CCJ4662 Exam 2

Who are Susan Smith and Charles Stuart?

-Perpetrators of racial hoaxes: oSusan Smith: Drove car with two sons into lake and said black man stole car. oCharles Stuart: Killed wife and blamed it on black mugger.

According to Russell, Latinos make up what percent of the U.S. population?

14%.

Asian Americans account for what percent of the U.S. population?

4%.

Whites are responsible (in raw numbers) for what percentage of total arrests and imprisonment?

70%.

How does Russell describe "media "race-isms"?

Mass mediums have the power and ability to make us see the world through the eyes of the recorder and have a fairly uniform message about race: o Native Americans are rarely featured in news stories or seen in the media. o Asians are infrequently featured in news stories and are sometimes represented as media players. o Latinos are regularly discussed as news topics, are featured as entertainers and athletes, are infrequently shown as having a seat at the media table. o Blacks are regularly scene as subjects and reporters of the news, featured as entertainers and athletes, and are frequently portrayed as media players. o Whites are the predominant face of the news and are featured in every aspect of news production, as owners, producers, and subjects.

Individuals from which minority group are most likely to be victims of violent crime?

Native Americans are most likely to be a victim of a violent crime.

What are some of the common claims made when Whites in the media make negative comments about Blacks? How do these claims further the issue of racism?

These comments reinforce blackness as deviance, they perpetuate race-related offenses: oPersons remark is not racist. oRemark taken out of context, more important issues of race to focus on than simply one person's comment. oOnce they have apologized, they should be forgiven. oWhen someone has made a "politically incorrect" comment the media shaming should be sufficient. oThe incident presents an opportunity to begin a conversation about race.

People of color constitute what percentage of the U.S. population?

•1/3 of the population.

What percent of the cases involved police or judicial officials?

•12%.

What are the trends and patterns of racial hoaxes from 1987-2006?

•2/3 white-on-black hoaxes. •Assault, murder, and rape. •Less than 1/2 revealed as fabrications within a week. •Hoax perpetrators charged with filing a false police report 45% of time.

According to Russell, what percentage of American Indians in the US live on reservations? Based on the 2000 census, Native Americans account for what percent of the U.S. population?

•25% live on reservations and less than 1% account for the U.S. population.

In 2005 Whites accounted for what percentage of the total incarcerated population?

•55%.

What is the Nike Air Native N7?

•A shoe designed for Native Americans, features arrowheads and feathers.

What was plantation justice?

•Allowed slaveowners private enforcement authority.

What was the one-drop rule?

•Anyone with black ancestry, no matter how little, was considered black.

What are the startling statistics that result from the skin game/race game in the CJS?

•Arrest rates: 70% white, 30% black. •Control Rate: Whites make up 48% of population in justice system, Blacks are 38%, Latinos make up 15%, and American Indians and Asian Americans together make up 3%. •Crack Cocaine: More than 2/3 of the people who use crack cocaine are White or Hispanic, but 85% of federal crack defendants are African American. •Prison and Jail: oWhites make up 34% of prison and 41% of jail. oBlacks make up 39% of prison and 38% of jail. oHispanics make up 20% of prison and 15% of jail. •Lifetime Chances of Going to Prison: oWhites: 3.4% oBlacks: 18.6% oHispanics: 10% •Juveniles: Minority youths make up 2/3 make up detention centers. •Felony Disenfranchisement: 25% of people unable to vote are African American.

What is the model "minority myth?"

•Asians are hardworking, smart, and respectful to authority. It is geared more towards Asian men.

Why are Latinos and other minorities frequently omitted from the "official" record?

•Because of the focus on the relationships between blacks and whites.

What events could lead to a lynching ritual?

•Being saucy. •Lewd advances towards a white woman. •Being related to someone suspected of committing a crime. •Wrong place, wrong time. •Insulting someone white. •Boastful talk. •Race prejudice. •Defense from assault.

What are the major assumptions underlying James Q. Wilson's hypothesis on the relationship between white-fear and black crime?

•Black crime is the major source of white racism. •Solving black crime rests almost entirely with the black community.

How were sex crimes handled under the slave codes?

