Ch 1 Exam Review

Label the parts of the figure with the different types of measurement validity.

(left to right/ up to down)subjective, empirical, face validity, content validity, criterion validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity

Place the steps of a study in the order in which they should occur for the study to be ethical.

- An IRB approves the study - participants give informed consent - the study occurs - participants are debriefed

What are the 4 components of the Bayesian Paradigm?

- Prior - Observations - Likelihood - Posterior

Select all of the sampling techniques that lead to an unbiased sample.

- cluster sampling - oversampling - stratified random sampling - systematic sampling - multistage sampling

What are the characteristics of science?

- empirical - uncertain - iterative - falsifiable - systematic

Select all of the sampling techniques that use meaningful categories from the population (e.g., demographics) and involve recruiting a certain number of participants from each of the categories in the population.

- oversampling - stratified random sampling - quota sampling

What does posterior mean?

- posterior beliefs - represents your updated beliefs about the parameter after taking into account both your prior beliefs and the data you've collected

What does prior mean?

- previous beliefs - initial beliefs of knowledge about the parameter of interest before you collect any data

What are the stages of science?

- theory development - gather data - analyze - incorporate into knowledge

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the shortcuts that survey and poll respondents sometimes use.

If respondents become fatigued or are unengaged in a survey, they may answer questions in a general pattern without really considering their honest responses. This is known as using a(n) response set. If respondents continually select "yes," they are participating in acquiescence. If respondents select all middle options, they are participating in fence sitting. With sensitive topics, sometimes respondents answer in a way that aligns with what they believe everyone else thinks, in a way that makes them look good, or in a way they think the researcher would like them to answer. This is called socially desirable responding.

Paola reads a journalistic report with the headline "Most Americans say they support gender equality." She has several questions about the validities of the study covered in the article. Identify each of Paola's questions as addressing statistical, construct, or external validity.

Construct validity: - how well did the researcher measure the variable? Statistical validity: - what is the confidence interval? - what is the point estimate? External validity: - how did the researcher choose the participants? - how well do the participants reflect the population of interest?

Which of the following pieces of information, if collected in a study, could compromise participants' confidentiality?

Correct Answers: - participants' dates of birth - photographs of participants - participants' student ID numbers Incorrect Answers: - participant responses to an anonymous questionnaire - participant responses to a questionnaire and participant names, filed seperately

Researchers want to know whether the age at which people begin using a cell phone is associated with their level of extroversion. The researchers will examine the number of people that participants interact with in a day. Which of the following words describe "extroversion" in the context of this study?

Describing "Extroversion": - Variable - Measured - Conceptual Not Describing "Extroversion": - Operational - Constant - Manipulated

Label each example with the type of validity with which it may have an issue.

Discriminant validity: Xia is creating a measure of conscientiousness. She wants to ensure that her scale doesn't instead assess concern for social desirability. Face validity: Santiago is a leading researcher on video game addiction. He finds that the items on a new survey on game addiction do not seem to assess game addiction in a reasonable way. convergent validity: Karin is concerned because her new scale on extroversion does not correlate with a well-established extroversion scale. Criterion validity: Some colleges no longer require SAT or ACT scores. A major reason they have done this is because there is a low correlation between these scores and students' first-year GPA. Content validity: An online IQ test consists of the primary task of choosing the correct definitions for a series of words. Josiane, an authority on IQ, is concerned that it doesn't test other things that are part of IQ, such as problem solving or visual-spatial ability.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about an example of a researcher testing the validity of a new measure.

Dr. Nolan gives his new anxiety measure to a group of colleagues who are anxiety experts. They agree that the questions on the measure appear to assess anxiety symptoms. This suggests that Dr. Nolan's measure has face validity. He also establishes discriminant validity by demonstrating that his new measure does not strongly correlate to a measure of depression. Dr. Nolan then gives his measure to two groups, one consisting of people who have been diagnosed with anxiety and one consisting of people who have been determined by a psychologist not to have anxiety. Here he is employing the known-groups paradigm to test criterion validity.

Which of the following scenarios are examples of plagiarism?

