CDC Volume 1: Self Test Questions

Cite the two divisions of the skeletal system and describe the structure of each.

(1) Axial skeleton: consists of 80 bones, which form the vertical axis of the body - they include the bones of the head, vertebral column, ribs and breastbone (sternum). (2) Appendicular skeleton: consists of 126 bones and includes the free appendages and their attachments to the axial skeleton.

What health effects have been related to exposure to water pollutants?

(1) Cancer (2) hormonal problems that can disrupt reproductive and developmental processes (3) damage to the nervous system (4) liver and kidney damage (5) damage to the DNA

Cite the four categories of transport and fate mechanisms and provide a description of each.

(1) Emission: refers to the actual release or discharge of the material from a source. (2) advection/convection: the normal migration or movement of the contaminant through a medium. (3) dispersion: describes spreading of contaminants in a liquid, gas, or solid phase due to the impingement of the contaminant by the phase material. (4) Attenuation: the retardation, degradation, or adsorption of a contaminant.

Cite the seven functions of skin.

(1) Protects the body from invasion by bacteria and other harmful micro organisms (2) helps keep a constant body temperature (3) prevents water loss (4) excretes wastes (5) receives sensations (6) produces a vitamin (7) absorbs certain drugs and other chemical substances

Cite the three functions of the nervous system.

(1) Sensory (2) Integrative (3) Motor

Cite the five basic human senses.

(1) Sight (2) Smell (3) Taste (4) Touch (5) Hearing

Cite the two types of food chains.

(1) grazing (2) Detritus

What are the five elements that characterize exposure pathways?

(1) source (2) environmental fate and transport (3) exposure point (4) exposure route (5) receptor population

Cite the four functions of the reproductive system.

(1) to produce egg and sperm cells. (2) to transport and sustain these cells. (3) to nurture the developing offspring. (4) to produce hormones.

Cite the three primary functions of the lymphatic system.

(1) to return excess interstitial fluid to the blood, (2) absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and the subsequent transport of these substances to the venous circulation, and (3) defense against invading microorganisms and disease.

Cite the Air Force organization leaders and describe their individual responsibilities.

*SECAF:* charged with policy and oversight of the Department. *CSAF:* responsibility for organizing, training, and equipping Air Force units to meet combatant commander requirements.

Cite the special functions that occur within the cytoplasm of a cell.

- Cell expansion - growth - replication

List the Four effects-based mission areas within the Aerospace Medical Program.

- Ensure a Healthy and Fit Force - Prevent Casualties - Restore Health - Enhance Human Performance

List the four Air Force Medical Service effects-based mission areas.

- Ensuring a Fit and Health Force - Prevent Casualties - Restore Health - Enhance Human Performance.

Cite the factors that influence the organizational structure of each MTF

- Mission - Size - Capabilities Of the organization

How many moles are in 16 grams of a gas with a molecular weight of 32 grams (one mole)?

0.5 moles. Where: Ratio: 1mole/?=32grams/16grams Cross-Multiplying: ?x32grams=1molex16grams Dividing: 1molex16grams/32grams=0.5 moles

Given a pressure of 580 torr, what will be the pressure in atmospheres (atm)?

0.76 atm Where: Recalling that 760 torr is equivalent to 1 atm. Ratio: (580 torr/760 torr) = (?/1 atm) Cross Multiplying: 580 torr x 1 atm = 760 torr x ? Dividing: (580 torr x 1 atm) / 760 torr = 0.76 atm

Cite the two types of crust that make up the lithosphere and give a description of each.

1) Dry land of the continents which is composed mostly of granite and other light silicate minerals 2) Ocean floors which are composed mostly of a dark, dense volcanic rock called basalt.

List the 10 approved flights within the Aerospace Medicine Squadron.

1. Flight/space/missile medicine 2. Health promotion 3. Public Health 4. Bioenvironmental Engineering 5. Aerospace Physiology 6. Aeromedical staging 7. Occupational medicine 8. Optometry 9. Hyperbaric Medicine 10. Audiology

How many grams per liter are needed for a 5 molar solution of a compound with a molecular weight of 56?