•Black males who forced sex with white women received harshest penalties and a white man who forced sex with a black woman faced the least severe penalty.

What are the code words for black crime?

•Black offending, black-on-black crime, black criminality, urban crime, inner-city crime, metropolitan crime, big city crime, and street crime.

What are the numerous labels for Black crime identified by Russell?

•Black offending. •Black-on-black crime. •Black criminality. •Urban crime. •Inner City crime. •Street crime.

What is Bill Cosby's position on "bad" names or the claim of name-based discrimination?

•Black sounding names will put you in jail.

What is the relationship between the "skin game" and the operation of the CJS according to Russell?

•Blackness is both the cause and effect of deviance and the criminal justice system is highly punitive and racially skewed.

What did researchers Levitt and Dubner conclude about name-based discrimination?

•Both race and class determine the impact that one's name will have on one's life experiences.

According Russell, how can blacks transcend their blackness and become colorless?

•By achieving large scale success and fame.

To administer lashings in excess of thirty-nine was thought to violate which belief or value during slavery?

•Christian tenets.

What did researchers Onwuachi-Willig and Barnes conclude about name -based discrimination?

•Courts should not seek to treat name-based discrimination as somehow different and less harmful than racial discrimination.

What are fairness principles as defined by Russell? What is their purpose?

•Criminality applies to everyone equally regardless of race of the offender. •Criminal penalties apply to everyone equally regardless of race of the victim. •Race of offender irrelevant in determining whether a crime was committed. •Race of victim is irrelevant in determining whether a crime was committed. •Racial pedigree is not used to determine punishment. •Checks and balances to mitigate against racial bias.

What can be learned from slave codes, Black laws and Jim Crow?

•Even though the Thirteenth Amendment went through, they basically negated it.

True/False: According to Russell the criminal white man is the welcomed result of recent efforts by academics and the media to correct past mistakes made portraying all criminals as black.

•False, criminal white man is not really discussed.

True/False: The majority of lynchings were the result of allegations of sexual assault against White women.

•False, fewer than 1/3.

True/False: Slaves could own dogs but not horses during slavery.

•False, slaves were viewed lower than dogs.

True/False: According to Russell, Blacks commit the majority of the crime in America.

•False, whites do.

True/False: According to Russell, only whites visualize crime in Blackface.

•False.

Which Asian sex is most prevalent in the media according to Russell?

•Females.

What is the primary media talk about Native Americans according to Russell?

•Gambling casinos and the issue of using Indian names and symbols for athletics.

Why was Emmett Till allegedly killed?

•He was visiting Mississippi from Chicago and spoke to a white woman.

How does Russell define intraracial aggression/intraracial macroaggression/interracial macroaggressions?

•Intraracial aggression is language used by blacks that insults, undermines, and marginalizes other blacks.

What is the problem with thinking, "the hard work of racial integration in media is behind us?"

•It encourages us to accept the status quo as the best we can achieve when in reality there is much more to be done.

What has been suggested about why white-collar crime is not focused on by society/criminology?

•It is not viewed as crime.

What were Jim Crow laws? What were the rules of racial etiquette required under Jim Crow?

•Jim Crow mandated separate facilities for whites and colored. •Blacks had to call whites mister or sir, whites called blacks boys blacks, had to step aside and bow their heads, etc.

What are some suggestions for fixing the issue of race labels imposed on crime?

•Label all as race crimes.

Which ethnic group is second in line as the face of the feared American criminal?

•Latinos.

What Were Black Codes? When were they adopted?

•Laws that governed the movement of Blacks in non-slave holding states and territories. Adopted in 1865 in Ohio.

What are the recommended legal sanctions, moral sanctions, and reporting requirements for racial hoaxes suggested by Russell?

•Legal Sanctions: Felony, with prison time and fees as well as restitution. •Moral Sanctions: A public apology. •Reporting Requirements: National repository should be created to track racial hoax info.

How were branding irons used to enforce barbaric sanctions against Enslaved Africans?

•Letters on faces used to represent particular crimes.

Differentiate between "micro" and "macro" aggressions.

