CDV 440- Immigration: Exam 1 Article q's

What is cultural pluralism? Where could we find evidence of this?

Cultural pluralism is if the country approves of you keeping 2 cultures. does the country expect everyone to be the same? You can find evidence of a countries views on cultural pluralism in their policies.

Children in Mexican families: Explain how living in poverty is a risk factor?

because, it can lead to health, developmental delays, low academic performance, less education level, earnings in adulthood. ie. Foreign born mexicans get about 8yrs of schooling vs. native born mexicans get about 12 yrs.

Jonathan (9yr) is second generation Mexican immigrant. His mom and dad are married and live together, raising Jonathan.They both are LPR's and have bachelors, and have are proficient in english. They both work and are middle class. Jonathan has trouble in certain subjects to which his parents pay for a tutor. His parents also help him with homework when they get home from work. While he is not in school his Paternal grandmother watches him until his parents come home. Jonathan is very proud to be Mexican. His neighborhood is inclusive of his immigrant parents. In fact when Jonathans grandmother can't watch him he goes to his next door neighbors house until his parents get home. His parents make sure that Jonathan does not lose touch of where he came from and that he speak both Spanish and English. His family interact with the dominant culture and have kept their culture since moving to the U.S List some of the protective factors in Jonathans life.

*1. High parental education-* Because his parents have gone to college they value education. They can also provide more resources for him when he needs help in certain subjects whether they themselves helping him or by being able to afford a tutor. *2. mode of incorporation-* he was perceived well by other in the community. His parents are LPR. *3. use of extended family. * *4. Integration/Alternation* Because his parents are integrating Jonathan is more likely to have a positive outcome. He will be able to code switch that can help his cognitive development because it allows him to switch between two cultures. *5. two parent household* *6. Mothers education.* *7. Parental english use-* parents being able to speak english helps jonathan because they can help him with his homework. 8. Neighborhood and network social capital.

Child A is a child of an immigrant, there parents have not completed high school. Child B is a child of an immigrant, his parents have masters degree in a STEM area. 1. What kind of protective factor is this an example of? 2. Explain why one child may do better in certain areas of development than the other. 3. How could it help prevent downward assimilation?

*1.* The protective factor is parent education. ~Protective factor- High parent education. ~Vulnerability factor- Low parent education *2.* Child B would do better than Child A. Areas of development that parent education helps are: *Socio-Emotional:* Child B: They will have less stress because if Child B's parents has more education they more likely have a high income and do not live in poverty. Child A: Think of the exosystem; parents with low education tend to work longer hours and be more in poverty. The parents stress and lack of resources that the parent may not be able to provide can stress the child out. *Academic:* Child B. Because Child B's parents are educated they will more likely understand that they can fight for their child to get into a better program at school. If they need help learning matterial parents can most likely afford to pay for a tutor. *3.* Parent education helps prevent downward assimilation because they can most likely provide resources they need to stay in the same path as their parents or enhance the ability for upward mobility. -------I.e First generation Filipino immigrants are highly educated. Second generation Filipino American have the same educational attainment as white people. But because the first generation has the resources (Social capital and money) the second generation stay the same in middle class instead of downward assimilation.

Suarez-Orozco (2012) talked about immigrant family separation and the experiences of seperated unaccompanied and reunited youth and families. Knowing what we know now of unaccompanied and stepwise youth, what policy changes can be made to help these children? Can you relate it to policy changes that landale (2011) recommended to help Black Carribean families? Name a developmental Area that could help children with this policy change.

- A policy change is to reconsider the policies that impose family separations that sometimes last more than half of childhood. - Landale (2011) recommended shortening the long wait that it takes for LPR's to legally bring their children. - Developmentally lowering the wait time would help children's socio-emotional development because they would not feel as sad or lonely to not have their parents/not be able to see their parents. other developmental areas could be academic, cognitive.

What does having a parent with undocumented status do to child and youth development?

- Lower levels of cognitive development and educational progress - Across early childhood - adulthood - Lower socio-emotional development in adolescents - Fewer years of schooling (1.25 - 1.5 years) Studies on adolescents: - Being undocumented: lower academic expectations and barriers to educational attainment and college - having an undocumented parent leads to anxiety and depression

Why is knowing the different strategies (integration, assimilation, seperation, & marginalization) important in child development and for families?

