Cell bio final

which of these is produced from each single round of the citric acid cycle?

1 FADH 1 ATP 3 NADH

in prokaryotic cells the DNA is found in

a nucleoid body

in eukaryotic cells, glycolysis takes place in the

cytosol/cytoplasm

when the size of a cell increases the surface are volume ratio

decreases

polysaccharides are formed by

dehydration sythesis

individual sub organellar components of the mitochondria can be separated through

density gradient centrifugation

the nuclear membrane breaks down

diakinesis

used to sequence DNA

dideoxynucleic acids

when the synaptonemal complex breaks down

diplotene

DNA RNA proteins how?

dna replicates transcribed to RNA then translated to proteins

this can walk a vesicle down a microtubules or one microtubules along another

dynein

chloroplasts arose through

endosymbiosis of a bacteria in a pre-eukaryotic cell

energy that dissipates as heat and cannot be used to do work is

entropy

which of these is a function of proteins?

enzymes, cell-cell adhesion, cell-cell signalling, internal cell structure

expanded light staining DNA in chromosomes is called

euchromatin

initiates proteins in bacteria chloroplasts and mitochondria

fMet

in humans when extreme physical activity depletes muscle cells of ATP, some can be generated quickly through

fermentation producing lactate

the structure of microvilli is dependent on tightly packed non contractile actin bundles bound together with

fimbrin

Calvin cycle products

for every 6 CO2s 18 ATP 12 NADPH

column chromatograpy that separates molecules by size

gel filtration

which of the following processes would be most likely to occur in the golgi complex?

glycosylation of proteins

the first human cell line grown in culture were

hela

unwinds the double helix

helicase

double stranded dna breaks can be repaired by

homologous recombination

what bonds occur between uncharged polar molecules?

hydrogen

adult flies develop their tissues during pupation from

imaginal disks

what process are the Ran GTPases involved in

import and export through nuclear pores

C4 plants

include corn and crabgrass, require high temperatures and lots of sunlight to grow, capture CO2 from air thrugh an additional step that C3 plants don't do, avoid photorespiration difficulties

in eukaryotic cells electron transport from FADH2 occurs in

inner membrane mitochondria

epidermolysis bulosa is caused by a defect in

intermediate filaments

found only in some metezoans

intermediate filaments

made of rope like fibers

intermediates filaments

column chromatography that separates molecules by charge

ion exchange

what bonds occur between charged molecules?

ionic

CO2 + H2O + energy --> sugar + O2 compared to sugar + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O +energy

is a representation of photosynthesis compared to respiration

the reaction 1,3-bisphophoglycerate + ADP --> 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP

is a substrace level phosphorylation

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in synthesis

of lipids

the rough ER functions in synthesis

of proteins

nurse cells are important in

oocyte formation embryogenesis producing gradients of proteins in drosophila embryos determining anterior and posterior in flies

similar genes in two different organisms are

orthologs

when recombination occurs

pachytene

which organelle has only a single membrane?

peroxisome

H2O2 is toxic to cells and is detoxified in

peroxisomes

what is the name of the protein that makes the ends of chromosomes

telomerase

CKI is

cyclin kinase inhibitor

contractile ring is found animal cells in

cytokinesis

1 mole of sodium chloride weighs 58 grams, one liter of a 2 molar solution should contain how many grams of sodium chloride?

116

separates proteins by both charge and size

2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

largest family of membrane transport proteins

ABC transporter

the transporter binds to ATP which causes a change in structure which causes molecule transport, ATP is then hydrolyzed and released causing the protein to change back to its original conformation

ABC transporter

correct base pairs?

AT CG

this model organism has two sexes male and hermaphrodite and has been widely used to understand cell fate during development

C elegans

what is the product of pyruvate oxidation

CO2, acetyl- CoA, NADH

interacts with capping factors splicing factors or poly a polymerase depending on phosphoroylation locations

CTD

has proofreading function

DNA polymerase

ATP synthase

F type pump

a hydrogen ion gradient powers a pump that attaches phosphates to ADP creating ATP in the absence of the gradient phosphates are removed from ATP instead

F type pump

you can separate t cells from other blood cells through

FACS

this is method photo bleaches fluorescently tagged membrane protein allows scientists to see if a protein normally floats freely in cell membranes

