CCJ1010 Midterm
The United States has a three-tiered federal court system. The middle tier includes ______ circuit courts of appeal.
13
The book The Origin of Species, written by ______, cast doubt on Classical and Neoclassical theories. This book introduced the concept that other influences of human behavior beyond free will and choice were at play.
Charles Darwin
______ are designated as appeals courts. They are limited in their jurisdiction decisions on matters of appeal from lower courts and trial courts.
Courts of appellate jurisdiction
______ are designated as major trial courts. They have the power and authority to try and decide any case, including appeals from a lower court.
Courts of general jurisdiction
Who believed IQ was static and could not be changed.
H.H. Goddard
The ______ task force program assists state and local enforcement in preventing and investigating technology-based sexual exploitation.
Internet Crimes Against Children
The treatment of Jean Valjean in Les Miserables (Valjean receives a lengthy prison sentence after stealing a loaf of bread for his starving loved ones) is an example of what type of government?
authoritarian
Jack Katz' Seductions of Crime emphasized the ______ committing crime for the first time, mostly the inherent physiological pleasure of committing crime.
benefits of
The characteristic of punishment postulated by Beccaria that he believed to be the most important was ______.
certainty
The modern example of the Three Strikes Rule is given in relation to what characteristic of punishment?
certainty
MPAs are red flags signaling problems, especially in ______ ability, that are likely to significantly impact criminal behavior.
cognitive
All of the following are considered formal controls or sanctions EXCEPT ______.
community acceptance
Many cities applied the broken windows perspective from the late 1990s to the mid-2000s and cracked down on minor offenses to reduce major crime. The result was ______.
crime decreased in these cities and elsewhere equally
When research is conducted or data collected at one point in time, it is termed ______.
cross-sectional studies
Juveniles are usually confined to facilities called ______ on a short-term basis while awaiting trial.
detention centers
he concept of parens patriae led the juvenile justice system to focus on determining what was in the best interests of the child. As a result, juvenile offenders in the United States ______.
did not obtain due process rights until the 1960s
According to Beccaria, perfecting ______ is the "surest but most difficult way to prevent crimes."
education
Which one of the following groups of people are the least likely to be victimized?
elderly
The Attorney General is required to develop guidelines and collect data about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ______.
ethnicity
Classical School theories emphasize individual decision-making regardless of ______.
extraneous influences
According to Hobbes, ______ motivates individuals to cooperate in the formation of government and inspires them to obey the laws the government creates.
fear
Which one of Beccaria's ideas was rejected by the French?
ignoring the intent of offenders
Examples of guardianship in the context of routine activities theory include: police officers, security guards, household dogs, alarms, and ______.
increased lighting
The deterrence theory of crime proposes that ______.
individuals will make rational decisions regarding their behavior
Peers have a profound impact on individual perceptions of the pros and cons of offending. When one sees one's friends getting away with crimes, the perceived risk of punishment ______.
is decreased
A crime that is considered "an act inherently and essentially evil, that is immoral in its nature and injurious in its consequence, without any regard to the fact of its being noticed or punished by the law of the state" is called ______.
mala in se
The emphasis on science in criminology started in the ______ and provided a basis for what continues today.
mid-1800s
The term criminal justice generally refers to all of the following EXCEPT ______.
military
According to Goddard, the biggest threat to the progress of humanity and the genetic pool was the ______.
moron
What criminal offense is not measured in the NCVS?
murder
What is the study of facial and other bodily aspects to identify developmental problems, such as criminality?
physiognomy
The front portion of the brain is called the splenium.
False
The idea of hedonistic calculus was proposed by Beccaria and was an idea from the Classical School of thought.
False
The legal term for intent is known as actus reus.
False
The victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks were classified as victims of murder.
False
Unlike the court system, law enforcement doesn't include various organizational levels at the federal, state, and local levels.
False
Vignettes are short interviews.
False
According to Lombroso, people who are serious criminals are manifestations of higher forms of humanity in terms of evolutionary progression.
False
According to modern science and the creator of the measure, IQ cannot be changed. Whatever IQ individuals are born with stays with them the rest of their lives.
False
According to the FBI, Part II crimes are more serious than Part I crimes.
False
All the Enlightenment philosophers had one common belief: punishment.
False
Beccaria claimed that torture should not be used against defendants.
False
Compared to other offenses such as forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, reports about homicide offenses are less likely to have details regarding the incident, such as data on the victims and/or offenders.
False
In 2002, Dr. Paul Leighton, a professor of criminology, argued that the victims of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks should not be included in the annual report of Crime in the United States.
False
Law enforcement agencies across the United States began collecting crime data in 2010.
False
Most experts agree that the risk of getting caught driving drunk is very high.
False
Some of the primitive theories of crime and delinquency accurately predicted who would commit offenses.
False
States with the death penalty have lower murder rates than states with the death penalty.
False
The FBI does not collect data on the number of law enforcement officers killed and assaulted in the United States each year.
