Cellular Respiration
Under what conditions will alcoholic fermentation occur? What will this process produce from 1 molecule of glucose?
1 glucose molecule that goes through Alcoholic Fermentation becomes: 2 molecules of ethanol, 2 molecules of Carbon Dioxide, and 2 ATP.
Describe what is happening during Glycolysis.
A 6 Carbon molecule of glucose becomes broken down into two 3 Carbon molecules called pyruvate. It also converts the coenzyme NAD+ to NADH, an electron carrier that brings electrons to the ETC. It produces 4 molecules of ATP directly, but it requires 2 molecule of ATP as input energy; therefore, there is a net production of 2 ATP molecules.
What are the 3 most common types of Cellular Respiration?
Aerobic Respiration Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation
How do anaerobic processes differ from aerobic process? (Consider Carbon-Carbon bonds, ATP production, effieciency, and goals)
Anaerobic Processes don't break glucose down completely and don't break all Carbon-Carbon bonds. Don't produce large amounts of ATP; not very efficient. The main goal of fermentation is not to make ATP, since it makes so little of it.
Which biological level does cellular respiration occur (organism, molecule, cell, tissue, organs)? How is cellular respiration mediated (what acts as the "go- between")?
Cellular respiration occurs at the cellular level and is mediated by cellular enzymes.
Name the different compounds energy can be released as during cellular respiration?
During cellular respiration, energy is released as compounds like ATP, GTP, NADH, and FADH₂.
In cellular respiration, what is an example of an energy storing molecule that is broken down? As each Carbon bond is broken what is released?
In cellular respiration, an energy-storing molecule, like 6-carbon glucose, is broken down into smaller carbon units. As each carbon bond is broken energy is released.
Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?
In the cell's cytoplasm.
What is required to start glycolysis?
It is an indefinite process as long as there is glucose(or a molecule that can be turned into glucose) and NAD+. A cell only has so much NAD+ though.
What is NaF's effect on the production of Carbon Dioxide in an experiment?
It would decrease the production of Carbon Dioxide because NaF is an inhibitor for Oxygen. If Oxygen is not being produced, then Carbon Dioxide is not being produced.
How would having MgSO4 affect production of Carbon Dioxide in the experiment?
It would increase the production of carbon dioxide because it is an activator for oxygen, which produces carbon dioxide.
What would happen if you did not add KOH to the vial during the experiment?
KOH absorbs the waste product of cellular respiration, carbon dioxide. Without KOH the water level would not move because as the oxygen is being used, carbon dioxide is being produced. Because there's no KOH to absorb the carbon dioxide waste; therefore, the gas level is remaining constant.
Why is KOH included in the experiment?
KOH is included in the experiment to absorb Carbon Dioxide.
Under what conditions will aerobic respiration occur? What will this process produce from 1 molecule of glucose?
Occurs only in the presence of Oxygen. ("aer"=air). 1 glucose molecule that undergoes aerobic respiration is completely degraded to 6 molecules of Carbon Dioxide, 6 Molecules of Water, and a net of 36 ATP.
Describe how these forms of energy are used. Are they converted to something else, Are they used immediately, etc.?
Only the energy released as ATP is immediately usable. GTP is structurally similar to and readily converted into ATP. NADH and FADH₂ are electron carriers that shuttle energy-carrying electrons, released from the degradation of glucose (glycolysis), to the Electron Transport Chain which is a system that produces ATP.
Which organisms use anaerobic processes? Which organisms use aerobic processes?
Organisms that are limited to fermentation barely have enough energy to grow and multiply; therefore they are usually composed of one cell. Multi-Cellular organisms like plants, slugs, dogs, and humans, depend on much greater amounts of energy derived from aerobic respiration for their activities.
Describe what happens in cellular respiration following glycolysis.
Pyruvate is oxidized into a 2 Carbon acetyl-Co A while one NAD+ is converted to NADH, and 1 molecule of Carbon Dioxide is released. This occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes. 2) Acetyl-Co A then becomes part of the Krebs Cycle and it produces 2 molecules of Carbon Dioxide, 3 NADH, and 1 ATP. This cycle then continues. 3) Electron Transport Chain: Occurs on Inner Mitochondrial Membrane. Requires Oxygen as final electron acceptor. Electrons from NADH and FADH ₂ bring electrons to the chain, which activates the pumps. A net of 32 ATPs are produced by ETC. The ETC is what makes aerobic respiration so much more efficient.
What is Cellular Respiration and why is it important?
The conversion of raw materials into energy and it is needed for all cells and organisms to reproduce and survive.
What is the main goal of fermentation?
The main goal of fermentation is to convert NADH back to NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.
What do these respiratory processes (aerobic and anaerobic) have in common?
These processes are similar in many ways. One of these similarities is the first step, when glucose is broken down in a process called glycolysis.
When aerobically respiring cells are placed in a sealed container with solid potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution, they use ______________. As the ______________________they give off is absorbed by the ___________, the volume of gas in the container _______________. If that container is connected to a volumetric pipette the amount of oxygen used over time can be quantified.
When aerobically respiring cells are placed in a sealed container with solid potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution, they use oxygen. As the carbon dioxide they give off is absorbed by the KOH, the volume of gas in the container decreases. If that container is connected to a volumetric pipette the amount of oxygen used over time can be quantified.