CFII Oral
How can you tell if the VOR station is undergoing maintenance?
No morse code signal T-E-S-T code is playing
Is it legal to fly IFR with a non-WAAS GPS only?
No, aircraft using (non-WAAS) GPS navigation equipment under IFR must be equipped with an approved and operational alternate means of navigation appropriate to the flight.
Can you use glideslope in a LOC backcourse approach if you see a glideslope moving on your PFD?
No, because it's a false glideslope. Disregard all glideslope indications when doing a localizer backcourse approach.
Can you fly IFR if your currency has expired?
No, not even solo
Can you fly Cat II and Cat III approaches?
No, you need special training and equipment
How much ice is permissible on our wings?
None
Two typical messages you can receive from RAIM
Not enough satellites Error in signals
What do you need to do when your destination airport only has a GPS approach?
Nothing, as long as the 1-2-3 rule doesn't apply. However, if it does, then the alternate airport must have a non GPS approach
If you change your address, what should you do with the FAA?
Notify FAA within 30 days, but the FAA won't issue a new certificate unless requested by you
How can you identify marker beacons on a ILS approach?
OM- low pitched dashes at a rate of 2 per second (Blue) MM- alternate dot and dashes (Amber) IM- high pitched dots at a rate of 6 per second (White)
*** 3 instrument scan errors
Omission Fixation
Can you use VOT in the air?
Only as authorized in the AFD
Some DME provide groundspeed information. When is that accurate?
Only when tracking directly to or from the station
Rate of climb/descent
Optimum rate to 1,000 feet above or below the assigned altitude, and then attempt to descend or climb at a rate of between 500 and 1,500 fpm until the assigned altitude is reached
When doesn't ATC provide traffic separation? [3]
Outside controlled airspace In VMC VFR-on-top
Where can you find your aircraft limitations
POH, Airworthiness Certificate, Placards
Alternating yellow and green lights leading to a taxiway from a runway
Pilots can report 'clear of the runway' when passing the location where the lights change from alternating green and yellow to all green taxiway centerline lights
Requirements for alternate airport
Precision approach- 600/2 Non-precision approach- 800/2 At the ETA at the alternate airport
What can be used to replace an inoperative OM or MM
Precision radar, compass locator, and DME (for outer marker only)
Purpose of a CB or a fuse
Prevent electrical overload
Loss comm in VMC
Proceed VFR to the nearest suitable airport
ODP
Published when obstacles penetrate the 40:1 obstacle clearance surface
3 levels of RNP used in the U.S.
RNP 0.3- Approach RNP 1.0- Departure/Terminal RNP 3.0- Enroute
RNP
RNP value describes an accuracy
What is RAIM?
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Perform error-checking on the GPS signal and alert the user if unreliable GPS information is being received
Benefit of doing an instrument takeoff
Reduce the disorientation that can occur during the transitional phase of quickly moving the eyes from the outside references inside to the flight instruments
What would you do if ATC clearance would make you deviate from a regulation?
Refuse and inform ATC
VOR limitations
Requires line of sight Interference from other VORs at high altitudes
What is a roll upset?
Roll upset may be caused by airflow separation (aerodynamic stall) which induces self-deflection of the ailerons and loss of or degraded roll-handling characteristics. These phenomena can result from severe icing conditions without the usual symptoms of ice accumulation or a perceived aerodynamic stall.
Loss comm procedures
Route- AVEF (Assigned, vectored, expected, filed; in order of preference) Altitude- MEA (MEA, expected, assigned; highest of the following)
STAR
Routes that transition an aircraft from the en route phase to the arrival phase
What does this sign mean?
Runway 10 and 5 are straight ahead
REIL
Runway end identifier lights
Preflight action required
Runway length Alternates Weather Fuel ATC delay Takeoff/landing distances
If you hear another airplane declare an emergency on your frequency, what should you do?
STFU
Service volume of localizer back course
Same as localizer front course
Benefits of RNAV
Save time and fuel More efficient use of airspace Reduced dependence on radar vectoring, altitude, and speed assignments
Narrower than usual runway
Seems higher than actual, thus flying a lower approach
Localizer service volume
Sfc to 4500' 35º 0-10nm 10º 0-18nm
What sort of distance does the DME provide?