- Sometimes not all members of a family agree on how they choose to adapt to the new surroundings. - Adolescents for example sometimes differ in the strategy than their parents and this could cause conflict in their family. In knowing these strategies we can improve policy to help families to better adjust. These strategies tells us why some people choose to adapt a certain way. Ie. Berry says that when a person assimilates it's almost never a choice of the person rather what the dominant culture expects. It's written in policy to get them to assimilate.

Carhill (2008): Why does school quality matter?

- The schools that newcomers come to are sometimes not optimal. - Attending a school that is ↑ in Poverty and ↓%of English language art proficiency had a low overall english proficiency. - Study found that having parents with language skills and mothers education on language learning could mediate the expected poor outcomes of the school context.

When looking at segmented assimilation in asians what are some important things to know?

- They are very diverse groups. Some asians like Chinese, Korean, Japanese come here as middle/upper class with higher educations. Others like vietnamese came as refugees and low ses. - SES is very important because low ses and high ses will have very different experiences in their process of adapting to the new country. Because of this SES is important and a predictor on how the child will do developmentally and economically. - Children of immigrants have very high educational and job aspirations. But, as they entered adulthood, they became more aware of the limited means and opportunities and the status hierarchies in American society, they grew more anxious and worried about securing the job they had desired.

Landale (2011)Why is living in a 2 parent household so important for children of immigrants?

- living with two married parents generally results in a higher standard of living and access to more opportunities than living in other arrangements

Zhou (2005): Define Intergenerational mobility.

- the degree to which children of immigrants will advance compared to their parents

Carhill (2008) adolescent immigrant students. Found that these individual and social factors were really important in english proficiency, What were they.

These four were extremely important 1. School Quality 2. Time in the U.S 3. Practice with peers 4. Age of adolescent. These were important but not as much as the four above. 1. Parents english 2. English use in school, 3. Maternal education

Chronicity of undocumented status is a moderator of the influence of parents undocumented status. How so?

Those who met the criteria for Deferred Action may be mitigated for that 2-year period from these harmful effects. In fact, those who have applied and been accepted for Deferred Action report an enormous sense of relief and concrete progress in their educational and career pathways.

True or False A challenge for ELS is that they have to learn to speak English, Learn academic English, and still learn other subjects at the same time.

True.

True or false. Palacios (2008). Positive selection Hypothesis could explain why asians do much better in reading scores than other races. Asians tend to come here with high levels of education and they offer more opportunities to their children.

True.

True or false. Palacios (2008). The negative selection hypothesis may help explain why specific race/ethnic groups especially black and latino children, on average perform below white and Asian Children on measurement of cognitive achievement.

True.

Zhou (2005): Define Dissonant Acculturation. Give an example.

When a group immigrates into an area and, instead of acclimating to that culture, they change it to be closer to their own. Example: korea town, little italy, china town.

Palacios (2008) In reading achievement does race/ethnicity and maternal education matter?

Yes they do.

If you are creating policy to be more inclusive of other cultures should you be looking into the components of Bicultural competence? Explain. And how could this help children?

Yes, because by doing so you also help prevent some of the negative psychological outcomes. - This could help children because if policy regarding education or even health care providers had knowledge of cultural beliefs and values, positive attitudes to different groups, or someone available that speaks the same language it would help them a lot. - Ie. one of the reasons some parents don't apply for government assistance is because some questions may be too personal to their own culture. If the application to apply had an understanding of peoples cultures they might not ask certain questions or explain why they ask them.

Do deportation policies on children burden them so much that they fear about their family stability, for both themselves and family members?

Yes, it's in Dreby's pyramid lec 12

Is one of the burdens of deportation policies on children that U.S children cannot reside in the USA if their parent(s) are deported?

Yes, it's in Dreby's pyramid lec 12

Is downward assimilation unintentional? What are the 3 key determinants?

