Cell bio final
which of these is produced from each single round of the citric acid cycle?
1 FADH 1 ATP 3 NADH
in prokaryotic cells the DNA is found in
a nucleoid body
in eukaryotic cells, glycolysis takes place in the
cytosol/cytoplasm
when the size of a cell increases the surface are volume ratio
decreases
polysaccharides are formed by
dehydration sythesis
individual sub organellar components of the mitochondria can be separated through
density gradient centrifugation
the nuclear membrane breaks down
diakinesis
used to sequence DNA
dideoxynucleic acids
when the synaptonemal complex breaks down
diplotene
DNA RNA proteins how?
dna replicates transcribed to RNA then translated to proteins
this can walk a vesicle down a microtubules or one microtubules along another
dynein
chloroplasts arose through
endosymbiosis of a bacteria in a pre-eukaryotic cell
energy that dissipates as heat and cannot be used to do work is
entropy
which of these is a function of proteins?
enzymes, cell-cell adhesion, cell-cell signalling, internal cell structure
expanded light staining DNA in chromosomes is called
euchromatin
initiates proteins in bacteria chloroplasts and mitochondria
fMet
in humans when extreme physical activity depletes muscle cells of ATP, some can be generated quickly through
fermentation producing lactate
the structure of microvilli is dependent on tightly packed non contractile actin bundles bound together with
fimbrin
Calvin cycle products
for every 6 CO2s 18 ATP 12 NADPH
column chromatograpy that separates molecules by size
gel filtration
which of the following processes would be most likely to occur in the golgi complex?
glycosylation of proteins
the first human cell line grown in culture were
hela
unwinds the double helix
helicase
double stranded dna breaks can be repaired by
homologous recombination
what bonds occur between uncharged polar molecules?
hydrogen
adult flies develop their tissues during pupation from
imaginal disks
what process are the Ran GTPases involved in
import and export through nuclear pores
C4 plants
include corn and crabgrass, require high temperatures and lots of sunlight to grow, capture CO2 from air thrugh an additional step that C3 plants don't do, avoid photorespiration difficulties
in eukaryotic cells electron transport from FADH2 occurs in
inner membrane mitochondria
epidermolysis bulosa is caused by a defect in
intermediate filaments
found only in some metezoans
intermediate filaments
made of rope like fibers
intermediates filaments
column chromatography that separates molecules by charge
ion exchange
what bonds occur between charged molecules?
ionic
CO2 + H2O + energy --> sugar + O2 compared to sugar + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O +energy
is a representation of photosynthesis compared to respiration
the reaction 1,3-bisphophoglycerate + ADP --> 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP
is a substrace level phosphorylation
the smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in synthesis
of lipids
the rough ER functions in synthesis
of proteins
nurse cells are important in
oocyte formation embryogenesis producing gradients of proteins in drosophila embryos determining anterior and posterior in flies
similar genes in two different organisms are
orthologs
when recombination occurs
pachytene
which organelle has only a single membrane?
peroxisome
H2O2 is toxic to cells and is detoxified in
peroxisomes
what is the name of the protein that makes the ends of chromosomes
telomerase
CKI is
cyclin kinase inhibitor
contractile ring is found animal cells in
cytokinesis
1 mole of sodium chloride weighs 58 grams, one liter of a 2 molar solution should contain how many grams of sodium chloride?
116
separates proteins by both charge and size
2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
largest family of membrane transport proteins
ABC transporter
the transporter binds to ATP which causes a change in structure which causes molecule transport, ATP is then hydrolyzed and released causing the protein to change back to its original conformation
ABC transporter
correct base pairs?