280 grams Where: 56 grams x 5 M = 280 grams per liter.

How much water (in grams) must be added to 12 grams of sodium hydroxide to prepare a 4 percent aqueous sodium hydroxide solution?

288 grams of water needed for 12 grams of sodium hydroxide. *Where:* In a 4 percent solution, there are 4 grams of sodium hydroxide for every 96 grams of water (100 grams of solution - 4 grams of sodium hydroxide = 96 grams of water); thus you can calculate the number of grams of water needed for 12 grams of sodium hydroxide as: 12 grams of sodium hydroxide x (96 grams of water/4 grams of sodium hydroxide) = 288 grams

If you have 20 grams of sodium chloride dissolved in 65 grams of water, what is the mass of solution?

85 grams 20 grams + 65 grams = 85 grams (mass of solution)

What is the difference between a gas and a vapor?

A gas is in the gaseous state at normal room temperature and pressure while a vapor is the gaseous form of a substance which is liquid or solid at normal room temperature and pressure.

Teratogen

A material which causes birth defect.

Mutagen

A material which produces a change in the character of the gene which is then passed on to the next generation.

Carcinogen

A material which produces cancer in some form.

What is the difference between a mist and a fog?

A mist refers to very small droplets generated by spraying or splashing while a fog is composed of still smaller droplets.

Define anion.

A negatively charged ion, meaning that the atom has more electrons than protons.

Define Cation.

A positively charged ion, meaning that the atom has more protons than electrons.

Buffer Solution

A solution that contains substantial amounts of both a weak acid and its conjugate base and therefore resists change in its pH.

Toxic agent

A substance that can produce an adverse physiological effect.

Is Coffee an acid or base?

Acid

Is Tomato Juice an acid or base?

Acid

Is vinegar an acid or base?

Acid

Is a solution with more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions more acidic or basic?

Acidic.

Which response capability would be mobilized to provide on-site manpower, equipment and health physics support to identify and analyze radiological hazards, assess the risks and recommend force protection measures following a radiation accident/incident?

Air Force Radiological Assessment Team (AFRAT)

Define Inert

An atom is inert when its outer shell contains all of the possible electrons it can hold - it is considered to be satisfied and therefore will not combine with any other.

What does inversely proportionate mean?

An increase in one variable results in a decrease in the other variable, or a decrease in one variable results in an increase in the other variable.

What does directly proportionate mean?

An increase in one variable results in an increase int eh other variable, or a decrease in one variable results in a decrease in the other variable.

Synergism

An interaction between two chemicals in which one chemical enhances the toxic effects of the other.

List the two ways in which autotrophic organisms metabolize.

Autotrophs can metabolize through either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

When might Bioenvironmental Engineering personnel work together with federal or state Environmental Protection Agency officials?

BE personnel might interact with federal or state Environmental Protection Agency officals when establishing and conducting community health surveillance such as drinking water monitoring requireents and reporitng violations of a drinking water standard.

Is Lye an acid or base?

Base

Is Ocean water an acid or base?

Base

Is ammonia an acid or base?

Base

Outline the areas of expertise that Bioenvironmental Engineering personnel would provide when assigned to the PAM team?

Bioenvironmental Engineering PAM team members provide expertise in water quality, water distribution system analysis, industrial hygiene, radiation safety, waste management, hazardous material incidents, and hazardous materials management.

Describe the act of breathing

Breathing (pulmonary ventilation) is the process of air flowing into the lungs during inhalation and out of the lungs during exhalation.

Describe how the medical global reach lay down team initiates the OEHSA process?

By providing initial health risk assessment and threat control recommendations.

How does Bioenvironmental Engineering fulfill its responsibilities in support of the Air Force Medical Service effect - Prevent Casualties?

By providing the capabilities to identify, analyze, and control occupational and environmental health hazards.

Heat Production

By-product of muscle metabolism.

Aromatic hydrocarbons.

Can be identified to some extent by their boiling points.

Explain why cell division is important.

Cell division is the process by which new cells are formed for growth, repair, and replacement in the body.