Yes, it's unintentional. Key determinants: 1. Human capital 2. Family composition 3. Modes of incorporation

Why is identity so important?

because it organizes your ideas, your identity get into your self efficacy. your confidence.

What is mode of incorporation?

how other people receive. how you enter the country. the resources that are available, how you are incorporated into the country. Legal status: being undoc and oe being doc.

How I perceive myself is my -------- identity and how others perceive me that ca lead to discrimination is my -------- identity.

internal; external

If a country seeks the integration approach what should the country do in policy changes to do so?

public policies and programs that seek to reduce acculturative stress and to improve psychological and sociocultural adaptation should emphasize the integration approach to acculturation"

Zhou (2005): Define Convergence to the norm.

the degree in which immigrants and their children will become American and will merge into society's mainstream.

Robert is a second generation Cuban immigrant. His dad owns his own mechanic shop. Roberts mom passed away very young. Robert never had much supervision his dad had to work long hours to make ends meet. Robert would hang out with gangsters and selling drugs. He made good money from selling that he dropped out of school and for the most part did not feel very Cuban. One day the police arrested him for selling drugs. His dad was unable to help him, he did not have the money to bail him out or get him a good lawyer. Robert ended up in the penitentiary for 4 years. What is Roberts story an example of? Can you list some vulnerability factors? What could the community that Roberts lived have done to help him as an adolescent?

1. It's an example of Segmented assimilation: on a path of downward assimilation. Robert was doing worse than his dad. 2. Vulnerability factors: - Single parent household: because he had less supervision. - Parent low education: If his dad had a higher education he might have had resources to help him get out of the situation he was in or to have prevented all of it from ever happening. - Poverty: Because they were low income robert lived in a neighborhood that promoted crime. He joined youth gangs and sold drugs. 3. The community could have provided programs and resources to support his family. They could have had after school programs for Robert to keep off the street.

Myers gave two examples that supports immigrants were assimilating. What were they?

1. Latino immigrant homeownership 2. English proficiency.

1. What is integration/alternation? 2. What are two positive consequences of integration?

1. Maintains culture and interacts with dominant culture. 2. Social capital and bilingualism

What are the 5 barriers preventing immigrants from getting services that are available to them like health care.

1. complexity of the application process and eligibility rules 2. administrative burdens 3. language, literacy, and cultural barriers 4. transportation and other logistical challenges 5. climates of fear and mistrust

-- million of US immigrants are undocumented. --% of those have children.

11 million; 40%

What percentage of the U.S Population are immigrants?

13%

During this time period there was unrestricted immigration

1492-1874

--% of children live with an immigrant parent

26%

LEC3/4: What percentage of immigrants come from Mexico? Are they the largest source of undocumented immigrants?

30%; Yes, they are.

--% of US children living in poverty are immigrants.

32%; or 1/3

There are 43.3 million immigrants in the U.S What percentage of that are naturalized immigrants?

48%

LEC3/4:Where do most of the children (0-8yr) of immigrants live? What states.

>30% are, not in any order 1. California 2. Texas, 3. Arizona, 4. Nevada, 5. Florida, 6. New York

Many undocumented children suffer from food insecurity and hunger, they do not qualify for SNAP (Food stamps). What can this do to their development?

Academic: they will perform worse in school because they will be more worried about their next meal and not about school work. Physical: They could be malnourished if they are not getting enough food. Socioemotional: May not socialize as much or feel stressed out because they do not have food.

According to Myers what are 3 important indicators of integration and upward mobility?

1. English proficiency 2. Income above the poverty line. 3. homeownership

Myers: A native from Oklahoma see's newcomers (immigrants) moving in to his neighborhood.To this he concludes 2 things. 1. that immigrants are not assimilating to America and 2. That there is an increase rise in immigration. What perspective is he taking regarding assimilation? and Does he believe in the old story or new story?

1. He is taking the perspective of the *peter pan fallacy*(Immigrants do not assimilate, will never assimilate. They are frozen in time. ). 2. He believes the *old story*.

What are the three possible destinies of segmented assimilation?

