ch. 13, 14 possible ? v2
D
A traditional economist—who believes that humans always behave in rational, self-interested way—would be MOST shocked to learn about the human tendency for A. evaluation apprehension. B. social loafing. C. the bad apple effect. D. altruistic punishment.
D
According to social facilitation theory, for most people task performance for tasks like __________ should be enhanced or improved by the presence of others, while task performance for tasks like __________ should be hurt or hindered by the presence of others. A. brushing one's hair, walking B. solving a difficult math problem, walking C. solving a difficult math problem, brushing one's hair D. brushing one's hair, solving a difficult math problem
F
According to the textbook's definition of a group, a dyad can never qualify as a group. T/F
A
According to the textbook, are the tendencies to engage in object categorization and social categorization (regardless of content) tendencies that seem to be innately programmed in people, or tendencies that seem to be culturally learned? A. Both seem to be innately programmed. B. Both seem to be culturally learned. C. Categorization of objects seems to be innately programmed, but social categorization seems to be culturally learned. D. Social categorization seems to be innately programmed, but categorization of objects seems to be culturally learned.
B
According to the textbook, how early on do anti-fat attitudes begin? A. They appear to be innate, or inborn. B. They begin as early as preschool. C. They begin as early as ages 7-8. D. They begin as early as adolescence (ages 11 and on).
A
According to the textbook, is competition something that exists across the world, in all known cultures, or are there cultures that are completely peaceful? A. There are a number of cultures where no competition exists at all—among adults or children. B. There are a number of cultures where competition is banned among adults, but it still exists among children. C. There are a number of cultures where competition is banned among children, but it still exists among adults. D. There are a number of cultures where competition is rare, among both children and adults, but there are no known cultures where it does not exist.
D
According to the textbook, there is/are __________ known peaceful societies in the world. A. no B. only one C. about 5 D. about 25
C
According to the textbook, which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding prejudice towards Arabs living in the United States? A. Both highly visible forms of prejudice (e.g., vandalism, assault) and relatively less visible forms of prejudice (e.g., workplace discrimination) are extremely common. B. Highly visible forms of prejudice (e.g., vandalism, assault) have dramatically increased since before 9/11; relatively less visible forms of prejudice (e.g., workplace discrimination) have actually declined. C. Highly visible forms of prejudice (e.g., vandalism, assault) are relatively rare; but relatively less visible forms of prejudice (e.g., workplace discrimination) have increased since before 9/11. D. Both highly visible forms of prejudice (e.g., vandalism, assault) and relatively less visible forms of prejudice (e.g., workplace discrimination) have actually decreased since before 9/11.
T
Accountability is the key factor that drives the negative outcomes associated with deindividuation. T/F
D
After decades of research on the effect that others have on task performance, social psychologists have concluded that the presence of others A. almost always improves performance, because it stimulates competition. B. almost always hinders performance, because it elicits evaluation apprehension. C. has mixed effects, because it elicits evaluation apprehension. D. has mixed effects, because it elicits a person's dominant response.
D
Altruistic punishment refers to A. punishing others for their own good. B. punishing others for their own good—and making sacrifices in order to do so. C. punishing those who cheat the system. D. punishing those who cheat the system—and making sacrifices in order to do so.
B
As defined in the textbook, a group is a collection of at LEAST two people who A. have a common goal. B. are being or doing something together. C. have a common identity. D. think, feel, or act similarly.
C
As described in the textbook, the self-serving bias is MOST directly linked to A. aversive prejudice. B. the outgroup homogeneity bias. C. scapegoat theory. D. stigma by association.
B
As discussed in the textbook, one of the key differences between object categorization and social categorization is the fact that social categorization A. occurs much more quickly. B. is more emotionally engaging. C. involves subtyping (while object categorization doesn't). D. is learned (while object categorization isn't).
D
As discussed in the textbook, stereotyping is BEST thought of as A. an outgrowth of a prejudice or group of prejudices. B. a type of prejudice. C. an example of subtyping. D. a consequence of the human tendency for social categorization.
