ch 11-14 test review
Be able to differentiate between the four identity statuses: diffusion
Diffuse-avoidant style; Avoids dealing with personal decisions, problems; Time management and academic difficulties; Low self-esteem; Prone to depression and behavior problems
Levinson's seasons of life
Early adult transition: dream guides decision making Men: career achievements Women: "split dreams" between career and marriage Relationship w Mentor to help facilitate realization of dreams -Age-30 transition: Men "settle down" w relationships and social niche related to job Women unsettled: focus on occupational and relationship commitments
What are some of the consequences of early or late onset of puberty in boys
Early-maturing: Popular, athletic stars,leaders; More positive body image; Viewed as well-adjusted, but report psychological stress, depressed mood; More deviant behavior Late-maturing: Transient emotional difficulties
What are some of the consequences of early or late onset of puberty in girls.
Early-maturing: Unpopular, withdrawn, low in confidence; Less positive body image; More deviant behavior; At risk for lasting difficulties Late-maturing: Popular; Sociable, school leaders; Positive body image
What are the development phases of vocational choice?
Fantasy period Tentative period: At first, in terms of interests; Then, in terms of abilities and values Realistic period: Exploration; Crystallization
Characteristics of adolescent friendships
Fewer "best friends" Value intimacy, mutual understanding, loyalty Most important source of social support Tend to be similar and become more so: Identity status; Educational aspirations; Political beliefs; Deviant behavior Cooperation and mutual affirmation increase Girls-Get together to "just talk"; Emotional closeness; Self-disclosure, support Boys-Shared activities: sports, competitive games; Competition, conflict
Role of estrogens and androgens in hormonal growth.
For both sexes, these hormones stimulate gains in bone density
Trends in muscle-fat development
Girls add more fat in adolescent body growth whereas boys gain more muscle/ aerobic efficiency
What are the age related factors of infertility?
Ideal during twenties; declines with age Fertility risks for women: Problems jump sharply at 35-44 years Reduced number, quality of ova Fertility risks for men: Problems gradual, starting at age 35 Decreased sperm volume, motility, Increased percentage of abnormal sperm
high and low commitment vs high and low exploration
Identity Achievement- high commitment and high exploration Identity Foreclosure- high commitment, low exploration Identity moratorium- low commitment, high exploration Identity Diffusion- low commitment, low exploration
Erikson: Identity vs. Role Confusion (exploration and commitment)
Identity: Defining who you are, your values, and your direction in life A process of exploration followed by commitment: to ideals, vocation, relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group; Common identities in adolescence? Role confusion: Earlier psychosocial conflicts not resolved Lack of direction and self-definition Society restricts choice Unprepared for challenges of adulthood
What impact does online relationship building (such as texting) have on adolescent friendships?
Important context for friendship communication and closeness: Girls: texting, cell calling, social media sites; Boys: online gaming Risks and disadvantages: Face-to-face interaction may suffer; Contexts for expressing jealousies and misunderstandings; Personal information accessible to third parties; Excessive social media use linked to unsatisfying face-to-face experiences and impaired mental health
what are the characteristics of other-sex friendships?
Increase from college years through settling into work role After marriage, decline for men, but continue to rise for women in the workplace Educated, employed women have largest number
Be able to differentiate between the four identity statuses: identity-achieved and moratorium
Information-gathering style; Higher self-esteem; feels more in control of life; Exception: exploration that is ruminative
Name the personality types that influence vocational choice. Personality Type= Vocational Choice Examples
Investigative= Scientist, engineer Social= Counselor, teacher Realistic= Construction worker, plumber Artistic= Writer, musician Conventional= Accountant, banker Enterprising=Supervisor, politician
For most, early adulthood involves what changes?
Leaving home, Completing education, Beginning full-time work, Attaining economic independence, Establishing a long-term intimate relationship, Starting a family Timing of milestones varies greatly
Primary sex characteristics
Maturation of reproductive organs Girls: menarche (period) Boys: spermarche (ejaculation)
what are the characteristics of other-sex friendships? pros
Men: opportunity for emotional expressiveness Women: new, objective points of view
Average age of menarche and spermarche for girls and boys
Menarche- 12.5 for North American girls, 13 for western european. 10.5-15.5 Spermarche- 13.5
Benefits of religious involvement
More community service; Responsible academic and social behavior; More trusting relationships with family and friends; Greater empathy and prosocial behavior
What factors are related to adolescent depression?