AT CG
this model organism has two sexes male and hermaphrodite and has been widely used to understand cell fate during development
C elegans
what is the product of pyruvate oxidation
CO2, acetyl- CoA, NADH
interacts with capping factors splicing factors or poly a polymerase depending on phosphoroylation locations
CTD
has proofreading function
DNA polymerase
ATP synthase
F type pump
a hydrogen ion gradient powers a pump that attaches phosphates to ADP creating ATP in the absence of the gradient phosphates are removed from ATP instead
F type pump
you can separate t cells from other blood cells through
FACS
this is method photo bleaches fluorescently tagged membrane protein allows scientists to see if a protein normally floats freely in cell membranes
FRAP
which of these will not pass through the cell membrane on their own
Mg2+
in learning and memory which of these does not occur
Mg2+ then blocks the NMDA receptor channel These do occur: glutamate opens AMPA receptor channels there is Na+ influx depolarizing the postsynaptic cell there is NMDA mediated increase in product of AMP receptor channels
the ultimate acceptor of electrons in the ETC in respiration is
O2 gas
sodium potassium pump is
P type pump
the transporter is phosphorylated hydrolyzing ATP in the process the phosphorylated protein undergoes a structural change which causes transport the phosphate is then removed and the protein returns to its original conformation
P type pump
this is a family of proteins that stimulate both mitochondrial and peroxisome biogenesis
PGC
gives high resolution images of the surface of cell and macromolecular structures
SEM
binds to promoters in eukaryotes
TBP
gives detailed images of fine cross sections of cells at a macromolecular level
TEM
this forms a contractile ring for cytokinesis in animal cells
actin and myosin
the first step of glycolysis is the attachment of a phosphate to form glucose 6-phosphate, this serves several purposes including
adding energy to the molecule to make later steps more energetically favorable
when is meiosis II done in human egg cells
after fusing with sperm cell
which of these statements is not true of cell membranes
all are true: there is a different percent of glycolipids in liver cell membranes than in myelin membranes cholesterol makes a membrane more fluid in animal cells glycolipids are typically found on the outer not the inner surface of cell membranes there are more than 500 species of lipids in cell membranes
the sites where molecules other than substrates bind in an enzyme to alter its activity are called
allosteric sites
which of these is not a way in which proteins are associated with the membrane
alpha helical transmembrane domains beta barrel transmembrane domains lipid anchors covalent linkage to glycolipids
this is a secondary structure in proteins
alpha helix, beta pleated sheet
which of these is not a cell cycle checkpoint location
anaphase
which type of cell doesn't have a cell wall
animal cell
membrane potentials
are caused by small differences in ion concentrations result from a negative inside the cell allow for nerve and muscle function are maintained by active transport of ions
voltage gated channels are
are opened by localized depolarization propagate action potentials are a major playe rin nerve function close rapidly after openin
homeotic genes
are regulated according to time and location have a conserved DNA and amino acid sequence are highly conserved in multicellular organisms encode transcription factors that are critical for development
with respect to the outer and inner faces of the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, the composition of lipids is
asymmetrical
phospholipids shaken up in water spontaneously and most favorable form
bilayer hollow spheres
the drug vinblastin a chemotherapy agent used to treat cancer acts by
binding tubulin subunits preenting them from making microtubules
tetracyclin is an antibiotic that kills bacteria by
blocking a new aminoacyl tRNA rom binding at the A site
hos globular subunits
both microtubules and microfilaments
this stabilizes pH
buffer
the stimulus for secretion of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft is an increase in
calcium levels
chlorophyll
captures photons and transfers the energy to electrons
small mutations in developmental control genes
cause large phenotypic effects
which of the following is true of all cells?
cells only arise from division of preexisting cells
which of the following organelles is not generally found in animal cells
central vacuole
these always work with and through concentration gradients
channel proteins
HSP60 andHSP70 are members of a class of proteins that protect the cell from heat shock by correctly refolding the unfolded and misfolded proteins they are known as
chaperones
what are in common between photosynthesis and respiration
chemiosmosis, ETC, ATP synthase, formation of proton gradients
which of these is not a phospholipid?
cholesterol which are? phosphotidyl-choline phosphotidyl-ethanolamine sphingomyelin
this is a protein that helps form vesicles at the plasma membrane for endocytosis
clatherin
if A --> B is energetically unfavorable it can be driven forward in a living cell by
coupling ATP hydrolysis into the rxn, coupling the oxidation of NADH into the reaction, having a very high concentration of A, having a B ---> reaction that is very energetically favorable
what bonds occur when two molecules share electrons?
covalent
the nucleolus
is darkly staining area of the nucleus may be one spot or several spots depending on the point in the cell cycle is where ribosomal RNA is transcribed is where ribosomes are assembled
hydrolysis of ATP..
is exergonic, has a negative change in G, drives a number of biologicla reactions, is the major source of moment to moment biological energy
which of the follow is not true of a good hypothesis?
