Central Nervous System

The two major organs of the CNS include the _____, located in the cranial cavity, and the ______ _____, which occurs in the spinal cavity.

Brain, Spinal Cord

Tract

Bundle of myelinated fibers that are all functionally related

Nucleus

Collection of cell bodies in the CNS

Dura mater

Dense, irregular fibrous connective tissue; outermost membrane.

Projection fibers

Fiber that different areas of the brain and spinal cord

W or G: basal nuclei

Gray matter

W or G: cerebral cortex

Gray matter

W or G: posterior horn

Gray matter

W or G: thalamus

Gray matter

Corpora quadrigemina

Located in the midbrain; contains reflex centers for vision and hearing

Midbrain becomes what?

Mesencephalon (becomes brainstem: midbrain)

Hindbrain becomes what?

Metancephalon (becomes brainstem:pons & cerebellum) and myelencephalon (becomes brainstem: medulla oblongata)

ventral Root is always for _______________ neurons

Motor (neurons) (Somatic: initiate movement)

Forebrain becomes what?

Telencephalon (becomes cerebrum) and diencephalon

Decussation

The anatomical crossing over of neurons from left to right

cerebral aqueduct

canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles

anterior root

carries motor impulses away from the CNS

Corpus callosum connects the left and right _________________ hemispheres

cerebral

The ______________ ___________________ allows for the flow of cerebrospinal fluid from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle.

cerebral aqueduct

basal nuclei

cerebral gray matter that smooths/steadies voluntary movements

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by capillary tufts called:

choroid plexus

Gray matter

collection of nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers within the CNS

Corpus callosum is an example of a _____________________ tract

commissural

corpus callosum

commissural tract connecting right and left cerebral hemispheres

Posterior root ganglion

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

Anterior root

contains motor fibers

Posterior root

contains sensory fibers

Occipital lobe

contains the primary visual cortex

medulla oblongata

controls cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor, and basic reflexes.

Cerebellum

coordinates complex muscular movements

Functions of CSF:

cushions the brain, maintains a constant temperature, removes wastes, increases buoyancy

Pia mater

delicate membrane layer, highly vascularized.

longitudinal fissure

divides the two cerebral hemisphers

Association fiber

fibers that connect different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere

Commissural fiber

fibers that connect right and left cerebral hemispheres

Spinal nerve

formed by the fusion of the posterior and anterior roots of the spinal nerves

Hypothalamus is made of _________ matter

gray

Thalamus is made of ____________ matter

gray

Arachnoid mater

loose membrane layer; middle membrane

thalamus

major sensory relay station of the brain

The brain and spinal cord are covered by a triple-layered set of fibrous connective tissue membranes, called the:

meninges

arachnoid mater

middle meninx delicate with cottony fibers

Endocrine control makes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and ______________________

oxytocin

frontal lobe

part of brain most involved with logic and higher thought

postcentral gyrus

part of brain where we perceive cutaneous sensations

descending tract

part of spinal cord white matter that carries motor information

Ascending tract

part of spinal cord white matter that carries sensory information

Decussation

place where fibers or pathways cross

precentral gyrus

posteior margin of the frontal lobe

precentral gyrus

primary somatomotor region

The primary purpose of meningal connective tissue membranes is _______________ of the brain and spinal cord.

protection

hypothalamus

regulates endocrine system and many homeostatic functions

arachnoid villa

returns cerebrospinal fluid to the venous blood in the dural venous sinuses

cerebellum

second largest part of brain; balance, posture, coordination & motor learning

Dorsal Root is always for ____________ neurons

sensory (neurons)

transverse cerebral fissure

separates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum

Lateral fissure

separates the temporal lobe from the frontal/parietal lobes.

Choroid plexus

structure that produces the cerebrospinal fluid

Three openings in the fourth ventricle allow for the flow of cerebrospinal fluid to the ______________ ________________.

subarachnoid space

midbrain

superior brainstem that contains visual and auditory reflex centers

Thalamus is located at the _________ _______________-

superior diencephalon

thalamus

the interthalamic adhesion connects its two lobes

Cortex

the outer layer of an organ

Primary somatosensory cortex

the region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system

Anterior funiculus

the white matter of the spinal cord lying on either side between the anterior median fissure and the ventral root.

Lateral funiculus

the white matter of the spinal cord lying on either side between the anterior median fissure and the ventral root.

Cerebrospinal fluid flows from the lateral ventricle to the _____________ ventricle.

third (thalamus)

Hypothalamus: visceral control center of the body, containing nuclei that controls homeostasis

true

The thalamus is the main entrance to the cerebral cortex

true

The two thalamus lobes are connected by the intermediate mass

true

posterior root ganglion

where nerve cell bodies of sensory neurons of the PNS reside

Corpus Callosum is made of ____________ matter

white

Central canal

A tiny channel found within the spinal cord and inferior medulla oblongata

Anterior root does what?

EXIT THE CORD

Posterior/dorsal horn

Posterior projections of the gray matter. Consists entirely of inter-neurons receiving somatic and visceral input from sensory neurons

Gyrus

Ridge on the outer surface of the CNS

Central Sulcus

Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Pituitary gland

The infundibulum connects this gland to the hypothalamus

W or G: anterior column/funiculus

White matter

W or G: arbor vitae

White matter

W or G: corpus callosum

White matter

falx cerebri

a dural fold that attaches the cerebrum to the crista galli of the skull

Anterior median fissure

a groove along the anterior midline of the spinal cord that incompletely divides it into symmetrical halves

Posterior median sulcus

a longitudinal shallow groove on the posterior side of the spinal cord

Anterior/ventral horn

a section of gray matter that extends towards the anterior part of spinal cord, has motor neurons

Fissure

a wider and often deeper groove on the outer surface of the CNS

postcentral gyrus

anterior margin of the parietal lobe

Structures that are responsible for reabsorption of CSF back into the blood are known as:

arachnoid villi

pons

interconnects different parts of the brain; also has respiratory centers

Posterior funiculus

lies between the posterior gray horns on the posterior side of the cord and the posterior median sulcus

Sulcus

narrow, shallow groove on the outer surface of the CNS