Blood Vessels

Channels through which blood is distributed to body tissues.

Chemical A produces an 80 percent death rate at a dose of 4 mg/kg. In contrast, Chemical B produces an 80 percent death rate at a dose of 8 mg/kg. Which chemical has the greater margin of safety?

Chemical B

To what value is the atomic weight of an element closely related?

Closely related to its mass number.

Ganglia

Collections of the nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system.

Describe the general structure and function of the plasma membrane of a cell.

Composed mainly of lipids and proteins and serves to separate and protect a cell from its surrounding environment.

Define compound.

Composed of any two elements that combine chemically.

Describe the general structure and function of nervous tissue.

Comprised of supporting cells and neurons and is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.

Describe the basic structure of the digestive system.

Consists of a long continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Describe the basic structure of the cardiovascular system.

Consists of the heart and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Provide a description of the MNBC team?

Consists of three BE personnel that conduct nuclear, biological and chemical surveillance, advises commanders on associated health effects, threat impact, protective action posture, recovery activities, and human risk assessments.

Environmental Transport and Fate.

Contaminants moving through and across different media.

Cardiac Muscle

Contraction in involuntary, strong, and rhythmical.

Smooth Muscle

Contraction is slow and rhythmical.

What is the difference between corrosion of the skin and inflammation of the skin?

Corrosion is the destruction of tissue while inflammation is the reaction of living tissue.

What is pneumoconiosis?

Damage to the lung caused by the inhalation of dusts (dusty lung).

Systemic poison

Damages the blood or blood-forming organs.

Halogens.

Derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons and are structurally similar to alcohols.

Simple Asphyxiant

Dilutes the normal amount of oxygen in the air so that tissues do not receive adequate oxygen.

Endocrine

Ductless glands

How do most solid material get through the skin?

Either the material or skin is altered in some way.

During your exposure pathway evaluation, what information could evaluating the fate and transport of a contaminant within an environmental media provide?

Evaluating the fate and transport of a contaminant within an environmental media during the exposure pathway evaluation can assis you in determining how likely it is that contaminants have moved or will move beyond the source area and how likely it is that contamination and exposure could occur.

Tendons

Extends over joints, contributing to joint stability.

Where are the noble gases located within the periodic table?

Far right column.

Pressure

Force per unit area

Petroleum distillates.

Formed by combining a parent hydrocarbon with a halogen.

Describe the relationship between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

Functions in the regulation of body activities.

Describe the function of the Eustachian tube within the ear?

Functions to equalize the air pressure in the ear with that of the atmosphere. If the pressure is not equalized, the eardrum could burst.

What basic form of matter can take the shape of a container smaller than its original volume?

Gas

Define tissue and cite the four major types of tissue found in the human body.

Groups of cells that have a similar structure and function. 4 major types found in the body are: (1) Epithelial (2) Connective (3) Muscle (4) Nervous

What name is given to the vertical columns within the periodic table that hold elements with the same number of valence electrons in their out shell?

Groups.

How do heterotrophic organisms satisfy their nutritional needs?

Heterotrophs organisms use already formed organic compounds (plants, animals, or particulate organic matter) as a basis for nutrition, so they depend on autotrophic organisms, either directly or indirectly.

Name at least two reason why ingestion ordinarily results in lesser toxic effects than other entry routes.

High acidity in stomach, alkaline medium and enzymes of the pancreas have a neutralizing effect, poor absorption into the bloodstream detoxification in the liver, and filtering by the kidneys.

What similarity can be found at the upper trophies levels of either chain?

In either chain, animals catch and kill the organism to be consumed ad are larger, quicker, or stronger than their pray.

Water Solubility

Indicator of a contaminant's ability to migrate in the environment.

Vapor Pressure

Indicator of how quickly a contaminant will evaporate from surface soils or water into the air.

Receptor population

Individuals that may come in contact with contaminants.

Soil characterisitics

Influence the rate of percolation, groundwater recharge, contaminant release, and transport.

Geologic composition

Influences the direction and extent of contaminant transport in groundwater.