•Microaggressions are personal and small scale; ex. Subtle, stunning, often non-verbal. •Macroaggressions are large scale group offenses that are made public, repeated, and widespread; ex. Attacks, insults, or pejorative statements.

According to Russell, what were the startling statistics on America-Indians reported by the 2004 Justice Department study report?

•Native Americans are 2x more likely to be a victim of a violent crime than African Americans.

Who is Bill Richardson?

•New Mexico governor and 2008 Democratic Presidential candidate.

According to Russell, does the First Amendment pose a barrier to making the racial hoax a crime?

•No, because it is lawless conduct and therefore unprotected.

According to Russell what is the legal status of the proposed New Jersey state law to punish racial hoaxes?

•Not signed into law but used as a reference.

What problems emerge when a racial group is not allowed to shape its own public image?

•Other groups shape their image in a potentially rigid and inaccurate manner and therefore the way that they are viewed is seen as such.

How many Black newspapers are there today according to Russell?

•Over 75.

What are the two kinds of hate-crime statutes discussed by Russell?

•Pure bias statute: Hate crimes as independent of criminal offenses. •Penalty enhancement statute: Crimes committed with race in mind have additional penalties.

What do the aforementioned startling statistics tell us about the CJS?

•Race matters in the criminal justice system.

What are racial sensors and how do they impact our everyday life?

•Racial sensors determine who belongs where: ex. employment, education, and housing. •These sensors have long lasting and damaging effect on the CJS.

What is the relationship between rap, hip hop and blackness?

•Rap and hip hop provide insights for how Blackness is shaped, presented, and consumed.

What is the most common criminal hoax played on Black men?

•Rape.

What does Russell mean by her statement that "Asian American" has a monolithic meaning?

•Reduces Asians into one massive group that blends together all Asian countries.

How does Russell describe the lynching ritual?

•Selection of the victim, selection of the killers, selection of the location, and then selection of the method of death.

The 2000 census identified how many mixed-race individuals?

•Six million.

What were slave codes? What were their goals?

•Slave codes were the criminal law and procedure that was applied against enslaved Africans. Goal was to regulate entire slave life.

What are half-facts about crime?

•Statements or propositions about crime that are discussed in a vacuum, divorced from their context.

What is the view of some Whites for a successful black man vs a criminal black man?

•Successful black man is viewed as hard working, rich, smart, and successful vs a criminal black man.

How does Russell define the term "Redskin"?

•The early practice of hunting and killing Native Americans and offering their scalps as proof for the payment of a bounty.

What are some of the specific fears that Whites have about Blacks? How does this affect what we see in the media?

•The fear of crime, the fear of losing jobs, the fear of cultural demise, and the fear of black revolt.

What is the relationship between what crimes journalists tend to focus on and society's view of crime?

•The focus on black offending mirrors society's skewed concern over street crime.

What is the biggest concern with using racial labels when talking about crime?

•The implication that there is something about crime that is race specific.

Between 1995 and 2005 only 55 Blacks received doctorates in criminology or criminal justice while 430 Whites graduated with doctorates. What implications does this have for the field of criminology?

•The majority of perspectives on criminology come from white minds, the black criminal man may be perpetuated if not discussed.

What are the conditions under which a racial hoax takes place?

•The need to shift criminal responsibility.

What factors have converged to create the criminal black man?

•The perception that crime is violent, black, and male.

What is Russell's position on criminalizing racial hoaxes?

•The perpetrator should face criminal punishment.

What is the myth of the criminal black man?

•The person that people most often fear is the young, black man.

How does Russell- Brown define linguistic profiling?

•The practice of discriminating against someone who sounds like a person of color.

What was the impact of the "Jena Six" case?

•There were national calls to release Mychal Bell from jail after beating up a white student and being charged with attempted murder.

Why is it unrealistic/unhelpful to eliminate race labels imposed on crime?

•They are already in widespread use, and code words would replace labels most likely.

How are the media images of blackness primarily depicted?

•They are depicted as the face of crime.

What did the 2003 study mentioned by Russell find about job applicants with "black sounding" names?

•They are much less likely to be called in for an interview.

What was the purpose of black laws during the period of slavery in which slave codes existed?