A
As discussed in the textbook, the topics of power and leadership are A. are appropriate for social psychology but have received little research attention. B. do not technically fall into the domain of social psychology, and have therefore received little research attention. C. are appropriate for social psychology and have been extensively studied. D. do not technically fall into the domain of social psychology, but have been nonetheless extensively studied by social psychologists.
A
Based on research on social facilitation, we should expect that—all else being equal—children who work on a set of easy puzzles alone will __________ than children who work on the same puzzles side by side in a big group of other children. A. work more slowly B. work more quickly C. second-guess themselves less D. second-guess themselves more
D
Based on the textbook's definitions of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Discrimination is always accompanied by prejudice. B. Prejudice is always accompanied by discrimination. C. A prejudice can be positive or negative. D. A stereotype can be positive or negative.
B
Bushman and Bonacci (2004) found that prejudiced participants were likely to return a lost e-mail that had been addressed to someone with an Arab surname as compared to a European-American surname. A. 12% more B. 12% less C. 70% more D. 70% less
A
Chuck is a middle-aged white man who is extremely liberal politically, and firm in his belief that all ethnic and racial groups should be given equal opportunities to succeed. Even so, Chuck never had friends who were minorities when he was growing up, and he sometimes feels uncomfortable interacting with minorities. It appears MOST likely that Chuck A. is an aversive racist. B. is high in social dominance orientation. C. is experiencing the discontinuity effect. D. maintains stereotypes about minority groups, but is not prejudiced.
A
Decisions that are made by committee tend to be less-than-optimal. This is mostly because such decisions A. are usually based on limited information. B. are usually made under tight time pressure. C. are usually made under stressful circumstances. D. do not have the benefit of a strong, directive.
A
Do implicit or explicit prejudiced attitudes do a better job of predicting workplace discrimination in hiring practices? A. Implicit attitudes are more predictive. B. Explicit attitudes are more predictive. C. Implicit and explicit attitudes are equally predictive. D. It is impossible to determine.
B
During the second phase of the Robber's Cave experiment, the boys from the Eagles and the Rattlers had contact with each other. A. no B. competitive C. cooperative D. little
B
Given existing research individualism versus collectivism, what kinds of differences (if any) should we expect between individualists and collectivists in terms of social loafing? A. Collectivists are likely to loaf more than individualists. B. Collectivists are likely to loaf less than individualists. C. Collectivists are likely to be more tolerant of loafing than individualists. D. Collectivists are likely to loaf in small groups as well as large groups, while individualists are likely to loaf in large groups only.
A
Groups are more influenced by competition than individuals are. This effect has been dubbed A. "the discontinuity effect." B. "group conflict theory." C. "the minimal group effect." D. "group polarization."
F
Groupthink is the tendency for groups to generate more alternatives than individuals when brainstorming. T/F
D
High power people tend to A. conform more than low power people. B. perceive less choice as available to them. C. generate fewer creative ideas. D. think outside the box.
D
How much work has social psychology done, as a discipline, in the areas of power and leadership? A. A great deal of work in both areas B. A great deal of work on power, but very little work on leadership C. A great deal of work on leadership, but very little work on power D. Little work in either area
B
If discrimination is a behavior, then a stereotype is __________ and a prejudice is __________. A. an affect, a cognition B. a cognition, an affect C. a tendency, a habit D. a habit, a tendency
D
Implicit prejudiced attitudes are A. fairly uncommon and do a poor job of predicting behavior. B. fairly uncommon, but do a good job of predicting behavior. C. fairly common, but do a poor job of predicting behavior. D. fairly common and do a good job of predicting behavior.
C
Implicit prejudices and explicit prejudices A. are almost perfectly positively correlated. B. are moderately to strongly positively correlated. C. are uncorrelated to weakly positively correlated. D. are strongly negatively correlated.
C
In a nutshell, the research on diversity in groups indicates that A. diversity is almost always a minus rather than a plus. B. diversity is almost always a plus rather than a minus. C. diversity presents numerous challenges, but can sometimes be a plus. D. diverse groups have more fun than homogenous groups, but get less done.
