cellular transport

transport proteins (ligand)

changes shape when ligand binds and then releases ligand into or out of the cell

what are transport proteins powered by?

chemical energy

exocytosis

is the process of expelling material from the cell ex. removal of waste

endocytosis

is the process of taking material INTO the cell

what are the three types of solutions or passive transport?

isotonic, hypertonic, hypotoinc

when a proton pump uses energy to form a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions, what happens to the fluid on the outside of the cell?

it becomes more positively charged

Phagocytosis

large solid particles

which way do substances move an an active transport?

low concentration to high concentration

white blood cells (called macrophages) find foreign material and destroy them using what process?

phagocytosis

is a channel protein a passive or active transport?

passive transport

exocytosis process

1- vesicle forms around a material, to be sent out of the cell 2- the vesicle then moves toward the cell's surface 3- this is where it fuses w/ the membrane & lets go of its contents

endocytosis process

1-cell membrane makes a pocket around substance 2-pocket breaks off inside the cell and forms a vesicle 3- this then fuses w/ a lysosome/ similar type of vesicle 4- lysosomal enzymes break down the vesicle membrane & its contents (if necessary) 5- then released into the cell

for every 3 sodium ions they send out they get how many potassium ions?

2

active transport, can enable substance too...

Cells use energy to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane, requires ENERGY input from a cell and enables a cell to move a substance AGAINST its concentration gradient.

what are the two types of endocytosis?

Pinocytosis & Phagocytosis

substance think of...

active

what are the two ways to move materials across the membrane?

active & passive transports

cells use what to maintain homeostasis?

active transport

transport proteins, active or passive transport?

active transport

transport protein pumps

active transport occurs through this

when a transport protein acts more like an enzyme what is it allowing?

allow for the molecule to travel the rest of the way into a cell

what is a proton pump?

another type of transport protien

what is the active transport powered by?

atp

why do materials move across membranes?

because of concentration differences

why does diffusion not require energy?

because you are moving w/ the concentration gradient

what does phagocytosis mean like literal, not defention?

cell eating

what are the 2 types of passive transport?

diffusion & osmosis

osmosis

diffusion of water across semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

passive transport, move across what? which way on the concentration gradient?

does not require energy, molecules can move across cell membrane & down a concentration gradient

A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of

endocytosis and exocytosis

hypotonic has more solutes than a cell- true or false? and what does it mean?

false, a hypotonic solution has FEWER solutes than a cell- meaning more water concentration outside the cell than inside.

a cell is hypotonic- true or false? why?

false- a cell can never be just hypotonic it, it has to be compared to another solution.

passive transport moves a cell against the concentration gradient- true or false? why?

false- move against the concentration gradient requires energy making it an active transport

transport in vesicles lets a substance enter or exit a substance while touching the membrane- true or false?

false- w/o touching the membrane

you can think & move your muscles w/o exocytosis- true or false

false- you would not be able to

what does it mean(direction) when molecules diffuse down their concentration gradient?

from a high concentration to a region of lower concentration

isotonic

has equal concentration of solutes

hypertonic

has higher concentration of solutes

hypotonic

has lower concentration of solutes

why does a cell in a hypertonic solution expand or even burst?

more water enters the cell because their is a higher concentration outside so it uses osmosis to even it out adding a lot more water

why does a cell shrivel or die in a hypotonic solution?

more water exits a hypertonic solution make it shrivel up bc of the lack of water

what do most types of transport proteins allow?

most types only allow certain ions or molecules to pass

diffusion

movement of ions and molecules

Pinocytosis

only liquid is transported

transport protein book def.

openings formed by proteins that pierce the membrane and help molecules cross easier that are unable to diffuse across the membrane

molecule think of...

passive

channel proteins, active or passive transport?

passive transport

receptor

protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response (only binds w/ certain molecules)

what are transport proteins?

simple channels or tunnels

vesicle

small membrane bound sacs that divide some materials from the rest of the cytoplasm & transport these materials from place to place w/in the cell

osmosis u tubes

sometimes # of water molecules change instead of the # of other molecules

what do transport proteins do in the membrane?

span the membrane

equlibrium

the concentration of molecules is the same throughout the solution

concentration gradient

the difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another.

what may passive transport also be described as?

the diffusion of molecules across a membrane

there is a high amount of dissolved particles in a solution. What does this mean about the water molecules?

the water particles will be lower than the concentration of dissolved particles in a solution.

why can some animal and single celled organisms survive hypotonic environments?

their cells have adaptions for removing excess water, plants- rigid cell wall helps them from expanding to much

why do cells use an active transport? 3

to get needed molecules, regardless of the concentration gradient, & to maintain homeostasis

facilitated means what?

to make easier

Facilitated diffusion, what kind of proteins?

transport proteins

the phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis where it engulfs large particles- true or false

true

hypertonic has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than a cell- true or false? and what does it mean?

true- meaning the water concentration is higher inside the cell than outside

what does the proton pump use energy from?

uses energy from the breakdown of ATP to move hydrogen ions (proteins) out of the cell

where are the converted chemical signal, chemicals stored?

vesicles w/in the nerve cell

dynamic

when the molecules continue to move