CES Ch 12 Biodiversity Preserving Landscapes

revenue : cost of managing western grazing lands, in millions of dollars

11 : 47

percentage of land surface in cropland

11%

Approximately how much of the world's forests are protected?

12.5%

area in preserves

17%

percentage of anthropogenic climate impacts from forest clearing

18%

What percentage of land do grasslands cover worldwide?

27%

percentage of land surface in forests and woodlands

29%

ratio of global protected areas 1950 : 2017 in km^2

3 : 58

Forests and woodlands cover approximately ______ percent of the world's land surface.

30

True or false: Today more land is protected in parks, preserves, or wildlife management areas, than a century ago.

true

A design for nature preserves that divides protected areas into zones with different purposes. A highly protected core is surrounded by a buffer zone and peripheral regions in which multiple-use resource harvesting is permitted.

Man and Biosphere (MAB) program

World heritage sites identified by the IUCN as worthy of national park or wildlife refuge status because of high biological diversity or unique ecological features.

biosphere reserves

Entails removal of all trees in a stand. It can be a valuable tool for managing some species, such as the lodgepole pine, that don't grow well in the shade of other trees. It generally destroys wildlife habitat and exposes soil to erosion and invasive species.

clearcutting

A forest where tree crowns spread over 20 percent of the ground; has the potential for commercial timber harvests.

closed-canopy forests

Essential habitat for a species.

core habitat

An organization known as Conservation International bought $650,000 of Bolivia's debt for $100,000, and in exchange for canceling their debt, Bolivia agreed to protect 1 million ha of their land. This is an example of a ______.

debt-for-nature swap

Forgiveness of international debt in exchange for nature protection in developing countries.

debt-for-nature swap

Conversion of productive lands to desert.

desertification

An integration of ecological, economic, and social goals in a unified systems approach to resource management.

ecosystem management

A combination of adventure travel, cultural exploration, and nature appreciation in wild settings.

ecotourism

When a core habitat is fragmented into smaller patches, which type of effect has been created?

edge effect

A change in species composition, physical conditions, or other ecological features at the boundary between two ecosystems.

edge effects

Large preserves with core habitats are considered better for specialized species requiring large undisturbed areas than small preserves because they have less ______.

edge effects

True or false: The effectiveness of forest protection is consistent throughout the world.

false

Both natural and human-caused, ______ is/are a major destroyer of forests.

fire

Any area where trees cover more than 10 percent of land.

forest

When trees cover more than 10 percent of the land, this area is a(n) ______.

forest

Call for the harvest of mature trees or the thinning of intermediate size trees at relatively short intervals. Support natural regeneration and shelter new growth.

group selection

The study of the reciprocal effects of spatial pattern on ecological processes. The study of how landscape history shapes the features of the land and the organisms that inhabit it, as well as our reaction to, and interpretation of, the land.

landscape ecology

Intensive planting of a single species; an efficient wood production approach, but one that encourages pests and disease infestations and conflicts with wildlife habitat or recreational uses.

monoculture agroforestry

Open grasslands with sparse tree cover.

oak savanna

Allowing livestock to eat so much forage that the ecological health of the habitat is damaged.

overgrazing

The lowland rainforests in Indonesia are home to rare species such as orangutans, tigers, rhinos, and elephants, yet are rapidly being destroyed to make room for _____ plantations.

palm

Which of the following products is linked to the destruction of lowland rainforests in Indonesia?

palm oil

A person who carefully monitors the number of animals on the range and monitors the condition of the range is called a ______.

pastoralist

People who make a living by herding domestic livestock.

pastoralists

Forest composed primarily of native species, where there are no clearly visible indications of human activity and ecological processes are no significantly disturbed.

primary forest

A Clinton-era ban on logging, road building, and other development on the lands identified as deserving of wilderness protection in the Roadless Area Review and Evaluations (RARE).

roadless rule

Confining animals to a small area for a short time (only a day or two) before shifting them to a new location.

rotational grazing

Designed to remove a majority of mature trees but leave a protective overstory standing to shelter new growth.

shelterwood

Removes individual mature trees, leaving the majority of trees on a site standing. Selected trees may be diseased or undesirable, so that removing them gives space for preferred trees to grow, or they may be high-value species, such as teak or mahogany.

single tree selective harvesting

Which commodity is used most heavily in industrial economies?

wood

A proposal for maintaining essential ecological processes, preserving genetic diversity, and ensuring that the utilization of species and ecosystems is sustainable.

world conservation strategy