D
In a well-known study using archival data, researchers Hovland and Sears found that—in the southern U.S., between 1882 and 1930—there was a statistically significant correlation between the market price of cotton and the frequency of interracial lynching incidents. This study has typically been interpreted as supporting A. the contact hypothesis. B. realistic conflict theory. C. social dominance theory. D. scapegoat theory.
A
In early social psychological research conducted by Norman Triplett, it was found that cyclists who raced against each other raced more quickly (performed better) than those who raced alone, against the clock. Triplett's initial interpretation of this finding was that the presence of others stimulated __________. A. a competitive instinct B. a desire for social approval C. adrenaline D. a person's dominant response
C
It would be MOST accurate to say that "groups are smarter than individuals" when A. only the experts in the groups are allowed to express opinions. B. groups engage in brainstorming tasks. C. individual group members work independently and all make contributions. D. they have a dominant leader.
C
It would be MOST accurate to say that the majority of stereotypes are __________ and, the majority of stereotypes, when scrutinized, turn out to be __________. A. positive, accurate reflections of reality B. positive, flat-out inaccurate C. negative, accurate reflections of reality D. negative, flat-out inaccurate
D
It would be MOST accurate to say that the results of deindividuation are A. almost always negative. B. almost always positive. C. almost always violent. D. unpredictable.
D
Jane joined a sorority her freshman year of college and moved into the house her sophomore year. She never binge ate until she moved into the sorority, but after the end of her sophomore year of living in the house she MOST likely engages in A. still no binge eating. B. extreme binge eating. C. limited binge eating. D. the level of binge eating that most of her sorority sisters do.
A
Jayne can't stand her Chemistry instructor. Whenever anyone questions the instructor, the instructor just goes nuts and gets really nasty. She doesn't care about student situations—one time a student was injured in a car accident on the way to the chemistry exam and even though the student called as soon as possible, she wouldn't let her make up the test. Which of Mayer's three criteria for a dangerous leader does the chemistry instructor NOT have? A. grandiose sense of entitlement B. intolerant of criticism C. indifferent to people's suffering D. incompetent
B
Joe is a high-level administrator at a university. He frequently changes his mind, so often so that his followers can't figure out what they should be doing since he might alter their goals on a daily basis. When he says no to an employee request, he offers no explanation except "Because I said so, that's why!". He was a great Dean of a College, but just isn't competent at the next level up. Which of the four patterns associated with toxic leadership does Joe NOT have? A. promoted beyond competence level B. failed to build a team C. disrespectful to employees D. undermines employees ability to work together
B
Jussim and Harber's (2005) research on the self-fulfilling prophecy and in the classroom found that A. the effects are quite large--teacher expectations explain student achievement. B. the effects are quite small--teacher expectations are accurate. C. teacher expectations are quite inaccurate. D. teacher's promote the self-defeating prophecy.
A
Keltner et al.'s research suggests that greater power makes people A. rely more on the automatic processing system. B. rely more on the controlled processing system. C. conform more. D. think more creatively.
B
Most research suggests that—compared to when several people think up ideas independently—when people work together and brainstorm as a group they tend to have __________ morale and to come up with __________ ideas total. A. higher, more B. higher, fewer C. about the same level of, about the same number of D. about the same level of, more
C
Of the following people, who is likely to be MOST inspired to perform well when he knows that others are watching? A. Jacob, who has low self-esteem B. Antione, who has high self-esteem C. Chris, who is a narcissist D. Luke, who is high in self-efficacy
F
Optimal distinctiveness theory posits that people naturally pay more attention to others who are unique, or stand out in a crowd. T/F
A
Patterns of binge eating were rarely noted prior to A. 1960. B. 1975. C. 1980. D. 1990.
A
People are LESS likely to engage in the commons dilemma when A. they communicate with others. B. others are behaving badly. C. they are anonymous. D. they are highly self-interested.
A
People are MORE likely to engage in the commons dilemma when A. they do not communicate with others. B. others are behaving well. C. they are held accountable for their behaviors. D. they have a long-term perspective.
