Ch. 12 Anatomy and Physiology
Graded potential
A ____ ____ is a temporary change in membrane potential which lasts only as long as the stimulus that causes it and can vary in size.
Subthreshold value
A change in membrane potential insufficient to cause an action potential is known as a ____.
Ganglion
A cluster of neuron cell bodies found along a peripheral nerve is known as a(n) ____.
Electrical gradient
A difference in the number of charged particles between two sides of membrane forms a(n) ____.
Axons
A fascicle is a bundle of:
Action potential
A flow of electrical current called a(n) ____ ____ is generated within the initial segment of a neuron.
Postsynaptic potential
A graded potential caused by the opening of chemically gated channels on a postsynaptic membrane is known as a ____ ____.
Action potential reaches synaptic knob and voltage gated calcium channel open
Before a vesicle of neurotransmitter can be released which of the following must occur? -Calcium must flow out of the synaptic knob -Calcium must travel across the synaptic cleft -Action potential reaches synaptic knob -Voltage gated calcium channel open
Microglia, astrocyte, ependymal cells, oligodendrocyte
Choose the cells that are part of the central nervous system -Microglia -Satellite cells -Astrocyte -Ependymal cells -Oligodendrocyte -Neurolemmocyte
Ribosomes
Chromatophillic substance and Nissil bodies are both types of ____.
Electrical
Creating and transmitting ____ currents is central to the function or neuron physiology.
Toward
Dendrites transfer information ____ the cell body.
Potassium
Flow of which ion Is the most common cause of depolarization?
The initial segment
If you were moving across a neuron's membrane form the receptive segment toward the transmissive segment, where would you first encounter large numbers of voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels?
Neurotransmitter
In neurons, most chemically gated ion channels open in response to the binding of a(n) ____.
Unipolar
Most afferent neurons are classified functionally as ____.
Multipolar
Most motor neurons are:
Efferent
Motor neurons are classified as ____ neurons.
resting; potential
Na+ and K+ leak channels and Na+/K+ pumps on the neuron are responsible fro establishing and maintaining the ____ membrane _____.
Greater amounts inside a neuron
Negatively charged proteins and other large organic molecules are found in ____.
Macroscopic; microscopic
Nerves are usually ____ and neurons are usually ____.
Neurons
Nervous tissue is composed of glial cells and ____.
Glial
Nervous tissue is made of neurons and ____ cells.
Pathways and neuronal circuits
Neuronal pools are also called:
Cell bodies
Satellite cells are found surrounding:
Peripheral
Sensory and motor nerves are part of the ____ nervous system.
Unconsciously
Sensory information from the visceral sensory division is ____ sensed.
To the central nervous system
Sensory nerves carry information:
Electrical synapses and chemical synapses
Synapses are classified as: -Mechanical synapses -Electrical synapses -Chemical synapses
Other neurons, gland cells, and muscle cells
Synapses occur where axons contact: -Blood vessels -Other neurons -Gland cells -Muscle cells
End bulbs and terminal boutons
Synaptic knobs are also called: -End bulbs -Nerve fibers -Terminal boutons -Somas
False
T/F: A neuromodulator is another name for a neurotransmitter.
True
T/F: Graded potentials vary in size depending on stimulus.
False
T/F: Ion channels use the energy of ATP to maintain concentration gradients across neuron membranes.
True
T/F: Most voltage-gated ion channels are closed until the electrical potential across a membrane changes.
False
T/F: The relative charge across a neuron's plasma membrane is negative outside the cel relative to the inside of the cell.
excitatory and positive
The "E" in EPSP stands for ____, meaning that the potential makes the inside of the postsynaptic call more ____.
Inhibitory and negative
The "I" in IPSP stands for ____, meaning that the potential makes the inside of the postsynaptic cell more ____.
Efferent
The Moto nervous system is also referred to as the ____ division.
Autonomic
The ____ division of the nervous system is subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Visceral
The ____ division of the nervous system is subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Effectors
The ____ receive impulses from the motor neurons.
Work
The movement of charged particles cane harnessed to do ____.
The axon
The myelin sheath covers:
Receptors
The nervous system collects information through:
Brain
The nervous system is composed of the ____, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia.
1 trillion (1,000,000,000,000)
The nervous tissue of a young adult may contain up to ____ glial cells.
Bipolar
The neurons int he retina of the eye are:
Resistance
The opposition to the movement of electrical charge is known as ____.
Relative refractory
The period following an action potential in which an action potential can be initiated with a larger stimulus is known as the ____ ____ period.
Structural
The peripheral nervous system is a ____ division of the nervous system.
Cranial
The peripheral nervous system is made of the spinal nerves, ganglia, and ____ nerves.
Axolemma
The plasma membrane of an axon is called the ____.
Summation
The process by which postsynaptic potentials are added together at the initial segment is known as ____.
After
The refractory period occurs immediately ____ an action potential.