Slant range
What should you do when going through turbulence?
Slow down to V_A
3 principle components of the GPS
Space, control, user
What should you do if ATC tells you "squawk mayday"
Squawk 7700
Errors associated with an ILS
Surface vehicles or aircraft below 5000' AGL can create interference with the localizer signals False glideslope
What can you do if you don't want to wait for "hold for release?"
Take off VFR
Instrument takeoff
Takeoffs only by reference to the instruments, generally after lining up with the runway centerline
3 classes of VOR
Terminal Low altitude High altitude
How can you test if your ELT is operational?
Test during the 5 mins after any hour on 121.5 or 243 MHz
What do you need to fly a SID?
Text or graphic
False glideslope
The 150Hz frequency can reflect upwards, above the 90Hz lobe
What are ground VOR checkpoints?
They are located at specific points on the airport
What are airborne VOR checkpoints?
They are over specific landmarks or airports
Medical requirement for taking a practical test
Third class medical (No medical required for sport pilots license)
Whats wrong with this picture?
This lane is for cars/trucks. Aircraft can only cross over it.
TCH
Threshold crossing height. Height below your glideslope antenna.
When is an instrument rating required?
To fly in IMC To fly under IFR To fly in Class A
How can you go missed from a visual approach?
Tower will advice. If the airport is uncontrolled, remain clear of clouds and contact ATC asap.
How can you identify a LOM
Tune the LOM frequency on the ADF
Takeoff requirements for Part 121, 125, 129, and 135
Two engines or less- 1sm 2+ engines- 0.5sm
Back course marker
Two high pitched dots at a time (White) Located at a location similar to a OM
Localizer operation
Two lobes- 90Hz and 150Hz Your onboard instruments determine which signal is stronger and tells you whether you are left or right of the centerline
What is a transition altitude?
Typically FL180. Altitude at which you change your altimeter setting to 29.92 inHg
Medical certificate valid times - 1st class - 2nd class - 3rd class
Under 40/ at or above 40 First class- 12/6 2nd class- 12/12 3rd class- 60/24
"L" on an IAP frequency means...
Use it to turn on runway lights
What can you do if you are doing an ILS and glideslope fails?
Use localizer minimums
How can you use a VOT?
Use the AFD to find the frequency When CDI is centered, your aircraft should be on the 360º radial (From 360º, To 180º)
What weather requirements do you need to operate VFR-on-top?
VFR cloud clearance requirements
What inspections are required under IFR?
VOR, Pitot-static system
VOR/DME vs. VOR or DME
VOR/DME = both VOR and DME required
VOR check error tolerances
VOT +/- 4 Ground +/- 4 Air +/- 6 Dual +/- 4
What happens to V_X and V_Y as you climb higher?
V_X increases and V_Y decreases
What equipment do you need to file an alternate airport that only has GPS approaches?
WAAS equipped GPS receiver
What does a "W" mean in the IAP remarks section?
WAAS vertical guidance may be inop often at this location. NOTAMS WONT(!) be published.
When is 100 hour inspection required?
When carrying passengers for hire or flight instruction
Reports required in non-radar environment
When leaving FAF inbound Compulsory reporting points ETA changes by more than 3 mins
When should pilots state their position when requesting departure clearance?
When taking off at a runway intersection
When does the Alt Field CB pop out?
When the alternator is supplying too much electricity
When do PAPI lights flash?
When the runway is not clear
When are you required to "see and avoid" traffic?
When weather permits
When is a course reversal required?
When you are getting radar vectored When NoPT is shown on the IAP
Declaring minimum fuel to ATC
When you reach your destination, you wont have a lot of fuel remaining. This is not a declaration of emergency.
When taxiing out of the runway, when are you considered out of the runway?
When your entire aircraft is past the hold short line
Runway centerline lights
White Last 3000' Red and white Last 1000' Red
Runway edge lights
White until amber for the last 2000' of the runway/half the runway length
How is a part-time tower/ATIS depicted on an IAP?