D
People tend to show a preference for ingroups over outgroups even when group membership is determined at random, and even when they have never interacted with members of their ingroup. This tendency is known as A. the discontinuity effect B. ingroup favoritism C. stigma by association D. the minimal group effect
C
Rationalization of oppression is an explanation for prejudice that focuses on prejudice and stereotyping as tools to A. promote one's self esteem. B. remain ignorant of a group's actual behavioral characteristics. C. protect the political goals of the powerful group. D. think more efficiently.
D
Recall Muzafer Sherif's research with two groups of 11-year-old boys camping at Robber's Cave (the "Eagles" and the "Rattlers"). The groups were fiercely competitive for several weeks. What triggered a peaceful reconciliation? That is, how was their animosity finally brought to an end? A. They were brought into more and more frequent contact with one another. B. They engaged in a number of tasks that built perspective-taking abilities. C. They were put in a situation that established a clear winner and a clear loser. D. They were put in a situation where they needed to cooperate in order to achieve a superordinate goal.
D
Research examining differences between prejudiced people and non-prejudiced people suggests that, in general, non-prejudiced people A. are unfamiliar with the common negative stereotypes of different groups. B. are familiar with the common negative stereotypes of different groups, but also hold a set of positive stereotypes of these groups. C. are familiar with the common negative stereotypes of different groups, but do not think of those stereotypes when meeting people who belong to those groups. D. are familiar with the common negative stereotypes of different groups, and think of those stereotypes when meeting people who belong to those groups, but override those stereotypes with other conscious beliefs.
A
Research has demonstrated that eyewitnesses are more accurate at identifying people of their own racial or ethnic group than they are at identifying people of other ethnic or racial groups. However, as discussed in the textbook, one exception to this pattern is when an outgroup member appears to be __________. In that case, he or she is well-remembered and well-recognized. A. angry. B. powerful. C. kind or generous. D. non-threatening.
C
Research has shown that benevolent sexism is for women's cognitive performance than hostile sexism. A. better B. the same C. worse D. irrelevant to
A
Research indicates that if eight people work jointly in a brainstorming session they are likely to come up with __________ as those same eight people working independently. A. far fewer ideas B. about the same number of ideas C. just a few more ideas D. significantly more ideas
A
Research on deindividuation and mob violence indicates that __________ is the single biggest factor in predicting aggression. A. accountability B. anonymity C. self-awareness D. self-esteem
F
Research on diversity in groups indicates that, compared to more homogenous groups, diverse groups generally perform better. T/F
C
Research on diversity in groups indicates that, compared to more homogenous groups, diverse groups tend to A. be less creative. B. cooperate more. C. have lower group morale. D. communicate more effectively.
B
Research on prejudice and self-esteem suggests that A. contrary to popular belief, there is no evidence for a link between prejudice and self-esteem. B. people may hold prejudices, in part, because doing so bolsters their self-esteem. C. engaging in prejudice tends to lower people's self-esteem, and people seem, at some level, to know this. D. people expect that engaging in prejudice will make them feel better about themselves, but it actually tends to lower self-esteem.
A
Research on salaries and racial discrimination in major league English football suggests that teams that engaged in racial discrimination had to pay overall to attain the same win-loss record as achieved by a team with black players. A. 5% more B. 15% more C. 20% more D. 50% more
B
Research on the economics of sports suggests that A. racial discrimination is financially beneficial for some teams. B. racial discrimination is costly for some teams. C. racial discrimination does not occur. D. racial discrimination is rare.
C
Research suggests that group decision-making is superior to individual decision-making A. on no occasions. B. when group members engage in active, collaborative brainstorming. C. when group members work independently and consolidate their thinking afterwards. D. when groups have a strong leader.
F
Research suggests that one key way in which non-prejudiced people differ from prejudiced people is that non-prejudiced people are not aware of the negative stereotypes of other groups. T/F
D
Research suggests that, at least in business, high-paid, top executives contribute __________ to a company's success. A. essentially nothing B. very little (<1%) C. only a modest amount (about 5%) D. a fairly substantial amount (about 15%)
B
Research suggests that, at least in business, the two traits that characterize successful leaders are A. aggressiveness/assertiveness and ambition. B. modestly/humbleness and persistence/resolve. C. intelligence and aggressiveness/assertiveness. D. being well-liked and ambition.