FRAP

which of these will not pass through the cell membrane on their own

Mg2+

in learning and memory which of these does not occur

Mg2+ then blocks the NMDA receptor channel These do occur: glutamate opens AMPA receptor channels there is Na+ influx depolarizing the postsynaptic cell there is NMDA mediated increase in product of AMP receptor channels

the ultimate acceptor of electrons in the ETC in respiration is

O2 gas

sodium potassium pump is

P type pump

the transporter is phosphorylated hydrolyzing ATP in the process the phosphorylated protein undergoes a structural change which causes transport the phosphate is then removed and the protein returns to its original conformation

P type pump

this is a family of proteins that stimulate both mitochondrial and peroxisome biogenesis

PGC

gives high resolution images of the surface of cell and macromolecular structures

SEM

binds to promoters in eukaryotes

TBP

gives detailed images of fine cross sections of cells at a macromolecular level

TEM

this forms a contractile ring for cytokinesis in animal cells

actin and myosin

the first step of glycolysis is the attachment of a phosphate to form glucose 6-phosphate, this serves several purposes including

adding energy to the molecule to make later steps more energetically favorable

when is meiosis II done in human egg cells

after fusing with sperm cell

which of these statements is not true of cell membranes

all are true: there is a different percent of glycolipids in liver cell membranes than in myelin membranes cholesterol makes a membrane more fluid in animal cells glycolipids are typically found on the outer not the inner surface of cell membranes there are more than 500 species of lipids in cell membranes

the sites where molecules other than substrates bind in an enzyme to alter its activity are called

allosteric sites

which of these is not a way in which proteins are associated with the membrane

alpha helical transmembrane domains beta barrel transmembrane domains lipid anchors covalent linkage to glycolipids

this is a secondary structure in proteins

alpha helix, beta pleated sheet

which of these is not a cell cycle checkpoint location

anaphase

which type of cell doesn't have a cell wall

animal cell

membrane potentials

are caused by small differences in ion concentrations result from a negative inside the cell allow for nerve and muscle function are maintained by active transport of ions

voltage gated channels are

are opened by localized depolarization propagate action potentials are a major playe rin nerve function close rapidly after openin

homeotic genes

are regulated according to time and location have a conserved DNA and amino acid sequence are highly conserved in multicellular organisms encode transcription factors that are critical for development

with respect to the outer and inner faces of the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, the composition of lipids is

asymmetrical

phospholipids shaken up in water spontaneously and most favorable form

bilayer hollow spheres

the drug vinblastin a chemotherapy agent used to treat cancer acts by

binding tubulin subunits preenting them from making microtubules

tetracyclin is an antibiotic that kills bacteria by

blocking a new aminoacyl tRNA rom binding at the A site

hos globular subunits

both microtubules and microfilaments

this stabilizes pH

buffer

the stimulus for secretion of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft is an increase in

calcium levels

chlorophyll

captures photons and transfers the energy to electrons

small mutations in developmental control genes

cause large phenotypic effects

which of the following is true of all cells?

cells only arise from division of preexisting cells

which of the following organelles is not generally found in animal cells

central vacuole

these always work with and through concentration gradients

channel proteins

HSP60 andHSP70 are members of a class of proteins that protect the cell from heat shock by correctly refolding the unfolded and misfolded proteins they are known as

chaperones

what are in common between photosynthesis and respiration

chemiosmosis, ETC, ATP synthase, formation of proton gradients

which of these is not a phospholipid?

cholesterol which are? phosphotidyl-choline phosphotidyl-ethanolamine sphingomyelin

this is a protein that helps form vesicles at the plasma membrane for endocytosis

clatherin

if A --> B is energetically unfavorable it can be driven forward in a living cell by

coupling ATP hydrolysis into the rxn, coupling the oxidation of NADH into the reaction, having a very high concentration of A, having a B ---> reaction that is very energetically favorable

what bonds occur when two molecules share electrons?

covalent

the nucleolus

is darkly staining area of the nucleus may be one spot or several spots depending on the point in the cell cycle is where ribosomal RNA is transcribed is where ribosomes are assembled

hydrolysis of ATP..

is exergonic, has a negative change in G, drives a number of biologicla reactions, is the major source of moment to moment biological energy

which of the follow is not true of a good hypothesis?