•They established bond fees for state entry. •Outlined rules for blacks who sought work as craftsmen. •Imposed local taxes for public services.

Slaves were not only subject to separate laws, they were also subjected to separate court proceedings. What was the purpose of this separate process?

•They had different procedural practices from white courts that stripped away their right to a jury trial, could be convicted with a verdict that was less than unanimous, were presumed guilty, and did not have the right to appeal.

What is "Missing White Woman Syndrome" and what does this indicate about how society views crime?

•They have high media attention while women of other races who have gone missing are more disregarded.

According to Russell, what are the continuing harms of the racial hoax?

•They perpetuate the "criminal black man" image.

What are some of the reasons Black-on-White hoaxes are created?

•They play on hate crimes.

What is the main reason White-on-Black hoaxes are created? What are some of the other reasons?

•They play onto the stereotypical criminal black man. •Media attention when alleged black on white crime.

Why are racial hoaxes usually successful?

•They tap into widely held fears.

How are Tiger Woods and Keanu Reeves similar according to Russell?

•Tiger Woods and Keanu Reeves are both half Asian but the media rarely acknowledges this.

What is the purpose of employing a "racial hoax?"

•To draw attention from oneself onto another because it is perceived as being more believable and inflammatory.

What was the stated rationale for lynching?

•To safeguard white women from the black brute.

True or False: Racism comes in many shapes and sizes which may be direct, indirect, personal, or subtle.

•True.

How many blacks were lynched between 1882 and 1964 according to U.S. records? Ida B. Wells-Barnett?

•U.S. Records: 4,745. •Ida B. Wells-Barnett: Close to ten-thousand.

What function did Slave patrollers or patrols serve during slavery?

•Uphold the rights of slave owners, created separate crimes for blacks as well as justice system.

How important did Whites consider patrolling slaves?

•Very important. In some states, whites were required to work as patrollers to keep a tight rein on.

How much academic attention has been devoted to racial hoaxes?

•Very little.

What is racial ambiguity and how/why has it been used in today's media?

•When a person appears to be racially mixed, they are not white but no context clues are given to determine their race.

How does Russell define the "Racial Hoax"?

•When someone fabricates a crime and blames it on someone else because of their race or when an actual crime takes place and the perpetrator falsely blames someone because of their race.

Why is it both the best and worst of times for Blacks in mainstream media?

•While they are increasingly represented in the media as successful, they are also depicted through the media as the face of crime.

How does Russell describe the progress that the media has made in its portrayal of people of color?

•While they are regularly featured on television there has not been much progress as we may imagine. Media has come a long way but it is still not enough. •It displays a diverse impression and melting pot but it really just encourages the status quo.

How does Russell define "racial ventriloquism?"

•White actors portraying people of color.

What did the review of Lexis/Nexis database reveal about usage of the term white-crime?

•White crime is rarely labeled and discussed and when it is it is in comparison to black crime.

Regarding White-on-Black and Black-on-White hoaxes, which is the public more willing to believe and why?

•White-on-black because of the pervasive image of the criminal black man and blackness being equal to deviance.

According to Russell, how are Black-on-White hoaxes different than White-on-Black?

•White-on-black creates a much greater social harm.

What does Russell say about the number of arrests involving white offenders?

•Whites have the highest arrest rates compared to other groups.

Who were the majority of people arrested for hate crimes in 2006?

•Whites make up 58% of offenders.

What was the most important variable in determining punishment under the slave codes?

•Who the victim was. If they were white, the punishment was much harsher.

According to Russell, disproportionate offending by blacks may explain why so much research centers on black crime. What is not explained by disproportionate offending?

•Why so little research and media attention focuses on white street crime.

Identify Russell's criticisms of Wilson's Thesis?

•Wilson implies that black crime is sole source of racism. Fear is not only a one-dimensional variable while white fear encompasses the fear of crime, the fear of losing jobs, the fear of cultural demise, and the fear of black revolt.

How does the media usually portray Asian American males and females?

•Women are seen as exotic objects. •Men are seen as smart and tech savvy.

Were some Whites punished for violence against slaves? Why?

•Yes, because they interfered with the property rights of a slave owner.