Cellular Respiration

What occurs in the "energy investment" phase of glycolysis?

2 ATP molecules are invested > glucose is phosphorlyated twice (Forming fructose-1,6-bisphosphate) > 6-carbon sugar is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules (G3P)

How many CO2 molecules are released for each cycle of the citric acid cycle?

2 CO2 molecules

For each molecule of glucose processed by glycolysis, the net yeild is...

2 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvate

What is the main product of glycolysis? How many carbons does it have?

2 pyruvate molecules each composed of 3-carbons

How many NADH molecules are produced by the citric acid cycle for every glucose molecule metabolized?

3 NADH

What does pyruvate processing begin with?

3-carbon pyruvate

In which stage(s) of cellular respiration is/are CO2 molecules released as waste?

citric acid cycle

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytosol

The proton electrochemical gradient provides the energy to...

drive ATP production with the help of ATP synthase

cellular respiration equation (reactants and products)

glucose (C6H12O6) + 6 O2 ----> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

In the cellular respiration equation, which molecules are oxidized and what do they become?

glucose is oxidized (loses H+) to CO2

What drives the pumping of protons into the intermembrane space?

the energy released as electrons move through the ETC

In which stage is the majority of ATP produced?

chemiosmosis

How many ATP molecules are produced by the citric acid cycle for every glucose molecule metabolized?

1 ATP

How many FADH2 molecules are produced by the citric acid cycle for every glucose molecule metabolized?

1 FADH2

What happens during pyruvate processing?

1) One carbon atom in pyruvate is oxidized to CO2 2) NAD+ is reduced to NADH

What comes out of pyruvate processing?

CO2, NADH, Acetyl CoA (2-carbons + CoA)

At the end of the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 are charged with electrons. Where do they take those electrons?

ETC

What occurs in the "energy payoff" phase?

G3P is converted to 2 pyruvate molecules > 2 molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH > 4 molecules of ATP are fromed by substrate level phosphrlyation (ADP + Pi ---> ATP)

The protons in the intermembrane space produce... which makes them want to move...

a strong electrochemical gradient; down their electrochemical gradient

What do the remaining 2-carbons form in pyruvate processing?

acetyl CoA

What happens to each acetyl CoA molecule that goes into the citric acid cycle?

it's oxidized to two molecules of CO2

Where is the electron transport chain (site of oxidative phosphorylation) located?

mitochondrial cristae (inner membrane)

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

mitochondrial matrix

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

mitochondrial matrix

In which stage is oxygen required?

oxidative phosphorylation

What does oxidative phosphorylation do to electron carriers NADH & FADH2?

oxidize (remove electrons) them

Which molecule 'catches' the "spent" electrons? Why is this particular molecule best for the job? What elese does it interact with and what is formed?

oxygen because it has a high electronegativity; it interacts with H+ to form H2O

In the cellular respiration equation, which molecules are reduced and what do they become?

oxygen is reduced (gains H+) to H2O

What goes into pyruvate processing?

pyruvate, NAD+, CoA

How is ATP produced in glycolysis?

substrate-level phosphorylation (direct enzymatic transfer of a phosphate to ADP)

ATP synthase

synthesizes ATP from ADP and Pi

Chemiosmosis

the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

What happens to the main product of glycolysis next?

transported to the mitochondria (for pyruvate processing) and is turned into acetyl CoA