D
Research suggests that, by and large, stereotypes function as A. desires or hopes. B. hard-and-fast beliefs. C. fears or suspicions. D. expectations or hypotheses.
B
Research suggests that, in general, prejudiced people and non-prejudiced people differ from one another in terms of A. their automatic responses to other groups. B. their conscious responses to other groups. C. both their automatic responses to other groups and their conscious responses to other groups. D. neither their automatic responses to other groups nor their conscious responses to other groups.
T
Research suggests that, in the business world, being humble or modest is a trait that is found among the MOST successful chief executive officers (CEOs). T/F
A
Research suggests that, in the business world, the most successful chief executive officers (CEOs) are those who are resolute and persistent in their opinions, as well as A. modest or humble. B. extremely ambitious. C. feared by their employees. D. dominant or aggressive.
B
Research suggests that, when it comes to prejudice reduction, direct educational and attitude-change techniques are MOST effective at dealing with A. aversive racism. B. overt expressions of prejudice. C. implicit prejudice. D. prejudiced body language (e.g., nonverbal cues that indicate prejudice).
B
Researchers Darley and Gross (1983) showed different groups of people identical videotape footage of "Hannah," a girl who was said to come either from an impoverished background or from a wealthy background. They found that people stereotyped the girl as intellectually inferior when they were led to believe that she came from an impoverished background. However, this stereotype emerged only when participants saw footage of Hannah performing ambiguously on an oral exam. This finding is BEST explained by the concept of A. stigma by association. B. the confirmation bias. C. the fundamental attribution error. D. scapegoat theory.
A
Researchers Plant and Devine have identified two basic motives that people have for overcoming prejudice. These are A. internal and external. B. implicit and explicit. C. ingroup-driven and outgroup-driven. D. enhancement-based and consistency-based.
D
Researchers Plant and Devine have identified two basic motives that people have for overcoming prejudice: internal and external. According to these researchers, the internal motive is based on A. self-esteem needs. B. a belief that individuals are responsible for their own actions. C. consistency needs. D. a strong inner belief that prejudice is wrong.
B
Researchers have examined whether obese men and women earn less than others, controlling for the same set of qualifications. This has shown that A. obesity negatively impacts both genders about thE same degree. B. obesity negatively impacts both men and women, but especially women. C. obesity negatively impacts both men and women, but especially men. D. obesity negatively impacts women, but does not negatively impact men.
C
Self-censorship is associated with Selected Answer: A. social facilitation. B. social loafing. C. groupthink. D. brainstorming.
B
Sherif's Robber's Cave Study was conducted in phases. A. two B. three C. four D. six
A
Suppose that David has a lot of power at his job, and Michael doesn't. Research suggests that David is more likely to A. express positive emotions at work. B. focus attention on situations that involve punishment rather than reward. C. think about how he can be of service to others when he meets new people. D. rely on systematic, conscious thinking rather than heuristic, nonconscious thinking.
C
Suppose that Fred is a "morning person" and his brother Ned is an "evening person." Which of the following should be TRUE regarding their tendencies to employ stereotypes? A. They should both use stereotypes throughout the day. B. They should both tend to use more stereotypes late in the day. C. Fred should use tend to use more stereotypes late in the day. D. Ned should use tend to use more stereotypes late in the day.
B
Suppose that Jose was born and raised in Mexico, and that—even though he has never been to the U.S.— he holds a number of stereotypes about Americans. According to the textbook, these stereotypes are likely MOST likely based on A. the few brief interactions he has had with Americans in Mexico. B. what he has heard about Americans from other Mexicans. C. what he knows about other groups of foreigners. D. his assumptions about what Americans "must be like" given what he knows about the U.S. as a country.
A
Suppose that Office Building X makes use of an open floor plan with many shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices). This kind of floor plan is likely to increase productivity among some employees but decrease productivity among others. Of the people below, who is likely to benefit MOST? A. Tom, a copy machine operator B. Suzanne, an analyst C. Moe, an attorney D. Ursula, a customer service specialist
D
Suppose that Tim is relatively prejudiced against college athletes (he believes that they are overly aggressive and nonintellectual), while Alex is not prejudiced against college athletes. Research suggests that Tim and Alex differ in that A. Alex has less factual knowledge about college athletes than Tim does. B. Alex knows fewer college athletes than Tim does. C. Alex does not call to mind stereotypes about college athletes when he meets them, whereas Tim does. D. both call to mind stereotypes about college athletes when they meet them, but Alex overrides such stereotypes with other conscious beliefs whereas Tim does not.