With the asterisk sign
When departing from an uncontrolled airport, within that time do you have to contact ATC if you're not off by clearance void time?
Within 30 mins of clearance void time
If you dont want a STAR or a DP, what should you do?
Write No DP/STAR in remarks
Can you still conduct an ILS at your alternate airport if the weather is below 600/2?
Yes
Can you still get a visual approach into airports that don't have weather reporting capability?
Yes
Does a CFII need to be current to do an IPC?
Yes
Is course reversal required at WONIT?
Yes
Is special VFR weather considered IMC?
Yes
When doing the ILS, the glideslope stops working. Can you use the VGSI?
Yes
Can a private pilot with NO instrument rating log Actual IMC PIC time?
Yes as long as they are the sole manipulator of the controls when flying with an authorized instructor
Can you legally turn off your strobe lights in flight?
Yes if they are being a hazard
Can you start your descent if you are in your TAA?
Yes, if you are cleared for the approach
Climb or descend at pilot's discretion
You can decide when you initiate a climb or descent May level off at any intermediate altitude Once vacated, you cannot return to an altitude
It's very cold and raining outside. You're in cruise flight at 8000 and bring the throttle back for a descent. The altimeter and VSI shows you level. You call ATC for a second opinion and they show you at 8000. What is going on?
You're descending. Your static port has iced over. Remember, your transponder's mode C readout will only tell ATC what the static port tells it.
Calculate VDP
(MDA-FE)/3
Who can give an IPC?
*** 61.57 (d) (2)
Different types of RNAV
*** GPS DME/DME
CRM vs. SRM
*** Weather briefers, other crew members, dispatchers, SOF, etc. for safe operations
Airspeed tolerance
+/- 10 knots of the restriction
Requirement to descend beyond DA/MDA
- Normal rate of descent to landing using normal maneuvers - Required visibility met - Runway environment in sight
Why do some approaches end with "--A?" [2]
-Runway heading is more than 30º different from the final approach course - Runway heading and final approach course are within 30º, but straight-in landing is not possible due to obstructions
When do you need an alternate? [2]
1-2-3 rule When the destination airport doesn't have an IAP
Approach aircraft category
1.3 x V_SO or V_REF; use higher minimums if applicable
VOR service volume (terminal)
1000 to 12000' 25nm
VOR service volume (high)
1000 to 14500' 40nm 14500 to 18000' 100nm 18000 to 45000 130nm 45000 to 60000 100nm
VOR service volume (low)
1000 to 18000' 40nm
Frequency range of the VOR
108 to 117.95 MHz
Localizer frequency range
108.1 to 111.95
Service volume of glideslope
10nm (typically)
Emergency frequency
121.5
Glideslope operation
150Hz on the bottom, 90Hz on the top. Works just like a localizer.
Service volume of LOM
15nm
Service volume of a DME station
199 nm, 100 aircraft
CDI sensitivity when flying a RNAV departure
1sm
Takeoff minmums for commercial operations
1sm for airplanes with 2 engines or less 1/2sm for airplanes with more than 2 engines
Climb gradient required for departures
200' per nm
How long is a knowledge test valid for?
24 calendar months
Location of glideslope antenna
250 to 600' from the runway centerline
UND progressive maintenance
4 phase inspections every 60 hours. No 100-hour inspection is required. The completion of all 4 phases constitute as an annual.
Pilots are expected to fly straight ahead to what altitude before making a turn?
400 AGL
Frequency ELT operates
406 MHz 121.5 MHz
How long do you have to submit a detailed report of your deviation if requested by ATC?
48 hours
Course width of the localizer
700' wide at the runway threshold (350' either side of centerline)
Operational frequency of marker beacons
75 MHz
Transponder codes
7500 hijack 7600 lost comm 7700 emergency
How does a GPS work?
A GPS receiver determines a three-dimensional position in space by calculating multiple ranges from at least four satellites.
VDP
A point where normal descent from the MDA to the runway touchdown point may be commenced
TAA (Terminal Arrival Area)
A structure associated with RNAV apporaches tha allow aircraft to seamlessly transition from the enroute structure to the approach phase.