Neuromodulation
The regulation of the response of neurons to neurotransmitters is known as ____.
Resting membrane potential
The relative difference in charge across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron is known as the ____ ____ ____.
K+
The sequential opening of voltage gated sodium channels is followed by the sequential opening of voltage gated ____ channels.
Cell body
The soma is another name for the:
Sensory
The somatic ____ division of the nervous system receives information from the skin, facia and joints.
Consciously
The somatic sensory division detected stimuli that are ____ detected.
Synaptic delay
The time it takes for transmission of an impulse to occur at a synapse is known as the ____ ____.
The distance between injury and the effector organ and the amount of damage
The two factors that affect PNS regeneration are: -Rate of microglial cell division -Presence of ependymal cells -The distance between injury and the effector organ -The amount of damage
Effector
Tissue that responds to neural input by changing the activity is called a(n) ____.
Toward
Vesicles involved in retrograde transport are moving ____ the cell body.
Potential
Voltage is a measure of relative ____ energy.
Transmissive
Voltage-gated calcium channels are found mostly in the ____ segment.
Motor and sensory
Interneurons facilitate communication between ____ neurons and ____ neurons.
Unipolar and bipolar
What are the two structural examples of sensory neurons? -Multipolar -Unipolar -Bipolar
Transmit nerve impulses
What is the basic function of a neuron?
There must be a change in ion flow across the membrane and there must be a change in the number of open ion channels
What must happen in order for a chemical signal to change the membrane potential of a neuron? -The chemical must cross the membrane rom outside to inside -The must be a change in ion flow across the membrane -An electrode must be inserted into the membrane -There must be a change in the number of open ion channels
Presynaptic neuron
What type of neuron transmits an impulse through its axon toward the synapse?
Multiple sclerosis and Gullain-Barre syndrome
Which disease are affected by destruction of the myelin sheath? -Multiple sclerosis -Gullain-Barre syndrome -Parkinson disease
Multiple sclerosis
Which disease is caused by the destruction of oligodendrocytes?
Visceral sensory division
Which division o the nervous system detects nerve impulses from blood vessels and internal organs?
Motor nervous system
Which functional division of the nervous system consists of all axons that transmit a nerve impulse from the CNS to a muscle or gland?
Autonomic motor nervous system
Which functional division of the nervous system controls involuntary movement of smooth muscle?
Autonomic motor
Which functional division of the nervous system provides involuntary control of smooth muscle?
Can either be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing, degree of change in membrane potential is dependent of the stimulus magnitude, decrease intensity with distance traveled along membrane
Which of the following are among the general characteristics of graded potentials? -Can either be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing -Uses voltage-gated channels and resuls in a relatively large change in voltage -Degree of change in membrane potential is dependent of the stimulus magnitude Can exhibit "all or none" property -Decrease intensity with distance traveled along membrane
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Which of the following are considered types of effectors? -Bone tissues -Skeletal muscle -Cardiac muscle -Glands
Motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons
Which of the following are functional classes of neurons? -Bipolar neurons -Unipolar neurons -Motor neurons -Multipolar neurons -Sensory neurons -Interneurons
Replace damaged neurons, regulates the composition of interstitial fluid, and helps form the blood-brain barrier
Which of the following are functions of astrocytes? -Replaces damages neurons -Regulate the composition of interstitial fluid -Myelinate axons of the PNS -Produces cerebrospinal fluid -Helps form the blood-brain barrier
Astrocyte create scar tissue inhibiting growth axons are crowded in the CNS
Which of the following are reasons for the very limited regeneration of damaged axons in the central nervous system? -Astrocytes create scar tissues inhibiting growth -Schwann cells don't create never growth factor -Axons are crowded in the CNS
Bipolar, multipolar, and unipolar
Which of the following are structural classifications of neurons? -Sensory afferent -Bipolar -Motor efferent -Multipolar -Unipolar
The create the myelin sheath in the PNS and they are also called Schwann cells
Which of the following are true of neurolemmocytes? -They surround cell bodies -They create the myelin sheath in the PNS -They create cerebrospinal fluid -They are also called Schwann cells
More postsynaptic channels open and more transmitter is released
Which of the following conditions can make a PSP larger? -Less neurotransmitter is released -More postsynaptic channels open -More transmitter is released -Fewer postsynaptic channels open
Voltage gated potassium channels close and Na/K pumps restore gradients
Which of the following events help return the membrane potential to the resting state following hyperpolarization? -Voltage gated sodium channels open -Voltage gated potassium channels close -Na/K pumps restore gradients -Calcium channels open
Na+ and K+
Which of the following ions have leak channels on the plasma membrane? -H+ -Ca2+ -Na+ -K+
Chemically gated channel
Which of the following is best described as a channel that is usually closed that open in response to binding a neurotransmitter and that when open, allow a specific type of ion to diffuse across the plasma membrane?