Examples of plagiarism: - Haruto uses a line from another paper but changes two words - Dishanti uses an idea from a classmate to create her final project, but she does all the work herself Not Examples of plagiarism: - Elian writes an opinion paper about several studies published over the last few years, referencing each study as he mentions it - Beatriz uses a quotation from a famous author with a citation and quotation marks

Identify each online news headline as illustrating an association, a causal, or a frequency claim.

Frequency claim: - "one-third of college students prefer taking notes by hand" "you gotta have friends? most have just two true pals" Association claim: - "social media users less likely to be in relationships" - "former NFL players at higher risk for brain, mood problems" Causal claim: - "tanning changes your brain" - "teenage pot smoking affects intelligence"

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about the type of validity that concerns generalizability.

If a study's sample is not generalizable to the rest of the population, we would say that the study has external validity that is poor.

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences about techniques that can help establish each of the four validities.

In a frequency claim, using confidence intervals can help improve statistical validity because the range of values is likely to include the true population value. In a casual claim, using random assignment can help improve internal validity because it helps control for potential differences between participant groups. In any claim, using a representative sample can help improve external validity because it allows for the generalization of results. In any claim, using a reliable measure can help improve construct validity because it ensures that the variable(s) of interest are assessed well.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about three types of correlations.

In a(n) cross-sectional correlation, two variables measured at the same time are associated. If an earlier measure of a variable is associated with a later measure of the same variable, a(n) autocorrelation occurs. In a(n) cross-lag correlation, an earlier measure of one variables is associated with a later measure of a different variable. These three types of correlations are longitudinal designs.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the different ways in which a measure can be consistent.

In general, a measure's ability to remain consistent is referred to as reliability. But this concept can be broken down in nuanced ways. For example, test-retest reliability refers to whether results are uniform after repeated use of a measure. In addition, interrater reliability refers to whether results are uniform when multiple administrators use the measure. Finally, a measure with internal reliability will generate similar responses across all of the items, even with different wording.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the different ways a measure should accurately represent a construct.

In measurement, validity refers to a measure's ability to accurately represent the variable the researcher is investigating. But this concept is made up of many different components. face validity is the extent to which a given measure appears to be measuring the variable in question. content validity evaluates how well a measure taps into all aspects of a particular variable. criterion validity represents how well a measure relates to actual behavior.

Label the parts of this chart with the different types of measurement reliability.

Interrater reliability: two coders' rating of a set of targets are consistent with each other test-retest reliability: people get consistent scores every time they take the test internal reliability: people give consistent responses on every item of a questionnaire

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about multiple regression.

Multiple regression can help eliminate problems with internal validity by controlling for potential third variables. It sets predictor variable(s) that influence the criterion variable, which is the outcome of interest. Effect sizes in multiple-regression analyses can be represented by both beta, which is a standardized effect size, and b, which is an unstandardized effect size.

A recent study investigated whether watching cat videos online causes viewers to have less stress. The study recruited a diverse sample of online participants and had them watch a video of kittens. The participants were then given a 5-item questionnaire about their current stress levels. Participants seemed to have less stress after watching the video, and a statistical test showed a strong effect. Which types of validity were not established in this study, and which were reasonably met?

Not established in the study: - internal Reasonably met in the study: - statistical - external - construct

Drag each claim to the scatterplot that best represents it.

Plot 1: - as studying time increases, GPA increases Plot 2: - increased narcotic use is associated with fewer long-term goals Plot 3: - hours spent listening to classical music is not associated with infant intelligence

Match each term to the correct example.

observer effects: Based on the researcher's body language, a participant guesses that the study is about politeness in intergroup interactions, so he acts politely to align with the researcher's expectations. reactivity: Small children stop and stare at the experimenter who is in the room taking notes on their behavior. observer bias: Researchers interpret prisoners' behavior as more aggressive than college students' behavior even though the behavior is actually identical.