Most common psychological problem: 15-20% have had one or more major episodes Twice as many girls as boys: gender difference sustained throughout lifespan Moderately heritable Hormonal changes of puberty: estrogens (girls) Gender-typed coping styles and greater corumination (girls) Parental depression and associated maladaptive parenting Genetic and hormonal risk factors combine with stressful experiences
What are the factors related to alcohol abuse in early adulthood?
Motivations to drink: Women: often in response to stress; Men: to enhance social situations Risk factors include: Heredity: metabolism and temperament Cultural influences and access to alcohol Poverty, hopelessness, and a history of abuse
Secondary sex characteristics
Other visible changes signaling sexual maturity Girls: breasts Boys: facial hair, voice change Both: underarm and pubic hair
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
Passion gradually fades while intimacy and commitment strengthen Communicating commitment and intimacy, including constructive conflict resolution, predicts relationship maintenance and satisfaction Passionate love: sexual attraction Companionate love: warm, trusting affection Compassionate love: concern for the other's well-being
Name the factors that influence vocational choice.
Personality Family influences:parent-child vocational similarity Teachers Gender stereotypes: slow progress for women in male-dominated fields Educational and job opportunities Current life circumstances
What does the research say about love in couples whose marriage endures?
These couples generally report that they love each other more than they did earlier. -passion, forming romantic love/ respect for others qualities, became dominant in success of marriage. Importance of love/finding love in marriage is what leads it to succeed.
Changes and additions in self-concept of adolescents
Unifies separate traits into more abstract descriptors May describe contradictory traits Gradually combines traits into organized system: Use of qualifiers; Integrating principles, depending on situation Greater emphasis on social virtues
Which type of motor skills peak latest in life?
Upper biological limit of motor performance is reached in first part of early adulthood With sustained training, decline is gradual until sixties: Body structures adapt, minimizing declines; Slows muscle loss, retains vital capacity, increases speed
What are common factors in adult friendships?
Usually similar in age, sex, SES, and interests Enhance self-esteem and offer support Make life more interesting -Value trust, intimacy, and loyalty -Social media has expanded networks of friends
Recommendations for communicating about sexual development with adolescents
Warm, open give-and-take is associated w teens adoption of parents views, discussions abt sexual health w dating partners, and reduced sexual risk taking
What are the gender differences for suicide?
boys have more risk factors gender-role expectations
Kohlberg, moral identity (Heinz study)
emphasis on justice, also taps caring Presented hypothetical dilemmas involving conflict between two moral values: not stealing vs. saving a dying person What determines moral maturity: The way an individual reasons about a moral dilemma; Not the content of the response Moral understanding promoted by: Actively grappling with moral issues, Gains in perspective taking Moral development is slow and gradual Individuals move through first four stages in order Few people reach postconventional morality Stages 3 and 4 reflect morally mature reasoning In real life, people often reason below actual capacity
Characteristics and stats of alcohol abuse in early adulthood
9% of men, 5% of women are heavy drinkers; One-third of heavy drinkers are alcoholics; Usually begins during early adulthood; College students drink more heavily Results in many physical and mental health problems Costs to society, e.g., fatal motor vehicle accidents Treatment is difficult: half relapse within a few months
Differentiate between definitions of adolescence and puberty
Adolescence: the transition between child-hood and adulthood Puberty: the mark of adolescence beginning; a flood of biological events leading to an adult-sized body and sexual maturity.
Self-Consciousness and Self-Focusing:
Adolescents' ability to reflect on their own thoughts, combined with physical and psychological changes, leads them to think more about themselves
Idealism and development of criticism
Adolescents' capacity to think about possibilities opens up the world of ideal. The disparity between teenagers' idealism and adults' greater realism creates tension between parent and child. Envisioning a perfect family against which their parents and siblings fall short, adolescents become fault-finding critics
What is the social clock?