is known to be true the good things are: testable, based on observation, educated guess explaining a natural phenomenon

two atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons?

isotope

sodium dodecyl sulfate is shown at the right, what isn't true

it cannot dissolve in water (has really long chain)

facilitated diffusion does all but which of the following?

it doesn't use ATP or other energy source what is true: works with a concentration gradient uses transport protein allows molecules that nromally could not pass the membrane to pass

in order to prevent cells from shrinking or swelling and bursting open animal cells

keep equal concentrations of water on both sides of the cell membrane

chromosomes start to thicken

leptotene

seals nicks in the DNA

ligase

deep in the ocean at geothermal vents entire ecosystems have what at their base?

lithotrophs

peripheral membrane proteins

may noncovalently interact with phospholipid heads

DNA replication was shown to be semi conservative by

messelson and stahl using heavy nitrogen sucrose gradients and bacteria

the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in the cell is the cell's?

metabolism

made of actin

microfilaments

binds to GTP

microtubules

are highly conserved proteins in all eukaryotes

microtubules and microfilaments

in eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in

mitochondrial matrix

the mitochondrial genome always contains which of tehse genes

mitochondrial tRNAs mitochondrial transfer RNAs atleast one subunit of ATP synthase some of the ox/phos electron transport genes

these non specifically stimulate cells to grow

mitogens

skeletal nerves achieve faster nerve conduction through use of

myelin sheaths

the actual power stroke of muscle contraction is when

myosin releases ADP

which of the following classes of lipids is or are present in biomembranes

phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, steroids, glycolipids

glycoproteins are especially abundant in the

plasma membrane

makes short pieces of RNA and is most active of the lagging strand

primase

what holds homologs together in metaphase of meiosis I

recombination junctions

retrotransposons may encode a gene or two if they do they make

reverse transcriptase

which sequence reflects the locations that a secretory protein will visit on its way from its production to its secretion outside the cell?

rough ER, ER vesicle, golgi complex, secretory vesicle

the most abundant enzyme on the planet is

rubisco

needed to initiate transcription in bacteria

sigma factor

the major site of lipid synthesis in eukaryotic cells is the

smooth ER

all of the following statements describe bio membranes except...

some biomembranes have free edges what is true: different biomembranes may contain different proportions of the same phospholipids the two leaflets of a biomembrane may contain different phospholipids some phospholipids and cholesterol may cluster to form lipid rafts

analysis of yeast sec mutants showed that

specific genes control formation and trafficking of secretory vesicles

SNARES and SNAPS control

specific targeting of vesicles fusion to correct organelles or plasma membrane

a high concentration substance like sodium can bind to a transporter causing it to also bind a lower concentration substance like glucose and then release both to the inside of the cell-- this is called

symport

which of the following is not true of a transmembrane protein which ends on teh cell surface

synthesis is initiated by special RER bound ribosomes what is true: N linked glycosylations occur in the RER O linked glycosylations occur in the golgi bodies chaperones are used to help the proteins fold correctly transport vesicles carry the protein embedded in membrane to the cell surface

kinetochore is formed at

the centromeres

the molecular clock reveal evolutionary changes over time through...

the change in DNA or amino acid sequences

which of these is not part of the calvin cycle

the formation of NADPH

in the diagram S phase is what

the lowest valley

most of the proteins found in the mitochondria are encoded in

the nuclear chromosomes

one of the major differences between the semi-autonomous organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts and organelles of the endomembrane system is that

the semi-autonomous organelles reproduce by fission not by budding from the golgi or ER

cell theory states?

the smallest unit of living things is the cell

your body builds up toxins most toxins are detoxed by

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in your liver cells

APC/C activation leads to the degradation of securin which causes

the transition from metaphase to anaphase

fats yield more energy per dry gram than sugars because

their carbons are directly attached to coA to make acetyl-CoA

an unusual thing about drosophila embryogenesis is that

they do multiple rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis

in eukaryotic cells, light dependent reactions takes place in the

thylakoid membrane

proteins targeted to the mitochondrial matrix pass through

tom then tim

making proteins using the genetic code

translation

coffee has a pH of 5, pure water has a pH of 7...

water has one hundred times fewer hydrogen ions per liter than coffee

when the synaptonemal complex starts forming

zygotene