Label each example with the correct type of measure. Labels can be used more than once.

physiological measure: - someone's electroencephalogram reading - someone's blood pressure observational measure: - the number of seconds someone spends smiling during an interaction - the number of times someone checks the clock in a waiting room self-report measure: - how depressed someone says they feel - how outgoing someone claims to be

match each type of research misconduct to the correct definition, as covered in Ethical Standard 8.

plagiarism: - a researcher attempts to pass of the ideas of others as their own data fabrication: - a researcher creates fake data, meaning the data were not produced from a study data falsification: - a researcher alters the data they collected self-plagiarism: - a researcher copies a sentence from the method section of a paper they published a year ago and pastes it into their new paper's introduction

A recent study by Walker et al. (2015) demonstrated that increased online social comparison was related to an increase in disordered eating behavior. Select the scatterplot that best represents this claim.

plot 1

Jalon conducts a study to investigate whether anonymity affects the reported political opinions of college students. He recruits 156 participants from psychology classes and divides them into two groups. He asks the first group for their opinions about political issues and tells them that their responses will be completely anonymous. He asks the second group for their political opinions but does not tell them whether or not their opinions will be kept anonymous. Label the components of Jalon's study. Not all items will have a match.

population: - college students sample: - psychology students sampling method: - convenience sampling

Pengyu is interested in the association between the height of professional basketball players and their free-throw percentage. She finds a statistically significant negative association in the entire last season of the NBA. Looking at her scatterplot, Pengyu finds that one player is much shorter and has a much better free-throw percentage than the rest of the players. She also finds that the negative association only exists for less experienced NBA players, not for more experienced NBA players. Identify the issues as either present or not present in Pengyu's study.

present: - outlier - moderator not present: - third-variable problem - restriction of range

Match each problem that can occur in observational studies to the potential solution that addresses it.

reactivity: - wait for participants to become used to the observer - use unobtrusive data - use a one-way mirror observer bias: - use a masked or blind study design - use a clear coding system

Which of the following are reasons why it is important for frequency claims to use random sampling?

reasons: - frequency claims make statements about a population - external validity is a priority for frequency claims not reasons: - random sampling requires fewer resources than random assignment - frequency claims make stronger statements than association or causal claims

Match each research question to the type of graph that would better depict its results.

scatterplot: - Is age associated with number of hours of sleep? - Is time spent using social media associated with feelings of jealously? - Is length of experience linked to salary? bar graph: - Do college students sleep fewer hours per day than high school students do? - Is type of social media platform associated with feelings of jealously? - Is job title linked to salary?

Identify each research question as best explored with either a self-report or an observational study.

self-report study: - What are some experiences of discrimination that female academics encounter? - How much money do parents spend on baby toys each month? - What are people's beliefs about face mask-wearing for protection in urban areas versus rural areas? observational study: - Do more people wear face masks for protection in urban areas than in rural areas? - Are women less likely than men to be addressed as "Dr." at an academic conference? - Do babies spend more time with new items than with familiar ones?

Label each question with the correct type of reliability.

test-retest reliability: Are the same people responding to a measure in a consistent manner across multiple time points? interrater reliability: Do all of the raters who are observing behaviors agree about the number of behaviors they see? internal reliability: Are people responding in a consistent manner to all of the items on a 10-item scale?

What does likelihood mean?

the probability of observing the data you've collected, given different possible values for the parameter

What was a potential issue with how the debriefing was done in the Milgram obedience studies?

the researchers did not tell the participants that the learner had not actually been shocked

what does theory mean?

to come up with a general idea about how the world works

Identify each practice as promoting either the goal of openness or the goal of transparency.

transparency: - sharing raw data - allowing other researchers to replicate your study openness: - stating the variables involved in the study - reporting the results of all of the hypotheses tested in the study

Identify the true and false statements about generalizability and external validity.

true statement(s): A random sample of 1,000 people is enough to generalize to a population of 100 million people. false statement(s): - External validity is always the highest priority in every type of claim. - A large sample is always more representative than a small sample. - If a finding does not generalize to other populations, it is invalid.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about testing association claims.

An association claim with two variables can be examined with a bivariate correlation, and the results of the test have two primary components. The first component tells you whether the association is positive or negative; it is referred to as direction. The second component tells you how closely the variables are associated; it is referred to as strength.