Age-related expectations for life events; Greater deviation than earlier generations; Adhering lends confidence, social stability; Risky to "craft a life of one's own"
Factors related to marital satisfaction
Backgrounds, Age at marriage, Timing of first pregnancy, Relationship to extended family, Marital patterns in extended family, Financial and employment status, Family responsibilities, Personality characteristics and behavior, Positive biases of partner's attributes
Siblings as friends
Become more frequent companions; Shared background promotes similar values and views
Apply to Breakfast Club Characters.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Erikson: Intimacy vs. Isolation
-Intimacy: Making a permanent commitment to intimate partner Giving up some independence, redefining identity Secure identity associated with fidelity Fosters favorable friendship and work relationships -Isolation: Hesitant to form close ties Fear of losing identity:competitive, rejecting of differences, threatened by closeness -Successful resolution prepares individual for middle adulthood and generativity
Difference between anorexia and bulimia nervosa? Bulimia nervosa
Binge eating followed by compensatory efforts to avoid weight gain: Deliberate vomiting or purging with laxatives; Excessive exercise or fasting Experience depression, guilt, and suicidal thoughts Influences beyond cultural values: Heredity, Overweight and early menarche, Impulsive, sensation-seeking tendencies, Disengaged parenting style Easier to treat because individuals want help
What are the important features of these relationships?
-Commitment may be the aspect of love that determines whether a relationship survives. -Conflict resolution and intimacy/ commitment inherent in compassionate love is linked to partners relational happiness/ long term relationship. Tender/affectionate bond.
Issues related to ethnic identity factors of support and challenges.
-Secure ethnic identity linked to higher self-esteem, academic motivation, school performance, and resilience -Factors that can pose challenges to its positive formation: Acculturative stress -Parental restrictions due to fear of assimilation -Discrimination -Biracial parents, parents of different ethnicities -Factors supporting ethnic identity achievement: Effective parenting and family ethnic pride -Schools supporting native language and right to quality education -Same-ethnicity peers -Bicultural identity
What does evolutionary theory say about the differences in importance that men and women place on certain characteristics? women
-bc their capacity to produce is limited, women seek mates w traits: earning power, emotional commitment, that help ensure child well-being. Also prefer to take time to achieve psychological intimacy
What does evolutionary theory say about the differences in importance that men and women place on certain characteristics? men
-men look for mate w traits pointing to youth, health, sexual pleasure, ability to give birth/ take care of offspring; often want relationship to move quickly toward physical intimacy
Sex differences in body growth.
Boys- growth spurts start at 12.5; in proportion- shoulders broaden/longer legs; muscle-fat makeup: gain more muscle, aerobic efficiency Girls- Growth spurt starts age 10; Proportions- hips broaden; Muscle-fat makeup adds more fat
personal fable
Certain that others ware observing and thinking about them, teenagers develop an inflated opinion of their own importance- a feeling that they are special and unique.
What are some of the influences of parenting practices on the development of moral reasoning in adolescence?
Child-rearing practices: Warm, supportive, communicative; Encourage prosocial behavior, fairness; Engage in moral discussions inductive discipline, moral standards Strives for autonomy: Emotional component: self-reliance; Behavioral component: independent decision making Deidealizes parents Effective parenting: Warm, supportive ties; Balancing autonomy-granting with monitoring
Know the statistics on tobacco use.
Cigarette smoking slowly declining: 17% of U.S. adults: Few treatments last long enough to be effective; Increase among adults not finishing high school, especially women; Most start before age 21 Young adult use of other tobacco forms has increased Deadly health risks for regular smokers: One out of three die from smoking-related disease, Majority will suffer at least one serious illness
Be able to differentiate between the four identity statuses: foreclosure
Commitment offers security, satisfaction; Dogmatic, inflexible style; Internalizes others' values and beliefs; Depends on others for self-esteem; fear rejection
What are the new dimensions which adolescents add to their self-evaluation (changes to self-esteem)?
Continues to add new dimensions: Close friendships; Romantic appeal; Job competence Rises for most young people: Increasing sense of mastery predicts rise Parenting style and teacher encouragement affect level and stability of self-esteem
factors affecting consequences of early/late puberty in boys/girls
Cultural ideals of physical attractiveness, Fitting in with peers' physical maturity, Body image strongly predicts youths' self-esteem, Contexts that increase risk of deviant peer associations and behaviors: Economically disadvantaged neighborhoods, Harsh, inconsistent parenting
What is the relationship between stress and the immune system?
