ch 13 a&p

the average heart is _____ cm long and ____ cm wide.

14, 9

The wall of the heart is made of _____ distinct _____.

3, layers

The heart has ____ internal chambers: 2 on top and 2 below. A _____ divides the chambers on each side.

4, septum

Branches of the _____ bundle give rise to _____ fibers leading to papillary muscles; these fibers stimulate contraction of _____ _____ at the same time the ventricles contract.

A-V, Purkinje, papillary, muscles

Functions of semilunar valves

Allow blood to leave ventricles.

_____ are strong, elastic vessels adapted for carrying high-pressure _____.

Arteries, blood

Tough rings prevent dilating of tissue in these areas

Atria and ventricles.

_____ veins drain blood from the heart muscle and carry it to the coronary _____.

Cardiac, sinus

Factors that affect blood pressure

Heart Action Blood Volume Blood Viscosity Peripheral Resistance

_____ pressure drives the passage of _____ and very small molecules out of the _____ at his point.

Hydrostatic, fluid, capillary

Specialized cardiac muscle tissues conducts _____ throughout the _____ and comprises the _____ conduction system.

Impulses, myocardium, cardiac

_____ vessels collect excess _____ _____ and return it to circulation.

Lymphatic, tissue, fluid

Locations of semilunar valves

Opening of the pulmonary trunk and opening of the aorta.

The first wave of the ECG called the _____ wave, corresponds to the _____ of the atria.

P, depolarization

_____ sphincters can regulate the amount of blood entering a capillary bed and are controlled by _____ concentration in the area. If blood is needed elsewhere in the body, the _____ beds in less important areas are _____ _____.

Precapillary, oxygen, capillary, shut, down

The complex wave of the ECG called the ____, ____, ____ complex corresponds to the _____ of ventricles and hides the _____of the atria.

Q, R, S, depolarization, repolarization

The last wave of the ECG called the _____ wave ends the ECG pattern and corresponds to ventricular ______.

T, contraction

The _____ is the body's largest artery.

aorta

The blood vessels (____, ____, ____, ____, and ____) form a closed tube that carries blood away from the heart, to the cells, and back again.

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Veins have the same 3 layers _____ have and have a flap-like _____ inside to prevent backflow of blood.

arteries, valves

Arteries become smaller as they divide and become _____.

arterioles

The upper chambers of the heart called the _____, receive blood returning to the heart to the heart and have _____ walls and ear-like auricles projecting from their exterior.

atria, thin

Blood pressure is the force of blood against the inner walls of blood vessels anywhere in the cardiovascular system, although the term "blood pressure" usually refers to ____ pressure.

atrial

The heart muscle requires a continuous supply of freshly oxygenated ______ so smaller branches of ______ often have _____ as alternate pathways for blood, so it won't have one pathway become blocked.

blood, arteries, anastomoses

The first branches off the aorta, which carry freshly oxygenated _____, are the right and left _____ arteries that feed the heart muscle itself.

blood, coronary

Principal branches of the aortic arch include the _____, ____ ____ ____, and _____ ____ arteries.

brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian

Branches of these arteries feed many _____ of the _____.

capillaries, myocardium

Arterial blood pressure rises and falls following a pattern established by the ____ ____.

cardiac, cycle

Blood pressure is determined by _____ output and _____ resistance.

cardiac, peripheral

The abdominal aorta gives off the following branches: ____, ____ ____, ____, ____, ____, ____ ____, and ____ _____ arteries.

celiac, superior, mesenteric, suprarenal, renal, gonadal, inferior mesenteric, common, iliac

what is the function of the cardiovascular system?

circulate blood throughout the body and bring oxygen and nutrients to muscles and organs.

the heart is a hollow, _____-shaped, muscular pump within the _____ cavity.

cone, thoracic

Pressure inside the atria rises further as they _____, forcing the remaining blood into the _____.

contract, ventricles

During the cardiac cycle, pressure within the heart chambers rises and falls with the _____ and _____ of the atria and ventricles.

contraction, relaxation

The inner layer of the heart called the _____ is smooth and is made up of _____ tissue and epithelium, and is continuous with the endothelium of major vessel joining the heart.

endocardium, connective

Capillaries are the smallest vessels, consisting only of a layer of _____ through which substances are _____ with _____ cells.

endothelium, exchanged, tissue

The outermost layer of the heart, _____, is made up of connective tissue and epithelium, and contains blood and lymph capillaries along with _____ arteries. It is the same as visceral pericardium.

epicardium, coronary

it is made of 2 layers: the outer, tough connective tissue _____ pericardium surrounding a more delicate _____ pericardium (also called _____) that surrounds the heart.

fibrous, visceral, epicardium

what does the cardiovascular system consists of?

heart, vessels, arteries, capillaries, and veins.