Which of the following scenarios are examples of observational research?

observational research: - recording how often students use the word literally in conversations with each other - counting the number of people who walk through a busy convenience store not observational research: - observing the blood pressure of 50 patients via the records of a local health clinic - asking people whom they voted for as they leave a local polling station

Work through the interactive to review the three ethical principles from the Belmont Report. Then, answer the question that follows. Study 3 Decide whether this study violates any of the three ethical principles. You can use these links to refresh your memory:autonomy,Treating all people with courtesy and respect and allowing them to make informed consent.beneficence,Maximizing benefits for the research while minimizing risks to the research subject, following the principle of do no harm.justice.Ensuring that the benefits and costs of the research are carried by those whom it would benefit and who would be at risk in the greater population. During the 2010 U.S. congressional elections, a group of researchers used Facebook to test if people would be more likely to vote if they saw that their friends had voted. The researchers randomly assigned Facebook users (all users who logged into the site on election day—a total of 60 million) to one of three possible messages on top of their news feed. One message, called the "informational message," encouraged people to vote, giving a link to the local polling place and allowing users to click on a button that said, "I voted." A second message, cal

1) yes In this study, participants did not consent to participate, so one could argue that their autonomy was violated. However, because users on Facebook agreed to the terms of service agreement, the company has no obligation to obtain informed consent. 2) no It may be problematic to influence people's voting behavior. However, the study did not tell anyone to vote a particular way, so there is no obvious harm done to the participant or the community. 3) yes Because this study was testing specific effects of social networking, those who participated are likely to be the ones who benefit from this knowledge.

Work through the interactive to review the three ethical principles from the Belmont Report. Then, answer the question that follows. Study 1 Decide whether this study violates any of the three ethical principles. You can use these links to refresh your memory: autonomy,Treating all people with courtesy and respect and allowing them to make informed consent.beneficence,Maximizing benefits for the research while minimizing risks to the research subject, following the principle of do no harm.justice.Ensuring that the benefits and costs of the research are carried by those whom it would benefit and who would be at risk in the greater population. Researchers wanted to know whether seeing positive news online makes people feel more positive emotions. They manipulated 700,000 Facebook accounts by withholding certain positive news posts from some users' feeds for a few hours and withholding certain negative posts from others' feeds. Later, they counted how many positive and negative emotion words people used in their status messages. They found that people used fewer positive emotion words when their positive news had been temporarily withheld and used fewer negative emotion words when negative

1) yes In this study, participants did not consent to participate, so one could argue that this violated their autonomy. However, because users on Facebook agreed to the terms of service agreement, and this study was conducted by Facebook itself, others say the company had no obligation to obtain informed consent. 2) yes It is possible that increased negative emotions in someone's daily life may have serious negative consequences. However, the knowledge gained here about the emotional effects of social media is extremely valuable to the scientific field. 3) No The participants in this study were Facebook users, so it is likely that those who participated would be the ones to benefit from it.

Work through the interactive to review the three ethical principles from the Belmont Report. Then, answer the question that follows. Study 2 Decide whether this study violates any of the three ethical principles. You can use these links to refresh your memory:autonomy,Treating all people with courtesy and respect and allowing them to make informed consent.beneficence,Maximizing benefits for the research while minimizing risks to the research subject, following the principle of do no harm.justice.Ensuring that the benefits and costs of the research are carried by those whom it would benefit and who would be at risk in the greater population. In a field experiment, Middlemis, Knowles, and Matter (1976) wanted to test how an invasion of personal space might affect people's physiological responses. They set up an experiment on a college campus in a men's public restroom with three urinals. When men entered the restroom to use a urinal, there was a confederate in the restroom who, by random assignment, used the urinal either directly next to the man who entered or the one two urinals away (they used an "out of order" sign on the remaining urinal). The researchers hypothesized that men would t

1) yes Participants did not consent to participation in the study, so their autonomy seems to have been violated. Arguably, however, this study could not have been conducted accurately if informed consent was granted. 2) no Having someone stand next to them in the bathroom certainly seemed to make the participants uncomfortable, but there is a reasonable chance of this occurring regardless of the experiment. 3) no The participants in the study could benefit from this information, but the significance of this scientific knowledge is questionable and may not justify making people uncomfortable.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the types of multivariate correlational studies.