1. Integrate into white middle class: kind of like assimilation 2. Integrate into the underclass; poverty: knowing that their is an underclass, 3. Achieve economic prosperity while maintaining heritage culture. integration/alternation

Why is English proficiency so important for Immigrants?

1. It's a job skill known to increase earnings.

Carhill (2008): Why should schools be cautious of starting to track adolescents who are not proficient in english?

Because children have not gained the skills and knowledge in oral and written assignments.

In the Portes article how were boys and girls measured for downward assimilation?

Boys- incarceration rates Girls- early pregnancy

Jin is a Vietnamese immigrant. She has fully assimilated to the culture. She no longer speaks her countries language, no longer practices her countries customs or celebrations. But, because she does not look like the native culture in America she is consider a second rate citizen. Which of La Framboise strategies best resembles Jin's? Explain your answer. A. Alternation B. Assimilation C. Acculturation D. Fusion

C. Acculturation. It's acculturation because La framboise said that even though you assimilate to a country if you do not physically look like the dominant culture (in America it would be White) You will not be treated equally. You will be a second rate citizen.

If a child is living in a two parent household and only dad works, would this be a: A. vulnerability factor, B. protective factor or C. both Be able to explain your answer.

C. Both. Because a vulnerability factor could be that they only have one income but a protective factor could be that they have more supervision because mom is home watching them.

Is crowded housing a: A. vulnerability factor, B. protective factor or C. both Explain your answer.

C. Both; Its a protective factor because it increases supervision of the children, more income coming into the home. It's a vulnerability factor because it's an indicator of future hardship. Is related to lack of resources.

LEC3/4: Who is more likely to live in two parent household?Children of natives or children of immigrants

Children of immigrants

LEC3/4: Who is most likely to live in poverty? Children of natives or children of immigrants

Children of immigrants. It does not matter if parents are working they are still more likely to live in poverty.

LEC3/4: Who is more likely to live in crowded housing? Children of immigrants or Children of Natives. Which country has the highest rates?

Children of immigrants; Mexico

LEC3/4: Looking at parent education: Who's parents has higher rates of having completed high school? Children of natives or children of immigrants

Children of native parents are more likely to completed high school by 10% more.

LEC3/4: Who is more likely to collect SNAP assistance (food stamps) & Welfare? Children of natives or children of immigrants.

Children of natives

Children of Asian immigrants are countering the positive effects of advantageous family characteristics. What is this due to?

Dissonant Acculturation: Rupture of ethnic ties. Loss of immigration culture. Assimilation to the American way.

1. What is Assimilation according to Berry & La Framboise? 2. Give examples of the behavioral and psychological implications. 3. Name and explain how one area of a child's development may be impacted by this strategy?

Does not maintain culture and interacts with dominant culture. *Behavioral Implications* 1. You do not celebrate your cultures celebrations only the new cultures. 2. You no longer speak your home country's language. *Psychological Implications* 1. You can lose social capital. While you are assimilating you lose the people and resources from your culture and you still do not have people and resources from the dominant culture because you have not fully assimilated. 2. You have to change so many things about yourself it can create a lot of stress.

Black Caribbean parents tend to leave their children in the Caribbean with extended family while they work in America. They may apply to get their children papers to legally come to the U.S but this process takes a long time and sometimes the children age out that they no longer qualify to come as a child of an LPR. What are some improvements in policy that can be made to improve the lives of families and the children?

Fix the amount of time it takes for an LPR to bring their child here legally. This could improve relationships parent-child.

Name some protective factors for stepwise/unaccompanied minors?

High quality schools and with mentors.

What is public ethnic regard? How does it impact latino immigrant, adolescents?

How others perceive you. impacted Latino immigrant adolescents' self-efficacy. it' will impact if you feel you can do it

1. What is Marginalization according to Berry? 2. Give examples of the behavioral and psychological implications. 3. Name and explain how one area of a child's development may be impacted by this strategy?

In Marginalization immigrant does not maintain culture & avoid interaction. *Behavioral Implications* 1. When driving, they will need to learn the different laws and the know what the traffic signs mean because these are different compared to their home country so they will need to learn these new things in the U.S. even if they want to maintain their own culture and not integrate or interact with others. 2. They don't eat fast food like in the U.S.A but they also don't eat their native food because it may not be available. *Psychological Implications* 1. Children may feel lonely because it might be hard to make friends 2. May feel depressed because they feel isolated.