False
The Postal Service and the Forest Service have no police power.
False
The U.S. Supreme Court has unlimited jurisdiction.
False
The consensus perspective of crime is currently the prevailing explanation of criminal behavior that is accepted by most social scientists.
False
The UCR was primarily used by law enforcement agencies, and soon other agencies started to use the data for planning and policy. This led to a need for more detailed data and the establishment of the ______.
NIBRS
The FBI developed an enhanced UCR Program which is named the ______.
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
______ is attained by explaining a phenomenon, such as criminal activity, in the simplest way possible.
Parsimony
The UCR is broken up into two different types of crime ______.
Part I and Part II crimes
______ is the perspective that assumes individuals have no free will to control their behavior.
Positive School
The three elements of routine activities theory are ______.
attractive targets, absence of a guardian, and motivated offender
Global positioning systems (GPS) used by police departments have been used to catch serial killers in the past.
True
Goddard called the least intelligent group in the feeble-mindedness category "idiots".
True
Lombroso examined the bodies of captured war criminals in his research concerning the born criminal.
True
Lombroso is considered the Father of the Positive School of criminology because he was the first to gain prominence in identifying factors beyond free will as the reason for criminal behavior.
True
Lombroso was called as an expert witness in criminal trials to determine the guilt or innocence of the suspects.
True
Lombroso's documentation of some of the tattoos he saw on known criminal offenders included many tattoos that featured female names or some motto such as "born under an unlucky star" or "man of misfortune." ______
True
Longitudinal research studies found behavior was influencing perceptions of the risk and severity of punishment more than perceptions were influencing behavior.
True
Nationally, there are five different methods of gathering crime statistics.
True
On April 23, 1990, the president signed into law the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990.
True
One of the most common supernatural beliefs of primitive cultures was that the moon, in its fullest state, was a trigger for criminal activity.
True
Studies show that victim impact statements in death penalty cases have virtually no impact on sentencing when the case involves a victim of low socio-economic status.
True
The United States has one judicial system.
True
The physiological pleasures of committing crime were emphasized for the first time in Jack Katz's 1988 publication Seductions of Crime.
True
The primary purpose of the NCVS is to provide insight about crimes that are not reported to law enforcement agencies.
True
The various bumps in the skull used to determine human dispositions were believed to conform to the shape of the brain.
True
Vignettes are short, descriptive sketches used in scenario studies.
True
______ is a relatively new area of criminology.
Victimology
The dark figure of crime is a count of the worst crimes in the United States in a given year.
False
The death penalty serves as a very effective deterrent against murder crimes.
False
______ are a collection of studies, generally on a particular topic. These types of studies were popular in the late 1960s to test the deterrence model.
Aggregate studies
The quantified measure of IQ was originated by ______.
Alfred Binet
Who is considered the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School for his contributions to the field in the late 19th century?
Cesare Lombroso
Which individual is known for saying people were born criminal?
Lombroso
Malformed ears, a furrowed tongue, and a simian crease are all examples of ______.
MPAs
______ collect data by asking respondents to provide information about themselves, usually as to whether they have engaged in certain forms of illegal behavior.
Self-report surveys
Global positioning systems (GPS) have been used by authorities to predict all of the following EXCEPT ______.
areas with low fear of crime
An offender can be placed on probation, incarcerated, or transferred to some type of community-based corrections facility.
True
An outlier is an extreme value that significantly differs from the rest of the distribution.
True
Compiling and analyzing crime data can be used to justify programs and policies that try to address criminal activity.
True
Criminology is the scientific study of crime.
True
The Panopticon prison design consists of ______.
a wagon-wheel design, including a 360-degree central observation point
Modern scientific studies show that perhaps the most vital part of the brain in terms of criminality regarding trauma is in the area ______.
above the left ear
In the 1967 case In re Gault, the Supreme Court determined that juvenile defendants were entitled to certain due process guarantees, such as the right to be notified of charges, the right to counsel, the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses, and the right ______.
against self-incrimination
Three-strikes policies are severe, but they ______.
are not always swift or certain
The deterrence model assumes that individuals ______.
are rational and think carefully before committing crimes
Studies have shown that informal sanctions provided the most deterrent effects for individuals considering crime and led to the creation of ______ theory.
rational choice
Robert Martinson's review of ______ concluded that "nothing works" because offending was not reduced.
rehabilitative programs
Certain state statutes exclude certain juvenile offenders from juvenile court jurisdiction, such as when a juvenile has been tried and convicted as an adult on a previous occasion. These provisions are called ______.
statutory exclusions
Both the UCR and the NCVS programs collect crime data, but there are several differences between the two. They use different methods to collect crime data and use different sample bases to calculate rates for different crimes. In addition, ______.
their estimates of crime may contain variations
Which of the following is NOT a reason law enforcement would use the NCVS data?
to mandate curfews for juveniles
Studies have consistently shown that official deterrence is highly ineffective against criminal acts that involve immediate payoff for ______.
young males