Declines after age 20: Shrinking thymus: reduced maturity and differentiation of T cells; B cells rely on T cells to function Stress weakens immune response: Psychological stressors; Physical stressors
What impacts biological aging?
Declines in functioning of organs and systems Influences: Genetic, Lifestyle, Environment, Historical period Multidimensional and multidirectional Average life expectancy increased 25 to 30 years during the twentieth century
How did Piaget describe the cognitive changes in early adulthood?
Piaget: Postformal thought Move from hypothetical to pragmatic thought: Increased experience with real-world problems; The need to specialize, which motivates change; New ways of thinking that thrive on imperfection and compromise •Increase in cognitive-affective complexity: Greater awareness of conflicting perspectives and motivations; Coordination into a complex, organized structure; Enhances emotion regulation
Name the suicide prevention methods
Prevention efforts: Attend to warning signs; train adults to recognize; Provide adult and peer support; Offer information about telephone hotlines; Schools and communities: supportive adult and peer relationships; Gun-control legislation to limit access to means; Stay with suicidal individual until professional help arrives Treatments: medication and therapy Post-suicide: watchful eye on other vulnerable adolescents
Piaget: Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Problem solving based on a hypothesis, deducing logical, testable inferences; Begins with possibility and proceeds to reality
binge eating disorder
Regular binging without compensatory purging: typically leads to overweight and obesity Experience severe distress and suicidal thoughts; Associated with social adjustment difficulties Effective treatments resemble those for bulimia: Support groups, Nutrition education and training, Anti-anxiety, antidepressant, and appetite-control medication
What are explanations for adaptive role of conflict in parent-adolescent relationships?
Rise in conflict: Has adaptive value: psychological distancing; Different views of adolescent readiness for responsibility Most conflict is: Mild, subsides over time; Balanced by affection, support
research on formal operational stage
School-age children show glimmerings of formal operational thought: In simplified situations; with props in make-believe play Adolescents are considerably more competent: Reason about more variables simultaneously; Grasp logical necessity Formal operations may not be universal: Training and context contribute; Schooling is powerfully influential
Difference between anorexia and bulimia nervosa? Anorexia nervosa
Starve self due to fear of getting fat: Extremely distorted body image; lose 25-50% body weight, Denial makes it difficult to treat Severe malnutrition, physical complications, possible death Influence beyond cultural values: Genetics, abnormalities in neurotransmitters Parenting style: controlling, high expectations for appearance; unrealistic, perfectionistic standards for self; ethnicity Effective treatments: family therapy; medication to reduce anxiety and neurotransmitter imbalances
What are age related trends of suicide?
Suicide rate jumps sharply at adolescence Related factors: Ethnicity: increase in African-American boys, high in Native American youths Family environment, high life stress, poverty Sexual orientation Personality:Intelligent, withdrawn, cannot meet own or others' standards; Antisocial, hostile, destructive behavior Triggering negative life events
imaginary audience
adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern. As a result, they become self conscious
What are the factors related to sexual coercion?
rape: estimated 19% of U.S. women are victims Perpetrator Characteristics- Manipulative, remorseless; Approve of violence against women; Accept rape myths; Misinterpret social cues; Childhood sexual abuse; Sexual promiscuity in adolescence; Alcoholism Cultural Forces- Men taught to be dominant, competitive; Women taught to be submissive; Acceptance of violence
Vaillant's research on men- How do they develop through adulthood?
research studies interviewed in college and then continued through each succeeding decade Twenties=Intimacy concerns Thirties=Career consolidation Forties=Generativity (focus on raising new gen) Fifties and sixties="Keepers of meaning" w generativity to pass on culture Seventies=Spirituality, reflection
what are the characteristics of other-sex friendships? cons
sexual attraction must be managed. (it looks bad sometimes) Research says that a friendship devoid of lust was possible. Sometimes develop into romantic relation, after breakups may still be friends rather than if they were not friends first