A
Suppose that some people have just been randomly assigned to two different teams. Research suggests that these people would be likely to exhibit discriminatory behavior (favoring the ingroup, and disfavoring the outgroup) A. immediately, as soon as the groups had been defined. B. as soon as their ingroup became an important part of their personal identity. C. only after the two teams had engaged in direct competition. D. only after they had "bonded" with their ingroup by enduring a shared hardship.
B
Suppose that the CEO of a financial consulting company employs only tall people. Even though this CEO interviews equal numbers of short and tall applicants who are qualified to work at his company, he never hires any of the short ones. According to social psychologists, the CEO's behavior would be BEST described as an example of __________. A. stereotyping B. discrimination C. prejudice D. aversive prejudice
C
Suppose that you are leading a group project. Research suggests that, in order for your group to be as effective as possible, you should A. give people complete confidence in the group by telling them never to criticize any ideas that are raised in group discussions. B. require group members to brainstorm all ideas collaboratively, as a team, rather than to think up ideas independently. C. have different people "specialize" on different tasks or content areas. D. try to minimize discussion and argument in the group.
D
Suppose that you are supposed to go on a blind date, and you find out that the date is with an investment banker. Suppose further that you hold the stereotype that investment bankers are aggressive, rude, self-serving, and chauvinistic. If you are like MOST people, you will spend the evening A. assuming that the date is aggressive, rude, self-serving, and chauvinistic, without ever looking for evidence one way or the other. B. hoping that the date will be aggressive, rude, self-serving, and chauvinistic. C. testing the hypothesis that the date is aggressive, rude, self-serving, and chauvinistic. D. thinking about how much you detest people who are aggressive, rude, self-serving, and chauvinistic.
A
Suppose that you are the manager of an electronics store, and that you have asked the salespeople in two different departments—the camera department and the computer department—to come up with regular, weekly ideas about how to increase sales. However, you have asked the people in the camera department to think up ideas independently, whereas you have asked the people in the computer department to get together as a group every week and brainstorm. You should expect, after several weeks of this, that A. the camera group will come up with more ideas, but the computer group will have a stronger group bond. B. the computer group will come up with more ideas AND have a stronger group bond. C. the computer group will come up with more ideas, but they will not necessarily have a stronger group bond. D. the camera group and the computer group will likely come up with the same number of ideas, but the computer group will have a stronger group bond.
C
Suppose that you are working on a group project with four other people, and that you need to come up with ideas about how to find research participants to complete a survey for free. Should you brainstorm ideas as a group or work independently? A. Brainstorm—productivity will be about the same, but morale will be higher. B. Brainstorm—both productivity and morale will be higher. C. It depends on your goals—brainstorming will be less productive, but will raise morale more. D. Work independently—morale will be about the same, and productivity will be higher.
B
The outgroup homogeneity effect appears to stem from the fact that A. when given the option, people tend to automatically classify themselves into the social group with the most variance. B. people have limited contact and experience with outgroup members. C. people derogate others in order to maintain positive self-esteem. D. social categorization is an innate, fundamental human process.
D
The so-called "discontinuity effect" is lessened when A. there is preexisting animosity between the groups. B. the group is large rather than small. C. individuals are highly identified with their group. D. individual group members are identifiable.
D
The so-called "minimal group effect" MOST directly suggests that A. prejudices can be "unlearned" just as quickly as they can be "learned." B. people are predisposed to identify themselves with a larger social group. C. the more social groups there are, the less prejudice there should be. D. people are predisposed to divide the world into "us" and "them," and to show a preference for "us."
D
Unlike groups that are merely social groups, cultural groups A. promote safety. B. find and share food. C. can complete tasks that individual group members cannot complete alone. D. employ role differentiation.