A(n) longitudinal study us conducted over a longer period of time than a typical correlational study to help establish temporal precedence. A(n) multiple-regression analysis considers more than two variables in the same analysis and can help improve internal validity.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about problems that can affect the statistical validity of bivariate correlations.

A(n) outlier is an extreme data point that can often inaccurately alter an effect size. restriction of range occurs when all possible scores on a variable are not present, which can often inaccurately decrease an effect size. A(n) curvilinear relationship is when a set of data is not well represented by a straight line and can result in a zero effect size. All three of these issues can decrease statistical validity.

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences about the groups of people that are involved in research studies.

A(n) population is the entire group of people that a researcher is interested in, while (n) sample is the smaller subset of that entire group that researchers study. A(n) census is conducted when a researcher investigates the entire group of people they are interested in.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about variables that influence associations.

Additional variables may often add nuance or an alternative explanation for a relationship. A moderator is a variable that explains how the two main variables are related in different ways depending on the situation. A mediator explains why two variables may be related based on an internal factor that connected them.

Match each type of measure to the correct description.

observational: records behaviors or traces of behaviors self-report: records participants' own views of themselves physiological: records biological information from a living thing

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about a study that commits ethical violations.

Professor Hammond designs a study to examine how often students lie about attendance at her school. Every class period, she passes around a sign-in sheet with all of the class dates; students sign in next to the current date to indicate that they are present. After every class, Professor Hammond photocopies the sign-in sheet to see if any students lied and signed for days they previously missed. Rather than applying for approval of her study, Professor Hammond decides to wait and see if there are any interesting results first. This violates the ethical standard of approval from the IRB. Furthermore, she misled her students about the true purpose of the attendance charts, which is considered deception. She also did not give her students any information about the study so that they could freely decide whether they would like to participate. This violates the ethical standard of informed consent.

Identify each quality as required or not required to make a casual claim

Required: - One variable must occur before the other - Two variables must be correlated - At least one variable must be manipulated - No other explanations exist for the change in the outcome Not Required: - The claim describes only one variable

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about question formats.

Respondents are asked to choose a number corresponding to how much they agree or disagree in likert scale questions. Respondents can provide as much or as little information as they would like in open-ended questions, while forced-choice questions ask respondents to choose between two or more options.

Fill in the blanks to identify the type of sampling used in each scenario. Scenario 1: A college administrator knows that 30% of the students at her college are from out of state, and she wants to make sure that she maintains this proportion in her survey about admission practices at the college. She has a list of all the out-of-state and in-state students and randomly selects 30 students from the out-of-state list and 70 students from the in-state list. She is using ______. Scenario 2: The directors of an annual community concert want to learn the musical preferences of the audience. The directors choose 2 and 6 from a random number generator and place a survey card on every sixth seat beginning with the second seat. All the cards are returned as the audience leaves. They are using _____.

Scenario 1: stratified random sampling Scenario 2: systematic sampling

Match each type of validity to the correct definition.

Statistical validity: results are accurate an reasonable and have been replicated Internal Validity: the causal relationship between two variables is genuine Construct validity: a variable is operationalized well External validity: results generalize to other people and situations

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the ethical principles that guide psychologists.

The APA Ethical Principles set similar ethical principles to the earlier Belmont Report but tailored them specifically to psychology, However, two additional principles were added. The first was the principle of fidelity and responsibility, which has to do with relationships between psychologists and others. The second was the principle of integrity, which emphasizes truthfulness and up-to-date practices.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about statistical representations of correlations.

The term effect size describes the strength of an association between variables, and in correlations it is typically captured by a(n) r value. The precision of the correlation estimate is captured by a(n) 95% Cl.

Identify the true and false statements about the ethical guidelines that researchers should follow.