is known to be true the good things are: testable, based on observation, educated guess explaining a natural phenomenon
two atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons?
isotope
sodium dodecyl sulfate is shown at the right, what isn't true
it cannot dissolve in water (has really long chain)
facilitated diffusion does all but which of the following?
it doesn't use ATP or other energy source what is true: works with a concentration gradient uses transport protein allows molecules that nromally could not pass the membrane to pass
in order to prevent cells from shrinking or swelling and bursting open animal cells
keep equal concentrations of water on both sides of the cell membrane
chromosomes start to thicken
leptotene
seals nicks in the DNA
ligase
deep in the ocean at geothermal vents entire ecosystems have what at their base?
lithotrophs
peripheral membrane proteins
may noncovalently interact with phospholipid heads
DNA replication was shown to be semi conservative by
messelson and stahl using heavy nitrogen sucrose gradients and bacteria
the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in the cell is the cell's?
metabolism
made of actin
microfilaments
binds to GTP
microtubules
are highly conserved proteins in all eukaryotes
microtubules and microfilaments
in eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in
mitochondrial matrix
the mitochondrial genome always contains which of tehse genes
mitochondrial tRNAs mitochondrial transfer RNAs atleast one subunit of ATP synthase some of the ox/phos electron transport genes
these non specifically stimulate cells to grow
mitogens
skeletal nerves achieve faster nerve conduction through use of
myelin sheaths
the actual power stroke of muscle contraction is when
myosin releases ADP
which of the following classes of lipids is or are present in biomembranes
phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, steroids, glycolipids
glycoproteins are especially abundant in the
plasma membrane
makes short pieces of RNA and is most active of the lagging strand
primase
what holds homologs together in metaphase of meiosis I
recombination junctions
retrotransposons may encode a gene or two if they do they make
reverse transcriptase
which sequence reflects the locations that a secretory protein will visit on its way from its production to its secretion outside the cell?
rough ER, ER vesicle, golgi complex, secretory vesicle
the most abundant enzyme on the planet is
rubisco
needed to initiate transcription in bacteria
sigma factor
the major site of lipid synthesis in eukaryotic cells is the
smooth ER
all of the following statements describe bio membranes except...
some biomembranes have free edges what is true: different biomembranes may contain different proportions of the same phospholipids the two leaflets of a biomembrane may contain different phospholipids some phospholipids and cholesterol may cluster to form lipid rafts
analysis of yeast sec mutants showed that
specific genes control formation and trafficking of secretory vesicles
SNARES and SNAPS control
specific targeting of vesicles fusion to correct organelles or plasma membrane
a high concentration substance like sodium can bind to a transporter causing it to also bind a lower concentration substance like glucose and then release both to the inside of the cell-- this is called
symport
which of the following is not true of a transmembrane protein which ends on teh cell surface
synthesis is initiated by special RER bound ribosomes what is true: N linked glycosylations occur in the RER O linked glycosylations occur in the golgi bodies chaperones are used to help the proteins fold correctly transport vesicles carry the protein embedded in membrane to the cell surface
kinetochore is formed at
the centromeres
the molecular clock reveal evolutionary changes over time through...
the change in DNA or amino acid sequences
which of these is not part of the calvin cycle
the formation of NADPH
in the diagram S phase is what
the lowest valley
most of the proteins found in the mitochondria are encoded in
the nuclear chromosomes
one of the major differences between the semi-autonomous organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts and organelles of the endomembrane system is that
the semi-autonomous organelles reproduce by fission not by budding from the golgi or ER
cell theory states?
the smallest unit of living things is the cell
your body builds up toxins most toxins are detoxed by
the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in your liver cells
APC/C activation leads to the degradation of securin which causes
the transition from metaphase to anaphase
fats yield more energy per dry gram than sugars because
their carbons are directly attached to coA to make acetyl-CoA
an unusual thing about drosophila embryogenesis is that
they do multiple rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis
in eukaryotic cells, light dependent reactions takes place in the
thylakoid membrane
proteins targeted to the mitochondrial matrix pass through
tom then tim
making proteins using the genetic code
translation
coffee has a pH of 5, pure water has a pH of 7...
water has one hundred times fewer hydrogen ions per liter than coffee
when the synaptonemal complex starts forming
zygotene