Define seperation and give 2 examples for each: behavioral and psychological implications. Name and explain how one area of a child's development may be impacted by this strategy?

In seperation immigrants Maintain culture and does not interact with dominant culture. *Behavioral Implications* 1. You may not celebrate certain events. Ie. if you are Chinese you may not celebrate Chinese new year to the same level as you did when you lived in China. 2. Less social capital: In China, all the women from both sides of the family would come together and help out the newborn and mother, but because the family lives in the U.S the mother does not get the same support they would in their country because the rest of the family isn't in the same country. *Psychological Implications* 1. Children may feel lonely because it might be hard for them to make friends. Though a child who is in seperation may only have friends that are his/her same race. 2. May feel depressed because they feel isolated.

Where are the most recent immigrants coming from?

India, China, Mexico

What impact can policy have on identity?

It can make you feel like you are a bad person or that you are a bad person or that you don't want to be an immigrant.

If policy leads to discrimination that then leads to identity. What can discriminatory policies do to a child's feelings of being an immigrant themselves or about being a child of an immigrant?

It makes them to not feel proud of who they are.

How exactly does SNAP and WELFARE count as a vulnerability factor?

It's a vulnerability factor because immigrant parents are not using it as much as the native parents. If parents did use it, it would be a protective factor.

LEC3/4: Are children of immigrants more or less likely to be going to preschool?

Less likely

What are some long term and short term burdens of deportation policies on children?

Long term: Economic instability, Emotional distress of separation Short term: Economic instability, changes in daily routines emotional distress. ***Interesting to note*** Economic instability seems to be a constant burden.

What happened between 1875-1920?

The first laws of centralized control. The laws were anti-asian, against criminals, prostitutes, and chinese contract workers. Anarchist & political extremist.

Based on Dreby's deportation pyramid to assesss the burden of deportation policies of children what is the most severe? What is the least severe?

Most- Family dissolution Least: Misunderstandings of immigration, associating immigration with illegality regardless of legal status denials of immigrant heritage.

When immigrants from a specific country are coming and almost all of them are of low SES/ Low education what type of hypothesis is this?

Negative Selection Hypothesis

Over 1 million undocumented children live in the U.S, 1/3 of them live below the poverty line. Do they qualify for SNAP (food stamps)? What about children transitioning to Lawful provisional status?

No, neither qualify. You have to be a citizen to qualify. Immigrant children in poverty suffer from hunger and food insecurity.

How does the deportation of a parent effect the child's development? What is an environmental change for the child? What about economically

Physical: If wife is pregnant at the time of deportation it increase the likelihood of low birthweight and premature birth. Socio-emotional: PTSD, adverse behavioral changes ie crying, eating, sleeping, withdrawn, clingy, angry, and aggressive. Environment: They could be put into foster care. Economically: house foreclosure especially if dad was deported.

When immigrants from a specific country are coming and almost all of them are of High SES/ Highly educated what type of hypothesis is this?

Positive selection hypothesis.

To berry Acculturation is a ________ but, to La Fraboise it is a ________.

Process; strategy (ie, it is like assimilate, alternation...)

What happened between 1921-1964?

Quota laws & End of Asian exclusion

While undocumented immigrants do not qualify for federally funded public health insurance programs like medicair, medicaid, and CHIP, what health insurance do they qualify for while living in California?

Medical

LEC3/4:What country has the most children of immigrants?

Mexico

Based on broffenbrenners ecological perspective theory Give one example for each of the system how a child who is an immigrant or child of an immigrant is affected in their life.

Microsystem: If parent is deported they may lose contact with their parent. This could affect their socioemptional development and their academic life. Mesosystem: If parent does not speak english and school does not have someone that speaks the parents language this could impede the quality of education that they child will have. Exosytem: If parent is working long hours this could limit the amount of time to be around the child to supervise, help with homework etc. Macrosystem: Policies/political climate; social norms, economy, public perception, media.