Microtubules, ATP, and motor proteins
Which of the following is used for fast axonal transport? -Microtubules -Microfilaments -ATP -Motor proteins
Sodium leak channels, Na+/K+ pumps, and potassium leak channels
Which of the following membrane transporters are present throughout the membrane of a neuron? -Voltage gated sodium channels -Sodium leak channels -Na+/K+ pumps -Voltage gated potassium channels -Potassium leak channels
Diffusion of neurotransmitter, release of neurotransmitter, and binding of neurotransmitter to receptors
Which of the following processes are occurring during the synaptic delay? -Loading of neurotransmitter into vesicles -Diffusion of neurotransmitter -Release of neurotransmitter -Binding of neurotransmitter into receptors
Na+/K+ and Ca2+
Which of the following pumps can you find in the plasma membrane? -Cl- -Na+/K+ -Ca2+ -H+
The conductive segment and the initial segment
Which of the following segments of a neuron contain large numbers of voltage-gated potassium channels and voltage-gated sodium channels? -The conductive segment -The receptive segment -The initial segment -The transmissive segment -The transmissive segment
Opening of a chemically gated sodium channel and opening of a voltage gated sodium channel
Which of the following would be likely to cause depolarization of a neuron? -Opening of a chemically gated sodium channel -Opening of a voltage gated potassium channel -Opening of a voltage gated sodium channel -Opening of a chemically gated chloride channel
Axon
Which structures sometimes called the nerve fiber?
Spinal and cranial
Which terms are used for the structural classification of nerves? -Sensory -Spinal -Cranial -Motor
Somatic division and visceral division
Which two are divisions of the sensory nervous system? -Autonomic division -Central division -Somatic division -Visceral division -Peripheral division
Neurotransmitters
____ are chemicals released from synaptic knobs and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membranes.
Receptors
____ are specialized nervous system structures that detect stimuli.
Microglia
____ cells are the least common glial cell of the central nervous system.
Leak
____ channels allow undated flow of specific ions form regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration.
Sensory
____ nerves always relay information to the CNS.
Hyperpolarization
____ occurs when the inside of a cell becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential.
Depolarization
____ occurs when the inside of the cell becomes more positive (less negative) than the resting membrane potential.
Neurofibrils
____ provide tensile strength for the axons and dendrites.
Current
if Ohms law is rearranged to Voltage = "A"X Resistance, the term "A" should be ____.
Opening of a voltage gated potassium channel and opening of a chemically gated chloride channel
which of the following would be likely to cause hyper polarization of a neuron? -Opening of a voltage gated potassium channel -Opening of a voltage gated sodium channel -Opening of a chemically gated chloride channel -Opening of a chemically gated sodium channel
Spatial summation
If several EPSP's occur at different synapses, they undergo ____ at the initial segment.
Spinal cord and brain
Identify all of the components of the central nervous system -Spinal cord -Spinal nerves -Cranial nerves -Brain
Temporal summation
If several EPSP's occur at a synapse over a short period of time, they undergo ____ at the initial segment.
Saltatory
A nerve impulse that "jumps" from node to node is called ____ conduction.
Depolarization
A positive charge in the membrane potential is called ____.
Repolarization
A return of the membrane potential towards the resting membrane potential immediately following depolarization is called ____.
Anterograde
A substance synthesized at the cell body must undergo ____ transport to reach the synaptic knobs.
Epineurium
An entire nerve is surrounded by a connective tissue covering called the:
The membrane potential would reverse (become positive) and more voltage gated sodium channels would open
Assuming a threshold voltage is reached, sodium ions enter through a voltage gated sodium channel. Which of the following events would immediately follow? -Voltage gated potassium channels close -The membrane potential would reverse (become positive) -The inside of the cell would become more negative -More voltage gated sodium channels would open
In both the central and peripheral nervous systems
Glial cells are found:
Myelin
Oligodendrocytes create the ____ sheath in the central nervous system.
Unipolar
Pseudounipolar is another name for a ____ neuron.
Threshold
The all or none law refers to the fact that action potentials will only occur if the initial segment reaches ____.
Motor
The autonomic division of the nervous system is part of the ____ nervous system.
Axon
The axon hillock connects the ____ to the soma.
Brain and cord
The central nervous system is made of the ____ and spinal ____.
Ependymal cells
The choroid plexus is made from capillaries and:
Taste, joints and muscles, and hearing
The components of the somatic sensory division are: -Stretch of organ walls -Taste -Joints and muscles -Hearing
Electrical and chemical
The electrochemical gradient is formed from a combination of the ____ gradient and the ____ gradient.
Areolar connective tissue
The endoneurium is made of:
Cerebrospinal fluid
The ependymal cells help produce:
Dense irregular
The epineurium is made of ____ connective tissue.
Neurofilaments
The intermediate filaments of a neuron are called ____.
Axons
The main activity of ____ is nerve impulse conduction.