Ch. 11 - thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) function:

stimulates the release of TSH

thyroid-stimulation hormone (TSH) is also called...

thyrotropin

PTH also stimulates the...

kidneys to conserve calcium

goiter leads to...

low levels of T3 and T4

parafollicular cells release calcitonin which...

maintain blood calcium levels

follicular cells produce T3 and T4 which...

maintain the metabolic rate

parathyroid hormone:

PTH

triiodothyronine is also called...

T3

thyroxine is also called...

T4 or tetraiodothyronine

hypoparathyroidism results in...

a decrease in blood calcium

calcitonin:

a hormone that lowers blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions when they are too high

hyperparathyroidism results in...

an increase in blood calcium

parafollicular cells of the thyroid secrete...

calcitonin

when calcium is high...

calcitonin is secreted

calcitonin secretion is regulated by the blood concentration of...

calcium

hypothyroidism in infants:

causes cretinism: poor growth and bone formation, abnormal mental development, sluggishness

PTH causes activation of vitamin D by kidneys which...

causes increased absorption of calcium in the intestines

hypothyroidism in adults:

causes myxedema: low metabolic rate, fatigue, and weight gain

T3 and T4 are stored in the...

colloids

PTH increases blood calcium ion concentration and...

decreases phosphate ion concentration

hypoparathyroidism:

deficiency of PTH, due to surgical removal or injury to glands

the thyroid hormone level is the major factor in...

determining the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

hyperparathyroidism:

excess of PTH, perhaps due to parathyroid tumor

the parenchyma of thyroid glands contain two types of cells...

follicular cells and parafollicular cells

hyperthyroidism causes:

goiter: enlarged thyroid gland

parathyroid hormone disorders:

hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism

stimulates --> ________ to release --> ________ which will stimulate the --> ________ to release ________ --> which will stimulate ________ --> to form ________ --> with no ________ to produce T3 and T4 --> the thyroid gland will be ________

hypothalamus, TRH, anterior pituitary gland, TSH, follicular cells, T3 and T4, iodine, enlarged

calcitonin increases calcium excretion by the...

kidneys into urine

BMR stimulates the --> ________ which releases --> ________ which stimulates the --> ________ to secrete --> ________ which stimulates the --> ________ that releases --> ________ which increases --> BMR

hypothalamus, TRH, anterior pituitary gland, TSH, thyroid gland, T3 and T4

thyroid disorders:

hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

calcitonin increases calcium deposition in bones by...

inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating osteoblasts

hyperthyroidism:

overactivity in the thyroid gland

T3 is the most...

potent hormone

T3 and T4 functions:

regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

a negative feedback mechanism involving blood calcium level...

regulates release of PTH

PTH stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts which...

releases calcium into the blood

as blood concentration of thyroid hormones increases...

secretions of TRH and TSH decrease

basal metabolic rate (BMR):

the caloric intake necessary for life

hypothyroidism:

underactivity of the thyroid gland


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