Ch 3 The Human Body: A Nutrition Perspective

are not

Enzymes are part of a chemical reaction and ______ altered in the process

adrenal glands

Epinephrine & norepinephrine are secreted from the ________

Mitochondria

Except for RBCs, all cells have ____________, these are the powerhouse and convert substances into usable energy for cells

lymphatic system

Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the:

forming soft, bulky stool. holding water in the feces.

Fiber eases constipation by:

kidney

Filtering the blood is a function of which organ?

peptic ulcer

For several months, Clayton has been experiencing gnawing pain in his abdomen about 2 hours after eating. This morning, he felt ill and vomited what looked like coffee grounds. What is a likely explanation for his condition?

wheat, rye, barley, bran, graham flour, semolina, spelt, malt

Identify grains that should be eliminated from the diet of someone with celiac disease.

Fiber stimulates peristalsis by drawing water into the large intestine.

Identify how fiber works in reducing constipation.

Nucleus

Identify the part of the cell responsible for genetically controlling the actions that occur in the cell:

DNA

In cell nucleus, the genetic code is recorded as:

membrane cytoplasm organelles

In the human body, all cells have a few common features:

gluten

In those with celiac disease, exposure to ______ causes the villi of the small intestine to flatten.

pancreas

Insulin & glucagon are secreted from the ________

lowering

Insulin facilitates uptake of glucose by body cells, thereby __________ blood glucose

lymph

Large dietary fats are absorbed from the small intestine into the:

proteins

Most enzymes are _______

glucose

Most of the time, the brain relies on ______ as its energy source

mitochondria of the cell

Most reactions that yield energy from nutrients occur in the ___________

cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum

Name the sections of the large intestine, in order:

consuming more fiber and fluids daily

Nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes

GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

Pain, nausea, gagging, cough, or hoarseness are all symptoms of _____.

Immune and digestive

Preventing pathogens from invading the body is a shared role of which two systems?

endocrine

Production of insulin and glucagon is the _________ role of the pancreas

1. cell 2. tissue 3. organ 4. organ system

Show the levels of organization of the human body in order:

nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS)

Some people experience symptoms of celiac disease after ingestion of gluten but do not have the related pathology of celiac disease. This is termed _____.

true

T or F. Cell membranes are NOT the same as cell walls (found in plants)

cell membrane

The _________ itself is not an organelle but holds the cellular contents together and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell

making dietary minerals soluble. partially digesting protein. activating some digestive enzymes.

The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in:

lipid

The cell membrane is a ______ bilayer of phospholipids

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and alcohol

The chemical bonds in _______ can be broken down (catabolized) to generate ATP within cells.

folds of the mucosa microvilli villi

The combined surface area of the _____ increase the surface area for nutrient absorption in the small intestine

Peristalsis

The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called:

the effects of hormones on appetite and blood glucose regulation

The endocrine system is related to nutrition through:

Trachea (windpipe)

The epiglottis prevents a bolus from entering the ______

capillaries

The exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and the cells throughout the body occurs across the cells lining the _______

lipids

The function of bile is to assist digestion of:

vitamin D

The kidneys are involved in the activation of:

red blood cell synthesis

The kidneys produce a hormone that is involved in:

accessory

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered to be _____ structures.

fat

The lymphatic system transports _______-soluble nutrients

esophageal cancer

The major risk of untreated GERD is:

mechanical digestion

The mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of:

Organelles

The nucleus, Golgi complex, and lysosomes are examples of ________

surgical removal of the gallbladder

The primary treatment for gallstones is:

enterohepatic circulation

The process of recycling and reusing bile components is called:

increase fecal bulk

The safest types of laxatives are those that:

small intestine

The site of most nutrient absorption is in the:

gastroesophageal sphincter

The sphincter separating the esophagus and the stomach is called the LES and the __________

1 - 4

The stomach empties in about ____ hours depending on the contents and size of the meal.

digestive

This body system breaks down food both mechanically and chemically:

nervous

This body system detects sensations, controls physiological and intellectual functions:

endocrine

This body system regulates metabolism through the action of hormones:

lymphatic

This body system removes foreign substances from the blood and aids in fat absorption:

urinary

This body system removes waste products from the circulatory system:

cardiovascular

This body system transports nutrients, waste, gases, and hormones throughout the body:

thyroid gland

Thyroid hormone is secreted from the __________

heartburn

To alleviate ______, avoid lying down after eating and raise the head of your bed 6 inches.

relaxation. engaging in physical activity. consuming additional fluid.

