cellular transport
transport proteins (ligand)
changes shape when ligand binds and then releases ligand into or out of the cell
what are transport proteins powered by?
chemical energy
exocytosis
is the process of expelling material from the cell ex. removal of waste
endocytosis
is the process of taking material INTO the cell
what are the three types of solutions or passive transport?
isotonic, hypertonic, hypotoinc
when a proton pump uses energy to form a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions, what happens to the fluid on the outside of the cell?
it becomes more positively charged
Phagocytosis
large solid particles
which way do substances move an an active transport?
low concentration to high concentration
white blood cells (called macrophages) find foreign material and destroy them using what process?
phagocytosis
is a channel protein a passive or active transport?
passive transport
exocytosis process
1- vesicle forms around a material, to be sent out of the cell 2- the vesicle then moves toward the cell's surface 3- this is where it fuses w/ the membrane & lets go of its contents
endocytosis process
1-cell membrane makes a pocket around substance 2-pocket breaks off inside the cell and forms a vesicle 3- this then fuses w/ a lysosome/ similar type of vesicle 4- lysosomal enzymes break down the vesicle membrane & its contents (if necessary) 5- then released into the cell
for every 3 sodium ions they send out they get how many potassium ions?
2
active transport, can enable substance too...
Cells use energy to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane, requires ENERGY input from a cell and enables a cell to move a substance AGAINST its concentration gradient.
what are the two types of endocytosis?
Pinocytosis & Phagocytosis
substance think of...
active
what are the two ways to move materials across the membrane?
active & passive transports
cells use what to maintain homeostasis?
active transport
transport proteins, active or passive transport?
active transport
transport protein pumps
active transport occurs through this
when a transport protein acts more like an enzyme what is it allowing?
allow for the molecule to travel the rest of the way into a cell
what is a proton pump?
another type of transport protien
what is the active transport powered by?
atp
why do materials move across membranes?
because of concentration differences
why does diffusion not require energy?
because you are moving w/ the concentration gradient
what does phagocytosis mean like literal, not defention?
cell eating
what are the 2 types of passive transport?
diffusion & osmosis
osmosis
diffusion of water across semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
passive transport, move across what? which way on the concentration gradient?
does not require energy, molecules can move across cell membrane & down a concentration gradient
A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of
endocytosis and exocytosis
hypotonic has more solutes than a cell- true or false? and what does it mean?
false, a hypotonic solution has FEWER solutes than a cell- meaning more water concentration outside the cell than inside.
a cell is hypotonic- true or false? why?
false- a cell can never be just hypotonic it, it has to be compared to another solution.
passive transport moves a cell against the concentration gradient- true or false? why?
false- move against the concentration gradient requires energy making it an active transport
transport in vesicles lets a substance enter or exit a substance while touching the membrane- true or false?
false- w/o touching the membrane
you can think & move your muscles w/o exocytosis- true or false
false- you would not be able to
what does it mean(direction) when molecules diffuse down their concentration gradient?
from a high concentration to a region of lower concentration
isotonic
has equal concentration of solutes
hypertonic
has higher concentration of solutes
hypotonic
has lower concentration of solutes
why does a cell in a hypertonic solution expand or even burst?
more water enters the cell because their is a higher concentration outside so it uses osmosis to even it out adding a lot more water
why does a cell shrivel or die in a hypotonic solution?
more water exits a hypertonic solution make it shrivel up bc of the lack of water
what do most types of transport proteins allow?
most types only allow certain ions or molecules to pass
diffusion
movement of ions and molecules
Pinocytosis
only liquid is transported
transport protein book def.
openings formed by proteins that pierce the membrane and help molecules cross easier that are unable to diffuse across the membrane
molecule think of...
passive
channel proteins, active or passive transport?
passive transport
receptor
protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response (only binds w/ certain molecules)
what are transport proteins?
simple channels or tunnels
vesicle
small membrane bound sacs that divide some materials from the rest of the cytoplasm & transport these materials from place to place w/in the cell
osmosis u tubes
sometimes # of water molecules change instead of the # of other molecules
what do transport proteins do in the membrane?
span the membrane
equlibrium
the concentration of molecules is the same throughout the solution
concentration gradient
the difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another.
what may passive transport also be described as?
the diffusion of molecules across a membrane
there is a high amount of dissolved particles in a solution. What does this mean about the water molecules?
the water particles will be lower than the concentration of dissolved particles in a solution.
why can some animal and single celled organisms survive hypotonic environments?
their cells have adaptions for removing excess water, plants- rigid cell wall helps them from expanding to much
why do cells use an active transport? 3
to get needed molecules, regardless of the concentration gradient, & to maintain homeostasis
facilitated means what?
to make easier
Facilitated diffusion, what kind of proteins?
transport proteins
the phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis where it engulfs large particles- true or false
true
hypertonic has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than a cell- true or false? and what does it mean?
true- meaning the water concentration is higher inside the cell than outside
what does the proton pump use energy from?
uses energy from the breakdown of ATP to move hydrogen ions (proteins) out of the cell
where are the converted chemical signal, chemicals stored?
vesicles w/in the nerve cell
dynamic
when the molecules continue to move