CH 14: Nutrition during pregnancy & breastfeeding

Which factors differentiate cow's milk from human milk?

1) Cow's milk s too high in minerals and protein in comparison to human milk. 2) Cow's milk does not contain enough carbohydrate to meet the infant's need. 3) Certain proteins in cow's milk may spur allergies in the infant.

There is a reduced risk for the following diseases for infants that are breastfed.

1) Obesity and type 2 diabetes 2) type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease 3) childhood leukemia and lymphoma

Please list the steps in the process of the let-down reflex in order from start to finish.

1) Suckling stimulates nerves in the nipple and areola. 2) The pituitary releases oxytocin and prolactin. 3) Oxytocin stimulates release of milk.

What are some measures a woman can take to counteract known environmental contaminations from affecting her milk?

1) avoid freshwater fish from polluted areas. 2) wash and peel fruits and vegetables 3) remove fatty edges from meats

What should you look for when buying greens?

1) choose lettuces with leaves that are loose and open. 2) Purchase greens with the deepest colors. 3) Choose fresh greens because they last longer than prewashed greens sold in bags and plastic containers.

What are the three main barriers to breastfeeding?

1) mother's need to return to work 2) misinformation 3) embarrassment about nursing an infant in public

What is the appropriate weight loss range recommended for nursing mothers?

1-4 pounds per month.

What is the recommendation for omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy?

1.4 grams/day

How many cups of fluid should the mother consume per day in order to ensure ample milk production?

13 cups per day.

On average, how much do vitamin requirements increase during pregnancy?

30%

What are some components of colostrum?

Antibodies, immune system cells, growth factors

For a man who would like to change his diet to improve fertility, which of the following would be the best choice for dinner?

Baked salmon and brown rice

What are some resources a woman who is having difficulty breastfeeding can use to get advice and help with breastfeeding?

Consult the community's La Leche League, schedule and appointment with a lactation consultant, consult the USDA's WIC Works website

What supplement should be considered for infants whose water supply may lack this mineral?

Fluoride

During pregnancy, the RDA or Al increases for which of the following vitamins?

Folate, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12

What is an organization that would be helpful for a mother to contact to learn more about breastfeeding her infant?

La Leche League

What are some barriers to breastfeeding?

Misinformation, medical conditions, social concerns

What are the factors associated with inhibition of the let-down reflex?

Nervous tension, fatigue, lack of confidence

Positive energy balance

The amount of calories consumed exceeds the amount of calories required to support basic body processes and physical activity.

When choosing a prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement, what should one look for on the label in order to ensure the product is safe?

USP symbol

Breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months will reduce the infant's risk of developing

allergies

Low levels of body fat are related to impaired fertility among

both men and women (for men, low body fat decreases sperm production)

Negative energy balance

calorie intake falls short of calorie needs leading to a loss of lean and adipose tissue.

Exclusive breastfeeding for the first four to six months of life _____ decreases the chances of some allergies, especially among allergy-prone infants.

decreases

When energy intake is extremely low, fertility may be impaired because of low production of ______ by the ovaries and adipose tissue.

estrogen

Although vitamin needs increase during pregnancy, mineral needs remain the same.

false

Breastfeeding should not be done in public due to indecent exposure laws that are in effect in most states

false (legal in 49 states)

Which foods should be increased in a vegan diet to meet the nutritional needs during pregnancy?

nuts, grains, beans, seeds

Infertility

term that describes the inability of a couple to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse.

Which statement is correct about the appearance of human milk at the start of a feeding session (i.e., fore milk)?

thin and watery

Healthy pregnancy weight and adequate weight gain during pregnancy are two excellent predictors of pregnancy outcome.

true

High intakes of saturated and trans fats are associated with impaired fertility.

true

Human milk is sufficient to meet nutrient needs of most infants for the first 4 to 6 months of life. After that time, complementary foods are necessary to provide adequate nutrition.

true

In order to prevent neural tube defects, the mother-to-be should consume an optimal amount of folic acid.

true

Nutrient needs for a breastfeeding mother are slightly different from the nutrient needs during the second and third trimester.

true

Recommendations for omega-6 fatty acid intake during pregnancy are increased to 13 grams per day.

true

The normal duration period of pregnancy is 38 to 42 weeks.

true

A mineral that is important for sexual maturation and sperm production in men is

zinc

Which two minerals are important for normal ovulation?

zinc, iron

Which of the following nutrients may help to limit destruction of eggs or sperm by free radicals in the body?

zinc, vitamin e, vitamin c