Topography

Influences the direction and rate of surface water runoff and potential for flooding.

Wind Speed

Influences the dispersion and volatilizations of airborne contaminants.

Physical characteristics of aquifers

Influences the vertical and lateral movement of groundwater and contaminants.

Temperature conditions

Influences the volatilizations of contaminants.

Irritant

Interferes with breathing by causing a reflex constriction of the respiratory passages.

Cite the two general types of bonds that occur between atoms in a compound.

Ionic Bonds and Covalent Bonds.

What effect does a sensitized have on the skin?

It penetrates the skin and joins with tissue protein to render the skin very susceptible to future exposures.

Why is the Earth's surface important?

It provides shelter and nourishment to its inhabitants.

What is the main value of the periodic table?

Its ability to predict the chemical properties of an element based on its location within the table.

Describe the role of the Air Force Surgeon General within the Air Force Medical Service.

Leader of the Air Force Medical Service, and as such, he/she establishes the medical service mission, ensuring it supports the AIr Force mission.

What basic form of matter cannot be compressed?

Liquid

What basic form of matter has a definite volume but lacks shape?

Liquid.

Exposure point.

Location where individuals might come inc intact with contaminated medium.

Public Health

Manages food safety and medical entomology programs.

Occupational Medicine

Manages occupational and environmental injuries and illnesses.

Audiology

Manages the hearing conservation and hearing loss prevention programs.

Optometry

Manages the spectacle/gas mask insert and warfighter/aviation corneal refractive surgery programs.

Saturated Solution

Maximum possible amount of solute is dissolved at some specified temperature.

Exposure route

Means by which the contaminant actually enters or contacts the body.

Concentration

Measure of how much solute is contained in a given amount of solvent or solution.

Which unit type code is primarily a contingency assets deployed to, or activated at base operating locations whenever a chemical, biological, or nuclear threat is present or developing; however, can also be deployed for military support to civil authorities?

Medical Nuclear, Biological and Chemical team (MNBC team)

State the two factors that distinguish smokes, fumes, adjusts from each other.

Method and method of generation.

Supersaturated Solution

More solute is dissolved than would ordinarily be possible at a specified temperature.

Neuroglia

Nonconducting and provides a support system for the neurons.

Define Heterogeneous Matter.

Not uniform in composition and properties.

Equivalents

Number of moles of a substance that will combine with another substance.

Molality

Number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

At what meeting group would topics such as industrial hygiene surveillance results and proposed occupational health education and examination recommendations be discussed?

Occupational and Environmental Health Working Group (OEHWG)

Source

Origin of environmental contamination.

Why are inhaled particles or droplets with a diameter greater than 5 micrometers (um) not likely to reach the lungs?

Particulates and droplets best reach the lungs when they are less than 5.0 micrometer in diameter, because larger particles tend to be trapped by the cilia lining of the respiratory tract.

Epithelial tissue (epithelium) can perform a variety of functions; cite four functions.

Performs a variety of functions which include: (1) Protection (2) Secretion (3) Absorption (4) Excretion (5) Filtration (6) Diffusion (7) Sensory reception

Phenols

Prepared from alcohols and are relatively inert compared to alcohols.

Describe the prevent casualties effects-based mission area.

Preventative medicine activities ensure the force is available to accomplish the mission. Health service for this effect include identifying, assessing and controlling hazards from the full spectrum of health hazards encountered in garrison or deployed environments. It also includes communicating associated hazard risks so commanders understand the potential outcomes of exposure, and providing solution sets for managing hazards while continuing the mission.

Capillaries

Primary function is the exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cell.

Carcinogen

Produces Cancer

Teratogen

Produces malformations int he fetus without harming the mother.

Thyroid

Produces the hormone thyroxine.

Gonads

Produces the sperm and ova.

Mutagen

Produces undesirable effects int he descendants of the person exposed.

Describe the function of bones within the skeletal system.

Provide a rigid framework, which supports and protects the soft organs of the body.

Hyperbaric Medicine

Provides care and training for decompression sickness.

Flight Medicine

Provides clinical, occupational, and preventive medical care.

Aerospace Physiology

Provides human performance enhancement training.

Aeromedical Staging

Provides medical care to patients who enter, travel in, or leave the aeromedical evacuation system.

Bioenvironmental Engineering

Provides operational health risk assessment expertise.

Health Promotions

Provides programs nutrition and stress management.

What is the function of the sclera within the eye?

Provides strength to the fluid-filled eyeball

Which base agency would Bioenvironmental Engineering team members work closely with on community health issues such as indoor air quality or recreational swimming areas?

Public Health

What two types of health effects can occur when air pollutants enter the lungs?

Pulmonary and sytemic

How do pure substances differ from homogeneous mixtures?

Pure substances differ from homogeneous mixtures and solutions because they have distinct and constant compositions, whereas mixtures and solutions consist of two or more pure substances in variable proportions.

What is one of the most important considerations affecting the intensity of toxic action?

Rate of entry.

Target cells

Receives hormones and act as receptors.

Chemical Asphyxiant.

Reduces the body's capacity to use oxygen.

Pituitary

Referred to as the body's master gland.

Arterioles

Regulate blood flow into the tissue capillaries.

Hormones

Regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body.

Skeletal Muscle

Responsible for skeletal movement.

Pancreas

Secretes digestive enzymes

Describe the function of the synovial membrane within joints.

Secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity for lubrication.

If an organism displays increased reactions over time to the same dosage then the organism has become what?

Sensitized.

What is used to represent the bonds between two atoms in a structural formula?

Short lines.

What is the difference between simple Asphyxiant and chemical Asphyxiant?

Simple Asphyxiant dilute the normal amount of oxygen in the ai so tissues don't receive enough oxygen to meet their needs while chemical Asphyxiant reduce the body's capacity to use oxygen.

What determines the efficiency of dust penetration into the lungs?

Size, shape, and density.

Cite three basic forms of matter.

Solid, Liquid, and gas.

For a mixture of 10 percent sodium hydroxide and 90 percent water, which is the solute and which is the solvent?

Solute: Sodium Hydroxide Solvent: Water

Unsaturated Solution

Solvent does not contain all of the solute it is capable of dissolving.

Describe the role of vertebrae within the skeletal system.

Surrounds and protect the spinal cord.

Regardless of the true true of the flight, what are Bioenvironmental Engineering team members responsible for and how is this accomplished?

Team members are responsible for executing explicit tasks and meeting specific occupational and environmental health responsibilties; this is accomplished by promoting and maintaining health and well-being of the operational, industrial, and community environments which enables commanders to achieve the overall mission.

Describe the process by which ozone is formed.

Temperature increases with heigh as radiation is increasingly absorbed by oxygen molecules which lead to the formation of ozone.

Anesthetic

Tendency to produce unconsciousness without seriously harming other organs.

What provides the link between all the function of Team Aerospace?

The Aerospace Medicine Council

What organization would be notified if a safety discrepancy was noted during a routine assessment visit?

The Wing Safety Office

What is critical when defining a chemical's toxicity?

The amount of a chemical dose is delivered.

Describe the relationship between the circulatory system and the respiratory system.

The body cells need a continuous supply of oxygen for the metabolic processes that are necessary to maintain life-the respiratory system and circulatory system work together to provide this oxygen and to remove the waste products of metabolism.

Axon

The conducting region of the neuron.

Neuron

The conduction cell that transmits impulses and the unit of the nervous system.

What does the dose-response relationship demonstrate?

The correlation between the amount of exposure to a substance or toxic chemical and the resulting effect on the body.

Define Hazard.

The degree of effects that an agent can produce.

Response

The effect on the body or organ.

Describe the hydrologic cycle.

The hydrologic cycle is the basis of the hydrosphere and is a continuous process that makes it possible for living organisms to have the water essential for life.

Explain how the structure of connective tissue contributes to its function.

The matrix of connective tissue makes it able to bear weight, withstand great tension, and endure buses that other tissue types would not be able o tolerate.

Describe the general function of the nucleus.

The nucleus determines how the cell will function, as well as the basic structure of the cell.