True Statements: - the potential risks of a study should never outweigh the potential benefits False Statements: - researchers must never conduct research on vulnerable populations that have less autonomy - if research has significant risks, it should not be conducted - researchers should never study disadvantaged populations due to burdens those populations already face

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about problems that threaten the construct validity of observational research.

When observers' knowledge of the research hypothesis influences how they record their observations, observer bias occurs. When participants change their behavior based on perceived expectation from the observer, it is called observer effects. When people change their behavior based on the presence of someone else, this is known as reactivity.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about poorly worded questions.

When the wording of a survey or poll question influences respondents' answers, its construct validity is weakened. For instance, a question with wording that encourages a particular response is called a leading question. A negatively worded question using phrases such as "should never not" can be cognitively difficult and confusing to respondents. And researchers cannot be sure which part of the question people are responding in a double-barreled question- a question that poses two questions.

Chenoa finds a positive association between hours of sleep and well-being, and she wants to see whether this association is the same for teenagers (ages 16-19) as it is for young adults (ages 20-24). Which graph depicts a spurious association between hours of sleep and well-being?

answer in image

Drag each claim to the scatterplot that best represents it.

answer in image

Eliud wants to look at the association between age and satisfaction with life. He recruits a sample of elementary schoolchildren and finds that there is a zero correlation between age and satisfaction with life. Which graph depicts the potential statistical validity problem that exists in Eliud's study?

answer in image

Fill in the table with the Belmont Report's principles and the APA's five general principles. - integrity - beneficence and nonmaleficence - fidelity and responsibility - respect for persons - respect for people's rights and dignity - justice - beneficence

answer in image

Mendoza and colleagues (2009) introduced a coin-rotation task as a convenient test of motor dexterity. It involves timed completion of twenty 180° rotations of a nickel using the thumb as well as the index and middle fingers. Researchers compared the results of this test with the results of another widely used test of motor dexterity, the finger-tapping task, in which participants tap their index fingers as many times as possible in 10 seconds. The results indicate that there was a statistically significant relationship between the finger-tapping task and the coin-rotation task (r = −.30). Select the scatterplot that best represents this result.

answer in pic

Identify the descriptors as applicable or not applicable to this survey question. What mental health problems are you currently experiencing?

applicable: - leading - open-ended not applicable: - likert scale - forced-choice - negatively worded

Leonor recently collected survey data and was curious about the association claim between the amount of physical activity and severity of mental illness. She found the following correlation between the two variables: r = −.47, 95% CI [−.59, −.35]. Identify the terms as either applicable or not applicable to this correlation.

applicable: - negative - statistically significant - unusually large not applicable: - not statistically significant - categorical - positive - moderate

Rebecca is conducting a study on stress in which she is measuring the levels of cortisol (a hormone that denotes a stress response in the body) in participants after they complete a difficult task. In this case, a reading of zero would mean no cortisol. Which of the following descriptors apply to the variable "cortisol" in Rebecca's study?

applicable: -physiological -quantitative -ratio -operational not applicable: - ordinal - self-report - categorical

Which of the following would a researcher need to demonstrate in order to make the claim that exercise decreases stress?

needs to demonstrate: - the amount of exercise goes up as stress goes down - exercise came before the measurement of stress - there are no other explanations for why exercise is linked to stress does not need to demonstrate: - there are no stressed people who exercise - the association between exercise and stress in the study generalizes to the whole population of interest

Label each provision with the correct principle from the Belmont Report.

beneficence: - participants should be protected from harm and their well-being should be ensured respect for persons: - participants should be treated as autonomous agents - participants with less autonomy should receive special protection justice: - there should be a balance between those who participate and those who benefit from the results

Professor Kwan designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income Latinx children and offers participants a chance to win a family trip to a major theme park. The study is explained to the families: the children agree to participate, and the parents of the children give permission for the children to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or a nonviolent video game for two hours each evening for a month. Professor Kwan then asks the children's teachers to assess changes in behavior. Match each element of Professor Kwan's study to the Belmont Report principle it violates.

beneficence: possible harm to participants respect for persons: the incentive for participation justice: the sample for participants

Identify the samples as either biased or unbiased.

biased sample(s): - Ami randomly selects phone numbers for a telephone survey and then asks the people she calls to recruit additional participants. - Zeynep posts advertisements for a study and then recruits every sixth person who contacts her. - Dr. Lin recruits participants from her psychology class and then randomly assigns them to one of three conditions. unbiased sample(s): - Travis randomly selects 15 major universities and then randomly selects 15 students from each of those universities. - Nasir selects telephone numbers from a random-digit dialer and then asks for the youngest male in the house who is at least 18.