D
What does the textbook suggest about the accuracy of common stereotypes—do they seem to contain a kernel of truth? A. Most common stereotypes are flat-out inaccurate. B. Most common stereotypes are vaguely on the mark—somewhere between flat-out wrong and fairly accurate. C. Most common stereotypes are fairly accurate in terms of their content, but exaggerate the supposed magnitude of their effects. D. Most common stereotypes are fairly accurate both in terms of their content and in terms of the supposed magnitude of their effects.
A
When groups make use of transactive memory, they tend to A. be more effective. B. be less effective. C. develop a stronger group bond. D. develop a weaker group bond.
D
When people are in a group situation in which they feel deindividuated, they are MOST likely to behave badly when A. they are highly self-aware. B. they are anonymous to one another. C. they are focused outward, on what others are thinking about them. D. they feel anonymous to outsiders who may be watching them.
D
When you meet a new person, stereotypes typically serve to A. establish what you want that person to be like. B. warn you about problems or dangers that the individual presents. C. guide the assumptions that you have about the individual—which you will hold on to no matter what. D. provide you with hypotheses to be tested about that individual.
C
Which of the following BEST qualifies as an example of prejudice? A. Sarah believes that gay men tend to like fashion. Thus, when Sarah meets Tom, a gay friend of her brother's, she asks him who his favorite fashion designer is (instead of asking him, say, about sports or movies). B. A CEO of an advertising agency decides that she would like to employ more women. Thus, even though the agency receives applications from equally qualified men and women, far more women than men are hired. C. Vera believes that old people smell bad. When getting on the bus earlier this week, she therefore felt repulsed when she saw that the only available seat was next to an old person. D. Horace has never met a black person before, but he watches a lot of old movies, and he has learned from these movies to associate black people with aggression as well as athleticism.
A
Which of the following comes closest to the textbook's conclusion regarding the elimination of prejudice? A. While it is possible to meaningfully reduce specific prejudices, the tendencies for stereotyping and ingroup favoritism appear to be innate. B. Prejudice could be significantly reduced via education and structural changes to society. C. Prejudice is not at all inevitable; it exists in some cultures but not in others, suggesting that a prejudice-free culture is wholly possible. D. Prejudice is more or less natural, and almost all attempts to reduce prejudices have been completely ineffective.
D
Which of the following does NOT qualify as a group, according to the definition given in the textbook? A. A married couple B. 100 people running a marathon together C. English students at a local university D. Three people who have never met before and have nothing in common
B
Which of the following findings has been MOST frequently interpreted as evidence for scapegoat theory? A. The finding that people often state that they are not prejudiced against certain groups, but display prejudice when they are assessed indirectly. B. Hovland and Sears's finding that—in the southern U.S., between 1882 and 1930—there was a statistically significant correlation between the market price of cotton and the frequency of interracial lynching incidents. C. Sherif's finding—based on his research with two groups of 11-year-old boys camping at Robber's Cave—that the groups became prejudiced against one another when required to compete but friendly toward one another when required to work together to achieve common goals. D. Tajfel's finding that ingroup favoritism occurs even when people are randomly assigned to groups and have no prior attachment to them.
C
Which of the following is NOT one of the symptoms of groupthink? A. The group feels that it is morally superior to other groups. B. There is an appearance of unanimity within the group. C. People within the group routinely play "devil's advocate" and argue against their usual point of view. D. The group is under the illusion that they are invulnerable.
C
Which of the following is NOT one of the usual advantages of working in a team (as opposed to working independently)? A. People enjoy their work more. B. People bond with others more. C. People accomplish more. D. People feel more confident.
D
Which of the following is NOT typically a trait found among successful leaders? A. Decisiveness B. Competence C. Modesty or humility D. Willingness to lie or cheat to get ahead
B
Which of the following is an example of group polarization? A. A basketball team—simply by merit of being a cohesive group—automatically identifies another team as a "rival." B. A political committee tends to make more extreme decisions than any of its individual members would alone. C. A group of students tend, automatically, to divide themselves up into several smaller groups or cliques. D. A student council divides itself into two directly opposing points of view when debating new issues.