What does the atomic number of an atom represent?

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Threshold

The point on a dose-response curve above which effects occur and below which no effects occur.

What does the method by which a substance enters the body tell us?

The potential organs that will be affected and how severe the action will be.

Define photosynthesis

The process of food and new cell mass production using light as the energy source.

Dose

The quantity of a substance contacting the body or being absorbed into the body.

Define cell.

The smallest functioning unit of life that is capable of independent existence.

What does the mass number of an atom represent?

The sum of the number of protons and neutron in the nucleus of an atom.

Describe the cycle of air within the troposphere.

The troposphere is in instant. The sun heats the Earth's surface and the air above it, causing warm air to rise. As the warm air rises, air pressure decreases causing the air to expand and cool. The cool air is denser than the surrounding, so it sinks and the cycle starts again. It is this constant cycle of the air that causes out weather.

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons.

Their carbon atoms are arranged in a closed chain, or ring formation.

Column B

Their carbon atoms are arranged in open chains.

Why is inhalation the most common cause of serious effects in occupational exposures?

There are an enormous number of vapors which can be inhaled in the workplace and this entry route allows doses into the body quickly.

Exocrine

These glands have ducts that carry their secretory product to a surface.

How are Asphyxiant classified?

They are classified by their ability to prevent oxygen from reaching body tissues.

Explain the difference between the reproductive system and the other body systems.

They are different because they are devoted completely to the reproduction of offspring and are not necessarily vital to the individual's own survival.

Describe the role of the kidneys within the urinary system.

They are the primary organs of the urinary system. They filter the blood, remove the wastes, and excrete the wastes in the urine.

Describe the role of the MAJCOM Bioenvironmental Engineering, to include overseas locations.

This individual assists in interpreting AFMOA policy, develops supplemental information to policy as it applies to their specific MAJCOM, and is an approval authority for variance in policy. At overseas locations, the MAJCOM BE officer also acts as the approving authority for drinking water laboratory certification to operate.

Describe the role a Bioenvironmental Engineering technician has in supporting the Air Force Medical Service mission.

Through their activities, bioenvironmental Engineering technicians optimize combat capabilties by preventing casualties and enhancing performance in the deployed and in-garrison environments.

Cite the main purpose of the digestive system.

To break down proteins, fats, and starches, which cannot be absorbed intact into amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose that can be absorbed across the wall of the tube and into the circulatory system for dissemination throughout the body.

Cite the primary function of the urinary system.

To maintain the volume and composition of body fluids within normal limits.

Describe the relationship between the skeletal system and the muscles of the body.

To provide movement and support.

Cite the mission of Bioenvironmental Engineering within the Aerospace Medical Program.

To provide operational health risk assessment expertise to enhance a commander decision making and health service support capabilities.

How can soil pollution lead to water pollution?

Toxic substances leach into groundwater , or if the contaminated runoff reaches streams, lakes, or oceans.

Toxicants

Toxic substances that are produced by or are a by-product of human activities.

Poisons

Toxicants that cause immediate illness or death when experienced in very small amounts.

Motor Division

Transmits impulses form peripheral organs to the central nervous system.

Sensory Division

Transmits impulses from peripheral organs to the central nervous system.

Arteries

Transports blood away from the heart.

Veins

Transports blood toward the heart.

Blood

Transports disease fighting substances to the tissue and waste to the kidneys.

Define Homogeneous Matter.

Uniform in composition and properties

Standard Solution

Used as reference to calculate the concentration of other solution.

Define toxicity

What a specific substance is capable of as far as producing unwanted effects.

Describe the role of the kidneys within the urinary system.

When the body is exposed to microorganisms or other ordering substances, the lymphocytes proliferate within the lymphatic organs are sent to the site of the invasion in an attempt to destroy the invading agent.

When is a solution considered to be neutral?

When the hydrogen ion concentration and the hydroxide concentration are equal (pH of 7).

Describe the function of muscle tissue.

as the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts.

Describe the role of the heart within the cardiovascular system.

provides the force necessary to circulate the blood to all the tissues in the body.