Where can you find ALD (Available landing distances) when LAHSO is in effect?
A/FD
Where can you find more information about hotspots of an airport?
A/FD
What can GPS be substituted for?
ADF DME
How can you find airborne/ground VOR test sites?
AFD
Contact approach vs. visual approach
ATC cannot assign a contact approach without pilot's request To be assigned a visual appraoch: clouds > 1000' vis > 3sm Contact approach: 1sm vis
"Clearance on request"
ATC hasn't received your request from their computer system yet, so standby
"Hold for release"
ATC will still give you an IFR clearance, but you cannot depart until ATC gives you an amended clearance
Absolute ceiling vs. service ceiling
Absolute ceiling- 0 FPM climb Service ceiling- 50 FPM climb
When would a TFR be issued? [Any 5]
Aerial demonstrations Major sporting events National security Volcanic eruptions Aircraft incident/accident sites Toxic gas leaks/spills
Grace period
After 6 months of being current, you have another 6 months to become current again with a safety pilot
VOR error tolerances
Airborne check: +/- 6º Ground check: +/- 4º Dual VOR: +/- 4º
Requirements for being cleared for a visual approach
Airfield in sight Traffic to follow in sight
When would you use an instrument takeoff?
Almost never
Tricolor VASI
Amber- above Green- on glideslope Red- below glideslope
What do the numbers on circuit breakers represent?
Amps at which the CB will pop out
Required inspections
Annual VOR 100 hour Altimeter (Pitot-static system) Transponder ELT
When is an instrument rating required? [4]
Any time you are the PIC of an IFR flight When operating in IMC weather Special VFR at night CPL cross-country more than 50nm
Why cant a pilot "deactivate and placard?"
Appendix A of FAR Part 43 lists the things a pilot may do, and deactivating and placarding a system isn't one of them.
Runway environment [11]
Approach light system The runway itself Runway lights Runway threshold Threshold markings Threshold lights Runway end identifier lights VASI/PAPI Touchdown zone Touchdown zone markings Touchdown zone lights
What instruments can you count for currency as a CFII?
Approaches in actual IMC until FAF
What is RNAV?
Area navigation
When must you do a missed approach?
Arrival at MAP Safe landing not possible Instructed by ATC Avionics failure
How does the stall warning system in our airplane work?
As AOA increases, the center of pressure moves forward, creating a suction force. Therefore, air is sucked out through the stall warning, enabling the horn.
When should you contact Departure after takeoff?
As soon as practical
Location of localizer antenna
At the other end of the runway
What is an ATC clearance? [3]
Authorization by ATC To proceed under specified traffic conditions For the purpose of preventing collision
What is ADS-B?
Automatic dependent surveillance broadcast Allows aircraft to broadcast its GPS location to nearby aircraft using datalink
Why shouldn't you join an approach at an intermediate fix?
Because doing so wont assure obstacle clearance
Why is it important to remove frost?
Because it degrades lift, adds drag, and increases stall speed
Why does ice/snow on the wing increase stall speed?
Because it disrupts smooth airflow over the wing and adds drag
Why do you need to continuously listen to NDB frequency when using it?
Because it doesn't have a flag to warn the pilot of an error
Taxiway edge lights
Blue
Contents of an IFR clerance?
C R A F T
Use of portable electronic devices on an aircraft during IFR
Cannot use portable electronic devices on IFR flights or on flights with an air carrier license
3 categories of ILS approaches
Cat I Cat II Cat III
What is a Supplemental Type Certificate?
Certificate required to fly a modified aircraft.
What is a Technical Standard Order?
Certification requirements for equipment in the airplane
Most dangerous aspect of structural icing
Changes the airfoil of the wing
What should you do if you encounter icing?
Climb to a higher altitude if you can leave visible moisture Descend to a loewr altitude if temperatures are warmer
How can you find out about TFR information [3]
Contact FSS Check NOTAM www.tfr.faa.gov
Proceed direct when able
Controller becomes responsible for terrain and obstruction clearance
How is an ELT activated?
Crash sensor Manual switch
What can GPS be used for in IFR operations?