When the atria fills with blood, pressure in the atria is _____ than that of the ventricles, which forces the _____ valves open.

higher, A-V

During ventricular contraction, arterial pressure is at its _____ (____ pressure).

highest, systolic

Veins from the lower body drain into the _____ _____ _____.

inferior, vena, cava

When ventricular are relaxing, arterial pressure is at its _____ (_____ pressure).

lowest, diastolic

Heart sounds can be described as a "____ ____" sound.

lubb dupp

the heart lies in the _____ under the sternum; its apex to the _____ intercostal space.

mediastina, 5th

Areas with a great deal of _____ activity (leg muscles, for example) have _____ _____ of capillaries.

metabolic, higher, densities

The middle layer of the heart, called _____ consists of cardiac muscle and is the _____ layer of the heart wall.

myocardium, thickest

At the venule end, _____, due to the proteins in the blood, causes much of tissue fluid to return to the _____.

osmosis, bloodstream

Blood entering contains high concentrations of _____ and _____ that diffuse out of the capillary wall and into the _____ _____.

oxygen, nutrients, tissue, fluid

The chordae tendineae are attached to _____ muscles in the inner heart wall that contract during ventricular contraction to prevent the backflow of blood through the _____ valves.

papillary, A-V

As the ventricles contract, _____ muscles contract, pulling on ____ ____ and preventing the backflow of blood through the A-V valves.

papillary, chordae, tendineae

at the base of the heart, the inner layer folds back to become the _____ _____ pericardium that lines the tough outer layer.

parietal, fibrous

Between the 2 pericardia is a potential space called the _____ cavity and filled with _____ fluid.

pericardial, serous

The surge of blood that occurs with ventricular contraction can be felt at certain points in the body as a _____.

pulse

Path of blood throughout the heart

right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk right and left arteries lungs (pulmonary circuit) pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta body (systemic circuit)

The braches of the ascending aorta are the ____ and ____ coronary arteries that lead to heart muscle.

right, left

When ventricles contract, pressure inside them _____ sharply, causing the _____ valves to close and the _____ and _____ valves to open.

rise, A-V, pulmonary, aortic

A self-exciting mass of specialized cardiac muscle called the ____ nose (____ node or ____), located on the posterior right atrium, which generates the impulses for the heartbeat.

sinoatrial, S-A, pacemaker

Junctional fibers are _____, allowing the _____ to contract before the impulse spreads rapidly over the _____.

small, atria, ventricles

Cardiac output depends on _____ volume and ____ ____, and a number of factors can affect these actions.

stroke, heart, rate

Veins from the head and upper torso drain into the _____ _____ ____.

superior, vena, cava

A mass of merging fibers that act as a unit is called a functional _____; one exists in the _____ and one in the _____.

syncytium, atria, ventricle

Impulses spread next to the atrial _____, it contracts and impulses travel to the junctional fibers leading to the ______ node (____ node) located in the septum.

syncytium, atrioventricular, A-V

The cardiac cycle consists of the atria beating in unison (atrial _____) followed by the contraction of both ventricles, (ventricular _____) then the entire heart relaxes for a brief moment (_____ ____).

systole, diastole, atrial diastole

The descending aorta (____ ____) gives rise to many small arteries to the thoracic wall and thoracic viscera.

thoracic, aorta

The right A-V valves called ______ and left A-V valves called either _____ or the ____ valves have cusps which attach to strings called ______ ______.

tricuspids, bicuspids, chordae tendineae

The wall of an artery consists of an inner endothelium layer, _____ _____ (smooth muscles), and tunica _____ (connective tissue).

tunica, interna, externa

Rings of dense connective tissue lie surrounding the pulmonary trunk and aorta to provide attachments for the heart _____ and _____ _____.

valves, muscles, fibers

Arteries are capable of _____ as directed by the _____ impulses; when impulses are inhibited, smaller diameter (_____) results.

vasodilation, sympathetic, vasoconstriction

The _____ center of the ____ ____ in the brain stem can adjust the sympathetic impulses to ____ ____ in arteriole walls, adjusting blood pressure.

vasomotor, medulla, oblongata, smooth, muscles

The first sound of the heart beat occurs as _____ contract and _____ valves are closing.

ventricles, A-V

Below the atria called the _____ pump blood to the _____ and _____.

ventricles, body, lungs

The second sound of the heart beat occurs as _____ relax and aortic and _____ valves are closing.

ventricles, pulmonary

Small vessels called _____ lead from capillaries and merge to form larger _____ that return blood to the _____.

venules, valves, heart