Label each sampling type as either biased or unbiased. Labels can be used more than once.

biased: - convenience sampling - snowball sampling - purposive sampling unbiased: - systemic sampling - probability sampling - stratified random sampling

What does uncertain mean?

never proven

Karim is investigating the well-being of health care workers in his county during the COVID-19 pandemic. He notes that the health care workers in his county consist of 15% physicians, 50% nurses, and 35% administrative staff. He is considering several different sampling techniques for his study. Match each term to the sampling technique that Karim is considering.

cluster sampling: Karim could randomly select five hospitals from his county and recruit all of the health care workers from those five hospitals. stratified random sampling: Karim could randomly select 15 physicians, 50 nurses, and 35 administrative staff for his sample of 100 participants. oversampling: Karim is concerned that 15 physicians might not give him a precise statistical estimate, so he could recruit more physicians and then adjust the results later. multistage sampling: Karim could randomly select five hospitals from his county and then randomly select 50 health care workers from each of the selected hospitals. quota sampling: Karim could visit a local hospital and pass out his survey to health care workers that walk by until he reaches his goal of 15 physicians, 50 nurses, and 35 administrative staff.

Label each example with the correct type of sampling.

cluster sampling: Researchers select five hospitals at random and survey all the nurses in each hospital. oversampling: A survey interested in comparing prisoners to non-prisoners includes prisoners as 10% of its sample, even though they only make up 2.5% of the total population. systematic sampling: A researcher approaches every fifth shopper who walks into a grocery store. quota sampling: Researchers conducting an online survey collect 50 men and 50 women in order to have equal gender representation.

what does falsifiable mean?

constantly looking for counter examples

What type of validity is most important to consider when creating a poll or survey?

construct validity

Label each example with the correct type of sampling.

convenience sampling: Dr. Khan asks his intro psych students to fill out a survey on sleep quality and stress after class. simple random sampling: Researchers choose students at random by selecting the last digit of their student IDs. multistage sampling: Researchers select children at three different elementary schools at random by birth date. snowball sampling: At the end of an online survey, participants are asked to tell their friends about it.

Label each question with the correct validity.

convergent validity: Is the measure strongly correlated with theoretically similar constructs? content validity: Does the measure include all aspects of the conceptual variable? criterion validity: Does the measure correlate with relevant behaviors? face validity: Is the measure a plausible operationalization of the conceptual variable? discriminant validity: Is the measure not as strongly correlated with theoretically different constructs?

Which two validities are the most important to establish for an association claim?

most important: - statistical validity - construct validity less important: - internal validity - external validity

What process takes place after a study is complete and may assist in alleviating any potential harm done to participants by the research?

debriefing

Dr. Abbasi conducted a study that investigated the happiness of people when they listened to different kinds of music. He predicted that people would report being happier when they were listening to rock music than when they were listening to country music. Match each type of research practice to the correct example from Dr. Abbasi's study.

deception through commission: Dr. Abbasi told participants that the goal of the study was to examine people's creative abilities in new settings data fabrication: Dr. Abbasi needed four more participants to support his hypothesis, so he duplicated the data of the four most recent participants deception through omission: Dr. Abbasi did not tell participants there were two different music conditions. data falsification: Dr. Abbasi threw out the data from several participants who reported being very happy while listening to country music because he thought that they weren't being honest.

Match each question type to the correct example.

double-barreled: "how often are you late to or absent from work? leading: in your opinion how critical is the problem with background checks for firearms in this county? negatively worded: there is never a reason to be late for work

Dr. Silva is a clinical psychologist who also teaches a course in abnormal psychology at a university. She may be in violation of several APA principles. Match each of Dr. Silva's actions to the APA principle it potentially violates.

fidelity and responsibility: Several of the students in Dr. Silva's abnormal psychology course are also her clients integrity: Dr. Silva has used the same therapeutic technique for 10 years and has not kept up with the most recent empirical evidence respect for people's rights and dignity: At her clinic, Dr. Silva often has folders lying open with clients' names and information visible to others

what does systematic mean?

follow a clear set of rules or procedures

Label each requirement with the correct principle of the Belmont Report.

justice: - To study a sample of participants from only one ethnic group, researchers must first demonstrate that the problem being studied is especially prevalent in that ethnic group. - Researchers must recruit participants who are representative of the population that would benefit from the results of the study. respect for persons: - To avoid undue influence, researchers should carefully consider whether the compensation is appropriate for the participants they are recruiting. - Researchers should take care to study only participants who are able to understand the procedures, risks, and benefits of the study. beneficence: - To prevent sensitive participant data from being revealed, researchers should not collect any potentially identifying information. - The researcher must give the control group the opportunity to receive a new treatment if and when the study has found it to be effective.

Label each figure with the correct sampling technique.

left to right top to bottom: - stratified random sapling - simple random sampling - quota sampling - cluster sampling - multistage sampling

Sammy is interested in studying behavior problems. Identify the multivariate technique that Sammy should use to investigate each of her research goals. Labels can be used more than once.

longitudinal study: - - multiple regression: - -

What does empirical mean?

look for evidence

Seo-yeon and her research assistants are examining sharing behavior in children. Match each problematic scenario from Seo-yeon's study to the correct potential solution.

make unobtrusive observations: Seo-yeon and her research assistants notice the children are sitting awkwardly throughout the study. use a masked design: One of Seo-yeon's research assistants unintentionally cues the children to share as he passes out cookies. use a clear codebook: Seo-yeon and her research assistants are told that the children participating in their study are particularly lively and friendly.

Siva is investigating an association claim between political beliefs and age. His data show a correlation of r = .35. However, upon closer examination, Siva finds that the correlation is much stronger for men than it is for women. What type of variable is gender is this example?

moderator

what does iterative mean?

more confident with replication

Dr. Lawrence is the director of Counseling Services at her university. She is planning to conduct a survey of 100 students to see how aware they are of the counseling services that the university offers. She wants the proportion of men and women in her sample to reflect the proportion at the university as a whole (55% women and 45% men). Dr. Lawrence plans to stand in the student center and ask people to participate until she has given the survey to 55 women and 45 men. Identify the true and false statements about Dr. Lawrence's study.

true statements: - Dr. Lawrence is using quota sampling. - Dr. Lawrence's study will have poor external validity. false statements: - Dr. Lawrence is using stratified random sampling. - Dr. Lawrence is using a representative sample.

Identify the true and false statements about the relationship between reliability and validity.

true statements: - Establishing reliability in a measure is not sufficient for validity. - A measure can be very reliable but not very valid. false statements: - A measure that is reliable will always be valid. - The validity of a measure is the same as its reliability.

Identify the true and false statements about the ethics of observational studies.

true statements: - If using hidden video recording, researchers should tell participants at the end of the study that they were filmed. - It is ethical to observe people in a public place because people expect their behavior to be public, not private. - When reporting observations from a public setting, researchers must not specifically identify the people they false statements: - Researchers can watch and retain any video recordings, even if the participant has not given permission.

Identify the true and false statements about correlations.

true statements: - To understand a correlation, you must consider both its strength and its direction. - An association claim is between measured variables. false statements: - You can only examine correlations between two quantitative variables. - A bivariate correlation can involve an association between two or more variables.

Identify the true and false statements about 95% confidence intervals.

true statements: - You can infer statistical significance from a 95% CI. - A study with a small sample will have a wider 95% CI. - A 95% CI gives you information about the precision of the association. false statements: - A 95% CI gives you information about the strength of the association.