DME DME arc NDB navigation NDB holding
DME operation
DME transmits interrogating frequency to the DME ground facility. Ground receiver responds back to the interrogating aircraft. The airborne DME equipment measures the elapsed time between the interrogation signal sent by the aircraft and reception of the reply pulses from the ground station. This time measurement is converted into nautical miles distance from the station.
VOR check log contents [4]
Date, place, bearing error, signature
Effects of ice on airplane's performance
Decreased lift Increased drag Higher stall speed
Exceptions to portable electronic device regulation
Devices that the has PIC determined will not cause interference
Distress vs. urgency situation
Distress- emergency (fire, failure, etc.) Urgency- fuel endurance, weather, etc.
When must the ELT battery be replaced?
ELT has been used for 1 cumulative hour 50% of the battery's useful life is used
Seatbelt usage regulation
Each person must be briefed on how to use seatbelts/shoulder harnesses.
Privileges of having a CFI-I
Endorse for Instrument Rating knowledge test Endorse for IR practical test Conduct an IPC
Fuel requirement for IFR
Enough fuel to go to the destination airport, then to the alternate, and additional 45 mins
GPS CDI sensitivities
Enroute: 5nm on either side Approach/'TERM' (30nm from the airport): 1nm on either side Within 2nm of the FAF/"APPR": .3nm
How can you prevent St. Elmo's fire?
Ensure that static wigs are installed properly
Method for testing the pitot heat
Ensure that the ammeter is showing negative
What should you do if you reach your clearance limit and no further clearance is received and there's radio congestion?
Enter a standard holding pattern at the clearance limit fix. Make a right turn after passing the fix and proceed to the outbound leg.
How often do you need to test the VOR?
Every 30 days
Losing sight of the runway while circling
Execute missed approach procedure
Who can inspect your logbook?
FAA NTSB Federal, state, local law enforcement officer
Requirements for straight in (non-circling) approaches
FAC within 30º Descent from FAF is not excessive
FAR 61 vs. FAR 91
FAR 61- pilot certification FAR 91- rules of the air
How many satellites do you need for RAIM to work?
Five satellites or (4+baro altimeter) is required to detect a bad satellite Six satellites (5+ baro altimeter) to exclude a bad satellite (only if you have that function)
Required IFR reports (FAME Performance)
Fixes: arriving or leaving - Reaching holding fix - Reaching clearance limit - FAF inbound (non-radar) - Leaving holding pattern (time + altitude) Altitude changes - Vacating altitude to newly assigned altitude - Altitude changes during VFR on top Missed approach Equipment: loss or problems - Loss of navigation instrument - Unforecast weather Performance: poor climb/descend, TAS change - Unable to climb/descend at at least 500fpm - TAS change by 5% or 10 knots (whichever is greater) - ETA changes by more than 3 mins (non radar)
"Cruise"
Fly at any altitude between minimum IFR altitude to the cruise altitude - Climb or descent may be made - Cannot go back to an altitude if you report leaving
Executing a missed approach before MAP
Fly to MAP at or above MDA/DA before making a turning maneuver
When is an IFR clearance required?
Flying IFR in controlled airspace in IMC
If there are LOM and LMM, what coded identification can you hear from each of them?
For I-GFK, LOM- GF; LMM- FK
What happens if you lose RAIM?
GPS accuracy is no longer assured
Equipment required for IFR flight (91.205)
Generator Radio Altimeter (Sensitive) Ball/turn coordinator Clock Attitude indicator Rate of turn indicator Directional gyro (Heading indicator)
Components of the ILS
Glideslope Localizer Marker beacons Approach lights
What should you do if you lose RAIM before reaching FAF? After FAF?
Go missed on both occasions
What if there's no MEL?
Go through 91.213(d) VFR day type certificate Kinds of operating equipment list 91.205 ADs After going through these 4 items, PIC must determine whether the operation will be safe. Then, a mechanic must "deactivate and placard"
Taxiway centerline lights
Green
How does WAAS work?
Ground stations collect GPS satellite data. They determine GPS errors and send them to geostationary satellites that then transmit the error information to the aircraft WAAS receivers.
What can be used in lieu of RVR?
Ground visibility
3 functions of the ILS
Guidance: localizer, glideslope, Range: marker beacons Visual: approach lights
St. Elmo's fire
Happens when the aircraft is going through precipitation static. Aircraft develops a negative charge.
Flight visibility
Horizontal distance you can see from the cockpit
When is "shortened" included in a takeoff clearance?
If pilot cant use the entire runway length for takeoff
Considerations when you have a vacuum pump failure in flight
In IMC or VMC? Nearest airport? Radar coverage? No gyro approach?
When can a CFI-I log instrument time?
In actual IMC
When can you deviate from ATC clearance?
In response to a traffic alert In an emergency New clearance received
IFR recency requirement
In the preceding 6 calendar months - 6 approaches - Holding procedure - Intercepting/tracking a navigation course Must be done in the same category of aircraft/simulator
Include some scenarios from the lesson plan
Include some scenarios from the lesson plan
If your emergency situation made you deviate from ATC clearance, what should you do?
Inform ATC and get an amended clearance
Requirement to use a EFB instead of a paper chart (ASK MR. SANDQUIST)
Information displayed must be functional equivalent of the paper reference material Information being used for navigation or performance planning is current, up-to-date, and valid.
What are these wig/wag lights for?
Installed at some taxiway/runway intersections to make it more obvious you are intersecting a runway
3 fundamental skills to instrument flying
Instrument crosscheck Instrument interpretation Aircraft control
When is a VOR frequency underlined on an IAP?
It has no voice capability
How is IFR approved GPS different?
It must have RAIM
Localizer vs. LDA
LDA- localizer not aligned with runway although straight-in minimums may be published if the offset is less than 30º
How should you land the plane on water?
Land into the wind or parallel to the swells
If you're flying to the MSP area, and weather in all the airports you could reach with your fuel goes 0/0, what should you do?
Last at MSP. Do the ILS Cat III all the way down to touchdown since their GS work all the way down.
Scan technique
Left from attitude indicator Right from attitude indicator Down from attitude indicator
Position lights
Left- Red Right- Green Tail- White
Benefits of flying coordinated
Less drag Reliable instrument readings Passenger comfort Decreased stall speed
What is the MM associated with in an ILS approach?
Located near the DH
Outer marker vs. Locator outer marker
Locator is basically a low powered NDB
What kind of marker beacon sensitivity provides higher accuracy?
Low
Verify that oil pressure is actually getting low
Low oil pressure will increase oil temperature
NDB
Low or medium radio frequency radio station All radio beacons except the compass locators transmit a continuous three-letter identification in code except during voice transmissions.
MDA vs. MDH
MDA is expressed in MSL MDH is expressed in AGL MDH =/= DH
What does the TAA replace?
MSA (Minimum Sector Altitude). It provides minimum IFR obstacle clearance.
MDA
MSL altitude at which you have to maintain at or above when doing a non precision approach until MAP
How are TAA boundaries defined?
Magnetic course
Max duration of a temporary medical certificate? Pilot certificate?
Med- 60 days Pilot- 120 days - Until plastic arrives - Until letter of revocation/denial arrives - Until expiration date
Primary purpose of static wicks
Minimize static electricity interference with the aircraft radios. They work by allowing static electricity to discharge from the airframe into the surrounding air.
What should you do if RAIM is lost while en route?
Monitor other navaids (VOR)
How can you check if you will have RAIM?
NOTAM, MFD
Source of information for incident/accident reporting
NTSB 830
Can you cross illuminated red bar lights if you are cleared for takeoff?
No
Can you fly a GPS approach if you cannot load in on your GPS although you can identify the fixes?
No
Can you use GPS to do a NDB approach?
No
Can you use handheld or VFR GPS in IFR for primary navigation purposes?
No
Do you have to comply with cloud clearance requirements when conducting a visual approach?
No
When given a taxi clearance, can you cross other runways?
No
Can you give an IPC in a multi-engine airplane if you dont dont have a MEI certificate?
No (AC 61-98)
How long does the lights stay on?
~15 minutes