D
Which of the following is the BEST definition of "stereotyping"? A. A negative attitude or feeling toward an individual based solely on that individual's membership in a certain group B. A negative attitude or feeling toward a racial or ethnic group C. Unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong D. Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits.
D
Which of the following is the BEST example of the self-fulfilling prophecy? A. Greg loves to be around attractive people because he thinks that he himself is good-looking (even though he is actually very bad-looking). B. Greg has a broken arm and cannot write well. As a consequence, his arm gets no exercise. C. Greg has no health insurance because he is poor and cannot afford it. He therefore gets sick frequently. D. Greg is a small person. His football coach assumes he is a weak player and ignores him. Consequently, Greg plays horribly.
A
Which of the following is the MOST accurate summary of social facilitation theory? A. The presence of others increases the dominant response tendency. B. The presence of others elicits evaluation apprehension. C. The presence of others improves task performance. D. The presence of others leads to competition.
D
Which of the following provides evidence of stereotype threat? A. IQ scores do not accurately predict income. B. People work harder on things when they are rewarded for successes than they do when they are punished for failures. C. When intelligence tests are culturally biased (e.g., when they include examples that are only known to particular cultural groups), they tend to reinforce race-based stereotypes about intelligence. D. Women perform worse than men on math tests when they believe that the test is important, but they perform the same as men when they believe that the test is meaningless.
A
Which of the following reasons does your text offer to explain why people low in power tend to laugh more often? A. Laughter is a good strategy for making friends. B. Laughter helps ease the stress of not having power. C. Laughter is a way to ingratiate yourself to a powerful person. D. Laughter is healthy.
A
Which of the following statements BEST describes how prejudice and stereotypes affect their targets? A. People dislike being stereotyped. B. People like being stereotyped as long as the stereotype is accurate. C. People like being stereotyped as long as the stereotype is positive. D. People dislike stereotyping, but like prejudice.
C
Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the relationship between salience and stereotype formation? A. Salience is necessary but not sufficient for the formation of stereotypes. B. Salience is necessary and sufficient for the formation of stereotypes. C. Salience is sufficient for the formation of stereotypes, but not necessary (i.e., because stereotypes can be formed in the absence of salience as well). D. Salience is neither necessary nor sufficient for the formation of stereotypes.
A
Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the relationship between salience and stereotype formation? A. Stereotypes can form simply on the basis of salience. B. Stereotypes cannot form simply on the basis of salience; an emotional or motivational force is also necessary. C. Stereotypes cannot form simply on the basis of salience; a first-hand interaction is also necessary. D. Salience is necessary for the formation of stereotypes.
A
Which of the following statements best exemplifies Plant and Devine's notion of Internal Motivation to Respond Without Prejudice? A. Because of my personal values, I believe that using stereotypes is wrong. B. I try to act non-prejudiced because of pressure from others. C. While there is truth to many stereotypes, they are sometimes misleading. D. Many people who say that they are unprejudiced are actually prejudiced.
B
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding the human tendencies for social categorization and subtyping? A. These tendencies are relatively new in human history (i.e., they did not exist 2000 years ago). B. These tendencies have only recently been seen as bad or wrong (i.e., they were not seen as bad 1000 years ago). C. These tendencies are relatively new in human history AND they have only recently been seen as bad or wrong. D. These tendencies are NOT relatively new, and they have NOT only recently been seen as bad (i.e., they appear to be innate, and they have been seen as deplorable since the earliest written records).
C
Who should laugh the MOST? A. Justin, the CEO of a successful business. B. Nicole, the chairman of the board of a bank. C. Amber, the secretary at a large corporation. D. Jena, a famous actress with lots of political clout.
C
You have just accused a friend of yours of being sexist because he said that most women don't know anything about cars. If your friend is like MOST people, then the next thing he is likely to say is along the lines of A. "Most Asian people don't know anything about cars either." B. "You don't know anything about cars either." C. "But women are amazingly knowledgeable about other things." D. "Women are unknowledgeable about a lot of things."
C
__________ is the tendency for shared or jointly owned resources to be wasted, or used in a less-than-optimal way. A. The resource trap B. Social loafing C. The commons dilemma D. The bad apple effect
