to gain prominence in identifying factors beyond free will as the reason for criminal behavior.

True

Lombroso was called as an expert witness in criminal trials to determine the guilt or innocence of the suspects.

True

Lombroso's documentation of some of the tattoos he saw on known criminal offenders included many tattoos that featured female names or some motto such as "born under an unlucky star" or "man of misfortune." ______

True

Longitudinal research studies found behavior was influencing perceptions of the risk and severity of punishment more than perceptions were influencing behavior.

True

Nationally, there are five different methods of gathering crime statistics.

True

On April 23, 1990, the president signed into law the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990.

True

One of the most common supernatural beliefs of primitive cultures was that the moon, in its fullest state, was a trigger for criminal activity.

True

Studies show that victim impact statements in death penalty cases have virtually no impact on sentencing when the case involves a victim of low socio-economic status.

True

The United States has one judicial system.

True

The physiological pleasures of committing crime were emphasized for the first time in Jack Katz's 1988 publication Seductions of Crime.

True

The primary purpose of the NCVS is to provide insight about crimes that are not reported to law enforcement agencies.

True

The various bumps in the skull used to determine human dispositions were believed to conform to the shape of the brain.

True

Vignettes are short, descriptive sketches used in scenario studies.

True

______ is a relatively new area of criminology.

Victimology

The dark figure of crime is a count of the worst crimes in the United States in a given year.

False

The death penalty serves as a very effective deterrent against murder crimes.

False

______ are a collection of studies, generally on a particular topic. These types of studies were popular in the late 1960s to test the deterrence model.

Aggregate studies

The quantified measure of IQ was originated by ______.

Alfred Binet

Who is considered the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School for his contributions to the field in the late 19th century?

Cesare Lombroso

Which individual is known for saying people were born criminal?

Lombroso

Malformed ears, a furrowed tongue, and a simian crease are all examples of ______.

MPAs

______ collect data by asking respondents to provide information about themselves, usually as to whether they have engaged in certain forms of illegal behavior.

Self-report surveys

Global positioning systems (GPS) have been used by authorities to predict all of the following EXCEPT ______.

areas with low fear of crime

An offender can be placed on probation, incarcerated, or transferred to some type of community-based corrections facility.

True

An outlier is an extreme value that significantly differs from the rest of the distribution.

True

Compiling and analyzing crime data can be used to justify programs and policies that try to address criminal activity.

True

Criminology is the scientific study of crime.

True

The Panopticon prison design consists of ______.

a wagon-wheel design, including a 360-degree central observation point

Modern scientific studies show that perhaps the most vital part of the brain in terms of criminality regarding trauma is in the area ______.

above the left ear

In the 1967 case In re Gault, the Supreme Court determined that juvenile defendants were entitled to certain due process guarantees, such as the right to be notified of charges, the right to counsel, the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses, and the right ______.

against self-incrimination

Three-strikes policies are severe, but they ______.

are not always swift or certain

The deterrence model assumes that individuals ______.

are rational and think carefully before committing crimes

Studies have shown that informal sanctions provided the most deterrent effects for individuals considering crime and led to the creation of ______ theory.

rational choice

Robert Martinson's review of ______ concluded that "nothing works" because offending was not reduced.

rehabilitative programs

Certain state statutes exclude certain juvenile offenders from juvenile court jurisdiction, such as when a juvenile has been tried and convicted as an adult on a previous occasion. These provisions are called ______.

statutory exclusions

Both the UCR and the NCVS programs collect crime data, but there are several differences between the two. They use different methods to collect crime data and use different sample bases to calculate rates for different crimes. In addition, ______.

their estimates of crime may contain variations

Which of the following is NOT a reason law enforcement would use the NCVS data?

to mandate curfews for juveniles

Studies have consistently shown that official deterrence is highly ineffective against criminal acts that involve immediate payoff for ______.

young males


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