Treatment for mild constipation includes:

compartments, particles, or filaments that perform specialized functions

What are organelles?

It allows cell-to-cell communication It provides some structure for the cell It controls the substances that pass through the cells

What are some functions of the cell membrane?

Lipase Mucus Amylase

What are the components of saliva?

1. Duodenum (10 in) 2. Jejunum (4ft) 3. Ileum (5ft)

What are the three parts of the small intestine, in order?

feces

What contains water, undigested fiber, bacteria, parts of dead intestinal cells, and some body wastes?

water and alcohol

What dietary components can be absorbed by the cells lining the stomach? (these are the only ones absorbed here)

production of amylase

What is an exocrine role of the pancreas?

Long-chain fatty acids Fat-soluble vitamins

What must be absorbed into the lymphatic vessels before entering general circulation?

pancreas and small intestine

What two organs produce most enzymes?

water soluble compounds

What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation?

active absorption

When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called:

upper right abdomen

When gallstones block the duct that carries bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine, a person usually experiences pain in the:

increases

When pancreatic function declines, insulin production decreases and blood glucose _________

small intestine

Which comes first in the digestive process? The small or large intestine?

stomach

Which organ holds about 4 cups of food for several hours?

potassium, sodium

Which two minerals are important for transmission of nerve impulses?

vitamin B-12

_____ plays a role in the formation of the myelin sheath

cells

______ are self-contained, living structures that join together to form tissues

tissues

______ collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function

cell nucleus

______ contains DNA

gene

______ is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein

cholesterol

______ is found only in food ingredients from animal origin

Catabolism

______ is the metabolic pathways that break down larger compounds into smaller compounds (releases energy)

Phospholipids

_______ any class of fat-related substances that contain phosphorous, fatty acids and nitrogen containing substances

Amylase

_______ digests starch

metabolism

_______ is all the chemical processes involved in maintaining life; includes anabolism and catabolism

Phagocytosis

_______ is the process by which a cell can engulf a substance, It uses energy, but no carrier protein

facilitated

________ diffusion makes use of a carrier to transport substances across the cell membrane, but does not require energy

passive

________ diffusion requires neither a carrier nor energy

chyme

________ is formed in the stomach

bile

________ is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

________ is the energy currency of the cell

lipase

________ is the enzyme that digests fats

aerobic

________ is with oxygen

Anabolism

_________ is the metabolic pathways that use small, simple compounds to build larger, more complex compounds (requires energy)

Anerobic

_________ is without oxygen

laxatives

___________ are for short-term use and should be reserved for times when nutritional interventions are not sufficient.

pituitary gland

growth hormone is secreted from the _________

reflux of highly acidic stomach contents into the esophagus

"Heartburn" doesn't involve the heart at all; it is a pain in the chest caused by:

peptide

A __________ is a chain of amino acids

veins

After blood flows through the body, it returns to the heart through the ______

Enzymes

All ________ are proteins, and speeds up the chemical reactions but are not altered by the reaction

protease

An enzyme that breaks down the bonds in protein is a _________

allows stomach acid to enter the esophagus

An individual with GERD should not lie down after eating because lying down:

Capillaries

Arteries branch off into __________

Dietary exposure to gluten Genetic predisposition to celiac disease

Based on current research, what are the two factors needed for development of celiac disease?

rectum

Before feces are eliminated, they are held in the:

arteries

Blood leaves the heart via _______

Neurotransmiters

Calcium is involved in the release of _____ from neurons

absorbs fewer nutrients houses more bacteria

Compared to the small intestine, the large intestine:

gallstones

Dana reports abdominal pain, gas, and bloating after eating, especially meals that are high in fat. She may have: